CHAPTER 2: CARBONHYDRATE METABOLISM- GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES ppt

1 CHAPTER 2: CARBONHYDRATE METABOLISM- GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY 2 Learning objectives 1. Review the carbonhydrates 2. Learn the names of the 10 enzymes of glycolysis. 3. Learn the structures of the intermediates in the glycolytic pathway. 4. Explore the structures of the glycolytic enzymes. 5. Understand the chemical mechanisms of the enzymes of glycolysis. 3 Brief Content 1.The carbonhydrate 2.The glycolytic enzymes 2.1 Hexokinase 2.2 Phosphoglucose Isomerase 2.3 Phosphofructokinase 2.4 Aldolase 2.5 Triose phosphate Isomerase 2.6 Glyceraldehide-3- phosphate dehydrogenase 2.7 Phosphoglycerate kinase 2.8 Phosphoglycerate mutase 2.9 Enolase 2.10 Pyruvate kinase 4 Detailed Content 1.The carbonhydrate 2.The glycolytic enzymes 2.1 Hexokinase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 2.2 Phosphoglucose Isomerase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 5 Detailed Content 2.3 Phosphofructokinase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 2.4 Aldolase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 6 Detailed Content 2.5 Triose phosphosphate Isomerase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 2.6 Glycealdehide-3- phosphate dehydrogenase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 7 Detailed Content 2.7 Phosphoglycerate kinase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 2.8 Phosphoglycerate mutase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 8 Detailed Content 2.9 Enolase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 2.10 Pyruvate kinase Structure Catalytic mechanism Active site details 9 1 CARBOHYDRATES: * Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and carbon sources * Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles Carbohydrates include both sugars and their polymers. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or single sugars, also known as simple sugars. Disaccharides are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by condensation. The carbohydrates that are macromolecules are polysaccharides, polymers of many sugars. 10 1.1. Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and carbon sources - Monosaccharides (from the Greek monos, single, and sacchar, sugar) generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH 2 O. - Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), the most common monosaccharide, is of central importance in the chemistry of life. In the structure of glucose, we can see the trademarks of a sugar: - The molecule has a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups. Depending on the location of the carbonyl group, a sugar is either an aldose (aldehyde sugar) or a ketose (ketone sugar). - Glucose, for example, is an aldose; fructose, a structural isomer of glucose, is a ketose. (Most names for sugars end in -ose. ) - Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, are major nutrients for cells. In the process known as cellular respiration, cells extract the energy stored in glucose molecules. - Not only are simple sugar molecules a major fuel for cellular work, but their carbon skeletons serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and fatty acids. - Sugar molecules that are not immediately used in these ways are generally incorporated as monomers into disaccharides or polysaccharides. [...]... cables are a strong building material for plants as well as for humans, who use wood, which is rich in cellulose, for lumber 20 - Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing its a linkages are unable to hydrolyze the b linkages of cellulose In fact, few organisms possess enzymes that can digest cellulose Humans do not; the cellulose fibrils in our food pass through the digestive tract and are eliminated... phosphorylation (1) Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) (2) The Krebs cycle (color-coded salmon) (3) The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation (color-coded violet) 32 33 Fig.3.11: Overview of the cellular respiration Respiration is a cumulative function of 3 metabolic stages (1) Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) - cytosol Glycolysis, begins the degradation... three negatively charged phosphate groups is an unstable, energy-storing arrangement The chemical "spring" tends to "relax" by losing the terminal phosphate - The cell taps this energy source by using enzymes to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds, which are then said to be phosphorylated Phosphorylation primes a molecule to undergo some kind of change that performs work, and the molecule . 1 CHAPTER 2: CARBONHYDRATE METABOLISM- GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY 2 Learning objectives 1. Review the carbonhydrates 2 Learn the names of the 10 enzymes of glycolysis. 3. Learn the structures of the intermediates in the glycolytic pathway. 4. Explore the structures of the glycolytic enzymes. 5. Understand the. enzymes. 5. Understand the chemical mechanisms of the enzymes of glycolysis. 3 Brief Content 1.The carbonhydrate 2.The glycolytic enzymes 2.1 Hexokinase 2.2 Phosphoglucose Isomerase 2.3