ULTRA WIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS: NOVEL TRENDS – ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Edited by Mohammad A. Matin Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation Edited by Mohammad A. Matin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Viktorija Zgela Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Sarun T, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation, Edited by Mohammad A. Matin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-452-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 UWB Waveform Generation 1 Chapter 1 Ultra-Wideband Waveform Generation Using Nonlinear Propagation in Optical Fibers 3 Avi Zadok, Daniel Grodensky, Daniel Kravitz, Yair Peled, Moshe Tur, Xiaoxia Wu and Alan E. Willner Part 2 UWB Channel – Theory and Measurements 25 Chapter 2 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Communications Channel – Theory and Measurements 27 Javad Ahmadi-Shokouh and Robert Caiming Qiu Chapter 3 Propagation Models for the Characterization of the Indoor UWB Channel 53 Francisco Saez de Adana Chapter 4 Frequency UWB Channel 67 Gonzalo Llano, Juan C. Cuellar and Andres Navarro Chapter 5 Effects of Bandwidth on Estimation of UWB Channel Parameters 97 Duje Čoko, Zoran Blažević and Ivan Marinović Part 3 UWB Pulse Reflection 117 Chapter 6 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Pulse Reflection from a Dispersive Medium Half Space 119 Qingsheng Zeng and Gilles Y. Delisle VI Contents Part 4 UWB Antennas and Arrays 141 Chapter 7 Planar Monopole UWB Antennas with Cuts at the Edges and Parasitic Loops 143 Karlo Costa and Victor Dmitriev Chapter 8 Characteristics of an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Butterfly-Shaped Monopole Antenna 155 Qiubo Ye, Zhi Ning Chen and Terence S. P. See Chapter 9 Performance Study on Modern Ultra Wideband Monopole Antennas 175 Abdelhalim Mohamed and Lotfollah Shafai Chapter 10 Ultra-Wideband Printed Antennas Design 195 Mohamed Nabil Srifi Chapter 11 Printed Sleeve Monopole Antenna 215 Salman Naeem Khan and Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmed Chapter 12 Design and Implementation of UWB CPW-Fed Planar Monopole Antenna with Dual Band Rejection Characteristics 231 Woo Chan Kim and Woon Geun Yang Chapter 13 Design of a CPW-Fed Dual Band-Notched Planar Wideband Antenna for UWB Applications 239 Fei Yu and Chunhua Wang Chapter 14 Coplanar-Microstrip Transitions for Ultra-Wideband Communications 255 Mohammed El-Gibari, Dominique Averty, Cyril Lupi, Yann Mahé Hongwu Li and Serge Toutain Chapter 15 Ultra Wideband Antennas for High Pulsed Power Applications 277 Baptiste Cadilhon, Bruno Cassany, Patrick Modin, Jean-Christophe Diot, Valérie Bertrand and Laurent Pécastaing Chapter 16 UWB Multifunction Antennas 307 Paolo Baldonero, Roberto Flamini, Antonio Manna and Fabrizio Trotta Chapter 17 Reconfigurable Antennas of Wide Tuning Ranges and Controllable Selectivity Using Matching Networks 335 Chin-Lung Yang and Chieh-Sen Li Contents VII Chapter 18 A Novel Directive, Dispersion-Free UWB Radiator with Superb EM-Characteristics for Multiband/Multifunction Radar Applications 351 D. Tran, N. Haider, P. Aubry, A. Szilagyi, I.E. Lager, A. Yarovoy and L.P. Ligthart Preface Ultra wideband (UWB) has advanced and merged as a technology, and many more people are aware of the potential for this exciting technology. The current UWB field is extremely dynamic, with new techniques and ideas where several issues are involved in developing the systems, such as antenna design, channel model, and interference. However, the antenna design for UWB signal is one of the main challenges, especially when low cost, geometrically small and radio efficient structures are required for typical applications. It is expected that an appropriate antenna configuration should be part of a UWB chipset with a full reference design. It requires a theoretical basis for computation and estimation of antenna design parameters and performance prediction that determine the performance of precision range and direction measurements. This book offers basic as well as advanced research materials for antennas and propagation. It has taken a theoretical and experimental approach to some extent, which is more useful to the reader in the long run. The book highlights the unique design issues which put the reader in a good pace to be able to understand more advanced research and make a contribution in this field themselves. It is believed that this book serves as a comprehensive reference for graduate students in UWB antenna technologies. Chapter 1 explains the generation of UWB impulse radio using self-phase modulation in optical fibers. Two different nonlinear mechanisms had been employed: self-phase modulation (SPM) and Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) for the generation of UWB waveforms. Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive overview of UWB measurements of all empirical data available on various fading properties of indoor radio wave communication channels. The analytic summaries lead to insights on UWB fading channel characterization and modeling. The propagation of the UWB signals in indoor environments is an important task for the implementation of WPANs which is explained in chapter 3. Chapter 4 provides a detailed description of the UWB channel in the frequency domain, using the models defined by IEEE 802.2.15.3a and 802.2.15.4a for High Data X Preface Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (HDR-WPAN), Body Area Networks (BAN) and Sensors Networks, among other applications. A theoretical model for the fade depth and fading margin of the channel energy is presented in accordance to the parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB channel model. Chapter 5 is about the estimations of the channel parameters which have certain dependency on the system bandwidth. Accurate modeling and improved physical understanding of pulse reflection from dispersive media is crucial in a number of applications, including optical waveguides, UWB radar, ground penetrating radar, UWB biological effects, stealth technology and remote sensing which is explained in chapter 6. The time domain technique based on the numerical inversion of Laplace transform is also developed and extended to the modeling of ultra wideband pulse reflection from Lorentz, Debye and Cole−Cole media. Chapter 7 explores planar antennas which are widely used in UWB systems because of their low cost of fabrication, low size, and simple structure. In this chapter, four