AIR QUALITY ‐ MODELS AND APPLICATIONS ppt

AIRQUALITY‐MODELS ANDAPPLICATIONS  EditedbyDraganaPopović              Air Quality - Models and Applications Edited by Dragana Popović Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Natalia Reinic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright MADDRAT, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Air Quality - Models and Applications, Edited by Dragana Popović p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-307-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Mathematical Models and Computing Techniques 1 Chapter 1 Advances in Airborne Pollution Forecasting Using Soft Computing Techniques 3 Aceves-Fernandez Marco Antonio, Sotomayor-Olmedo Artemio, Gorrostieta-Hurtado Efren, Pedraza-Ortega Jesus Carlos, Ramos-Arreguín Juan Manuel, Canchola-Magdaleno Sandra and Vargas-Soto Emilio Chapter 2 Urban Air Pollution Modeling 15 Anjali Srivastava and B. Padma S. Rao Chapter 3 Artificial Neural Network Models for Prediction of Ozone Concentrations in Guadalajara, Mexico 35 Ignacio García, José G. Rodríguez and Yenisse M. Tenorio Chapter 4 Meandering Dispersion Model Applied to Air Pollution 53 Gervásio A. Degrazia, Andréa U. Timm, Virnei S. Moreira and Débora R. Roberti Chapter 5 Bioaerosol Emissions: A Stochastic Approach 67 Sandra M. Godoy, Alejandro S. M. Santa Cruz and Nicolás J. Scenna Chapter 6 Particle Dispersion Within a Deep Open Cast Coal Mine 81 Sumanth Chinthala and Mukesh Khare Part 2 Air Pollution Models and Application 99 Chapter 7 Mathematical Modeling of Air Pollutants: An Application to Indian Urban City 101 P. Goyal and Anikender Kumar VI Contents Chapter 8 A Gibbs Sampling Algorithm to Estimate the Occurrence of Ozone Exceedances in Mexico City 131 Eliane R. Rodrigues, Jorge A. Achcar and Julián Jara-Ettinger Part 3 Measuring Methodologies in Air Pollution Monitoring and Control 151 Chapter 9 Optical Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols in Air Quality Monitoring 153 Jolanta Kuśmierczyk-Michulec Chapter 10 A Mobile Measuring Methodology to Determine Near Surface Carbon Dioxide within Urban Areas 173 Sascha Henninger Part 4 Urban Air Pollution: Case Studies 195 Chapter 11 Impacts of Photoexcited NO 2 Chemistry and Heterogeneous Reactions on Concentrations of O 3 and NO y in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province of China 197 Junling An, Ying Li, Feng Wang and Pinhua Xie Chapter 12 Analyzing Black Cloud Dynamics over Cairo, Nile Delta Region and Alexandria using Aerosols and Water Vapor Data 211 Hesham M. El-Askary, Anup K. Prasad, George Kallos, Mohamed El-Raey and Menas Kafatos Chapter 13 Spatial Variation, Sources and Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Northeastern U.S. 233 Rachel S. Russo,Marguerite L. White, Yong Zhou, Karl B. Haase, Jesse L. Ambrose, Leanna Conway, Elizabeth Mentis, Robert Talbot, and Barkley C. Sive Chapter 14 Evaluation of an Emission Inventory and Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires 261 Laura E. Venegas, Nicolás A. Mazzeo and Andrea L. Pineda Rojas Chapter 15 Variation of Greenhouse Gases in Urban Areas-Case Study: CO 2 , CO and CH 4 in Three Romanian Cities 289 Iovanca Haiduc and Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea Contents VII Part 5 Urban Air Pollution: Health Effects 319 Chapter 16 Assessment of Environmental Exposure to Benzene: Traditional and New Biomarkers of Internal Dose 321 Piero Lovreglio,Maria Nicolà D’Errico, Silvia Fustinoni, Ignazio Drago, Anna Barbieri, Laura Sabatini, Mariella Carrieri, Pietro Apostoli, Leonardo Soleo Chapter 17 The Influence of Air Pollutants on the Acute Respiratory Diseases in Children in the Urban Area of Guadalajara 341 Ramírez-Sánchez HU, Meulenert-Peña AR, García-Guadalupe ME, García-Concepción FO, Alcalá-Gutiérrez J and Ulloa-Godínez HH  Preface  Airpollutionhasbeenamajortransboundaryproblemandamatterofglobalconcern fordecades.Highconcentrationsofdifferentairpollutantsmaybeparticularlyharm‐ fultoresidentsofmajorcityareas,wherenumerousanthropogenicactivities(primari‐ lyheavytraffic,domesticandpublicheating,andvariousindustrialactivities),strong‐ lyinflu encethequalityofair.Consequently,airqualitymonitoringprogramsbecome apartofurbanareasmonitoringnetworkandstrictairqualitystandardsinurbanare‐ aswereinthefocusofinterestofenvironmentalpollutionstudiesinthelastdecadeof the20 th century.Althoughtherearemanybooksonthesubject,theoneinfrontofyou willhopefullyfulfillsomeofthegapsintheareaofairqualitymonitoringandmodel‐ ing, and be of help to graduate students, professionals and researchers. The authors, all of them experts in their field, have be en invited by the publisher,  and also some recommendationshavebeengiventothemmainlyconcerningtechnicaldetailsofthe text,theviewsandstatementstheyexpressinthebookistheirownresponsibility. Thebookisdividedinfivedifferentsections. Thefirstsectiondiscussesmathematicalmodelsandcomputingtechniquesusedinair pollutionmonitoringandforecasting.ThechapterbyAceves‐FernandezMarcoAnto‐ nioetal.,presentsandcomparesthe advantagesanddisadvantagesofsomeairborne pollution forecasting methods using soft computing techniques, that include neuro‐ fuzzy inference methods, fuzzy clustering techniques and support vector machines, whilethechap teronurbanairpollutionmodeling,byAnjaliSrivastavaandB.Padma S.Rao,isageneraloverviewoftheairqualitymodelingthatprovidesausefulsupport to decision making processes incorporating environmental policies and management process.Thechapterfocusesonurbanairmodels,physical,mathematicalandstatisti‐ cal,onlo caltoregionalscale.Aninterestingapproachispresentedinthenextchapter onartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)modelsforpredictionofozoneconcentrations,by IgnacioGarcíaetal Theauthorsconsidertothegreatflexibility,efficiencyandaccu‐ racyofthemodelsthat,sincehavingalargenumberoffeaturessim ilartothoseofthe brain,arecapable tolearn andthusperformtasks basedon trainingor initial experi‐ ence.Themodelisappliedtothestudyoftroposphericozone,asthemaincomponent ofphotochemicalsmog,intheMetropolitanZoneofGuadalajara,Mexico. X Preface Inthechapter presenting a meanderingdispersionmodel applied to airpollution by GervásioA.Degraziaetal.,theauthorsdiscusstheturbulenceparameterizationtech‐ niquethatcanbeemployedinLagrangianstochasticdispersionmodelstodescribethe airpollutiondispersioninthelowwindvelocitystableconditions,usingtwoclassical approaches to obtain the turbulent velocit y variances and the decorrelation time scales: Taylor statistical diffusion theorybased on the observed turbulent velocity spectra,andtheHanna(1982)approachbasedonanalysesoffieldexperiments,theo‐ reticalconsiderationsandsecond‐orderclosuremodel. Also,in this sectionSandra Godoy and the co‐workers in the ir chapter deal withthe stochastic approach to the mec hanisms of bio aerosols dispersion is atmospheric transport, as a phenomenon that cause serious social, health and economic conse‐ quences.Finally,thechapteronparticledispersionwithinadeepopencastcoalmine, by Sumanth Chinthala & Mukesh Khare, presents a comprehensive overview of the dispers ion mechanisms inthedeep open pitcoal mines considering thetopographic, thermalandmeteorologicalfactors. The second section presents two chapters on air pollution models and application. FirstchapteronMathematicalmodelingofairpollutants:AnapplicationtoIndianur‐ ban city, by P. Goyal an d Anikender Kumar, formulates and uses the statistical and Eulerian analytical models for prediction of concentrations of air pollutants released fromdifferentsourcesanddifferentboundaryconditions.Themodelisappliedtothe cityofDelhi,  thecapital ofIndia,and isvalidatedby theobserveddataofconcentra‐ tionofrespirab lesuspendedparticulatematterinair.Inthesecondchapterinthissec‐ tion, the authors Eliane R. Rodrigues et al., apply Gibbs sampling algorithm to esti‐ matetheoccurrenceofozoneexceedingeventsinMexicoCity. Thethirdsectionofthebookcontainstwochaptersonmeasuringmethodologiesinair pollution monitoring and control. The first one, by Jolanta Kuśmierczyk‐Michulec, presents an optical method for measuring atmospheric aerosols. The chapter is an overviewofvariouseffortstendingtowardfindingarelationshipbetweenatmospher‐ ic optical thickness and particulate matter , and discussing possibilities of using the Angstrom coefficient in air quality estimation. The second chapter, by Sasha Hen‐ ninger,presentstheadvantagesofamobilemeasuringmethodologytodeterminenear surfacecarbondioxideinurbanareas. Fivechaptersinthesectionfouraredealingwithexperimentaldataonurbanairpol‐ lution. The first one, by Junling An et al., discusses the impactsofphotoexcited NO 2 chemistry and heterogeneous reactions on concentrations of O 3 and NO2 in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province of China, using WRF‐CHEM model. The second one, by Hesham El‐Askaryet al., analyses the phenomena of theBlackCloud pollution event overCairo,NileDeltaRegionandAlexandria, Egypt,usingaerosolsandwatervapor data, and the.main sources of air pollutionin the region, including heavy traffic, in‐ dustrial, residential, commercial and mixed emissions or biomass burning. In the chapter on Spatial Variation, Sources, and Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Com‐