planar UWB antennas with cuts at the edges and parasitic loops have been analyzed. The investigated antennas are: a rectangular monopole with two loops, a rectangular monopole with four loops, a rectangular monopole with cuts at the edges, and a rectangular monopole with cuts at the edges and two parasitic loops. Here, to enlarge the matching bandwidth, the dimensions of the antennas were optimized with cut-and try method. Chapter 8 presents butterfly-shaped monopole antenna that has demonstrated good impedance and radiation performance across the UWB band. Monopole disc antennas, with circular, elliptical and trapezoidal shapes, have simpler two-dimensional geometries and are easier to fabricate compared to the traditional UWB monopole antennas with three-dimensional geometries such as spheroidal, conical and teardrop antennas. In chapter 9, different square, circular and elliptical disc monopole antenna geometries are designed and analyzed for both omnidirectional and directional applications. The feeding structure is optimized to have a maximum impedance bandwidth starting at 3 GHz. Printed disc monopole antennas are designed in chapter 10 which could be treated as a good candidate for current and future ultra wideband applications, due to their attractive features (i.e. small size, low profile, low cost, impedance bandwidth, gain, nearly omnidirectional radiation). In chapter 11, rectangular and diamond shaped sleeve UWB antennas are presented for UWB performance. The analysis of sleeve UWB antenna is also be explained on the basis of transmission line model of antenna and characteristic modes to get insight details of the sleeves behavior and their effect on the impedance bandwidth. [...]... modulation and frequency discrimination Electronics Letters, Vol 43, No 2, (January 2007), pp 11 9–1 21, ISSN 0013-5194 Zheng, J.-Y.; Zhang, M.-J.; Wang, A.-B & Wang, Y.-C (2010) Photonic generation of ultrawideband pulse using semiconductor laser with optical feedback Optics Letters, Vol 35, No 11 (June 2010), pp 1734-1736, ISSN 01469592 24 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation. .. corresponding value for direct detection equals: Qdir = 1 2 16 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation Fig 9 Setup for a transmit-reference, ultra- wideband noise transmitter based on the amplified spontaneous emission of Brillouin scattering DFB: distributed feedback laser; EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier; BPF: band-pass filter; HNLF: highly nonlinear fiber; PC: polarization... where waveforms of high-order and high-frequency are required 20 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation A primary motivation which is driving microwave photonics research in general, and UWBrelated photonic techniques in particular, is the potential for a radio-over-fiber integrated system which brings together fiber-optic distribution and broadband all-optical processing... of Fig 1) Dashed – simulated instantaneous pulse power following propagation in a HNLF and filtering by a 75 GHz-wide BPF, detuned from ω0 by Δω+ 2 π = 135 GHz HNLF parameters are the as those in the bottom panel of Fig 1 Dashed-dotted – same as dashed curve, with the BPF detuned from ω0 by Δω− 2 π = -135 GHz ©2010 IEEE 8 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation Fig 3... jω0t ) , 2 τ0 ⎥ ⎥ n ⎦ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎣ (1) 6 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation with a peak power level Pin , central optical frequency ω0 , width parameter τ0 and pulse separation T0 The parameter m determines the exact shape of the input pulses, and t denotes time In propagating along a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) of length L [km] and negligible dispersion, the optical... 100 ps, peak power Pin = 1 W and spacing T0 = 800 ps were used Only a single edge detection BPF was used in the experiment, with a spectral width of 40 GHz and detuning Δω 2 π of 30 GHz The normalized output waveform V ( t ) 2 approximates a Gaussian doublet pulse shape (top panel) The calculated V ( Ω ) is drawn 10 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation on the lower panel,... subtraction of 12 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation Power [dBm/MHz] Norm power the intensity profile of delayed replicas from the original pulse shape might be viewed as a tapped-delay line filtering method It should be noted, though, that the subtracted waveforms are obtained through nonlinear processing and are not scaled copies of the input The nonlinear propagation. .. difference between the optical frequencies of the pump and signal waves is very close (within a few tens of MHz) to a fiber-dependent parameter, the Brillouin shift ΩB , which is of the order of 2π⋅11 GHz in silica fibers at room temperature and at 1550 nm wavelength (Boyd, 2008) An input signal 14 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation whose frequency is ΩB lower than that... achieve efficient dual band-notched UWB antennas Therefore, an efficient frequency bands rejection of the WLAN band and WiMAX band is difficult to implement for UWB applications In chapter 13, a CPW-fed novel planar ultra- wideband antenna with dual bandnotched characteristics is introduced Chapter 14 present an ultra- wide bandwidth back-to-back coplanar-microstrip grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW-MS-GCPW)... of ultrawideband radio-frequency signals IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol 54, No 12 part 1, (December 2006), pp 4247-4255, ISSN 00189480 McKinney, J D (2010) Background-Free Arbitrary Waveform Generation via Polarization Pulse Shaping IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol 22, No 16, (August 2010), pp 1193-1195, ISSN 1041-1135 22 Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – . ULTRA WIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS: NOVEL TRENDS – ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Edited by Mohammad A. Matin Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and. orders@intechweb.org Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation, Edited by Mohammad A. Matin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-452-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals. jt ⎡⎤ ⎡⎤− = −ω ⎢⎥ ⎢⎥ τ ⎣⎦ ⎢⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ∑ , (1) Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends – Antennas and Propagation 6 with a peak power level in P , central optical frequency 0 ω , width parameter 0 τ and pulse separation