SEARCH ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Nashat Mansour Search Algorithms and Applications Edited by Nashat Mansour Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Gjermund Alsos, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Search Algorithms and Applications, Edited by Nashat Mansour p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-156-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Part 2 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Population Based and Quantum Search Algorithms 1 Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications 3 Weirong Chen, Chaohua Dai and Yongkang Zheng Running Particle Swarm Optimization on Graphic Processing Units 47 Carmelo Bastos-Filho, Marcos Oliveira Junior and Débora Nascimento Enhanced Genetic Algorithm for Protein Structure Prediction based on the HP Model 69 Nashat Mansour, Fatima Kanj and Hassan Khachfe Quantum Search Algorithm 79 Che-Ming Li, Jin-Yuan Hsieh and Der-San Chuu Search via Quantum Walk 97 Jiangfeng Du, Chao Lei, Gan Qin, Dawei Lu and Xinhua Peng Search Algorithms for Image and Video Processing 115 Balancing the Spatial and Spectral Quality of Satellite Fused Images through a Search Algorithm 117 Consuelo Gonzalo-Martín and Mario Lillo-Saavedra Graph Search and its Application in Building Extraction from High Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery 133 Shiyong Cui, Qin Yan and Peter Reinartz Applied Extended Associative Memories to High-Speed Search Algorithm for Image Quantization 151 Enrique Guzmán Ramírez, Miguel A. Ramírez and Oleksiy Pogrebnyak Contents Contents VI Search Algorithms and Recognition of Small Details and Fine Structures of Images in Computer Vision Systems 175 S.V. Sai, I.S. Sai and N.Yu.Sorokin Enhanced Efficient Diamond Search Algorithm for Fast Block Motion Estimation 195 Yasser Ismail and Magdy A. Bayoumi A Novel Prediction-Based Asymmetric Fast Search Algorithm for Video Compression 207 Chung-Ming Kuo, Nai-Chung Yang, I-Chang Jou and Chaur-Heh Hsieh Block Based Motion Vector Estimation Using FUHS16, UHDS16 and UHDS8 Algorithms for Video Sequence 225 S. S. S. Ranjit Search Algorithms for Engineering Applications 259 Multiple Access Network Optimization Aspects via Swarm Search Algorithms 261 Taufik Abrão, Lucas Hiera Dias Sampaio, Mario Lemes Proença Jr., Bruno Augusto Angélico and Paul Jean E. Jeszensky An Efficient Harmony Search Optimization for Maintenance Planning to the Telecommunication Systems 299 Fouzi Harrou and Abdelkader Zeblah Multi-Objective Optimization Methods Based on Artificial Neural Networks 313 Sara Carcangiu, Alessandra Fanni and Augusto Montisci A Fast Harmony Search Algorithm for Unimodal Optimization with Application to Power System Economic Dispatch 335 Abderrahim Belmadani, Lahouaria Benasla and Mostefa Rahli On the Recursive Minimal Residual Method with Application in Adaptive Filtering 355 Noor Atinah Ahmad A Search Algorithm for Intertransaction Association Rules 371 Dan Ungureanu Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Part 3 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Contents VII Finding Conceptual Document Clusters Based on Top-N Formal Concept Search: Pruning Mechanism and Empirical Effectiveness 385 Yoshiaki Okubo and Makoto Haraguchi Dissimilar Alternative Path Search Algorithm Using a Candidate Path Set 409 Yeonjeong Jeong and Dong-Kyu Kim Pattern Search Algorithms for Surface Wave Analysis 425 Xianhai Song Vertex Search Algorithm of Convex Polyhedron Representing Upper Limb Manipulation Ability 455 Makoto Sasaki, Takehiro Iwami, Kazuto Miyawaki, Ikuro Sato, Goro Obinata and Ashish Dutta Modeling with Non-cooperative Agents: Destructive and Non-Destructive Search Algorithms for Randomly Located Objects 467 Dragos Calitoiu and Dan Milici Extremal Distribution Sorting Algorithm for a CFD Optimization Problem 481 K.Yano and Y.Kuriyama Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Pref ac e Search algorithms aim to fi nd solutions or objects with specifi ed properties and con- straints in a large solution search space or among a collection of objects. A solution can be a set of value assignments to variables that will satisfy the constraints or a sub- structure of a given discrete structure. In addition, there are search algorithms, mostly probabilistic, that are designed for the prospective quantum computer. This book demonstrates the wide applicability of search algorithms for the purpose of developing useful and practical solutions to problems that arise in a variety of problem domains. Although it is targeted to a wide group of readers: researchers, graduate stu- dents, and practitioners, it does not off er an exhaustive coverage of search algorithms and applications. The chapters are organized into three sections: Population-based and quantum search algorithms, Search algorithms for image and video processing, and Search algorithms for engineering applications. The fi rst part includes: two proposed swarm intelligence algorithms and an analysis of parallel implementation of particle swarm optimiza- tion algorithms on graphic processing units; an enhanced genetic algorithm applied to the bioinformatics problem of predicting protein structures; an analysis of quantum searching properties and a search algorithm based on quantum walk. The second part includes: a search method based on simulated annealing for equalizing spatial and spectral quality in satellite images; search algorithms for object recognition in com- puter vision and remote sensing images; an enhanced diamond search algorithm for effi cient block motion estimation; an effi cient search pa ern based algorithm for video compression. The third part includes: heuristic search algorithms applied to aspects of the physical layer performance optimization in wireless networks; music inspired harmony search algorithm for maintenance planning and economic dispatch; search algorithms based on neural network approximation for multi-objective design optimi- zation in electromagnetic devices; search algorithms for adaptive fi ltering and for fi nd- ing frequent inter-transaction itemsets; formal concept search technique for fi nding document clusters; search algorithms for navigation, robotics, geophysics, and fl uid dynamics. I would like to acknowledge the eff orts of all the authors who contributed to this book. Also, I thank Ms. Ivana Lorkovic, from InTech Publisher, for her support. March 2011 Nashat Mansour [...]...Part 1 Population Based and Quantum Search Algorithms 1 Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications Weirong Chen, Chaohua Dai and Yongkang Zheng Southwest JiaotongUniversity China 1 Introduction Search is one of the most frequently used problem solving methods in artificial intelligence (AI) [1], and search methods are gaining interest with the increase... 22 Search Algorithms and Applications Fig 6 Bus voltage profiles for PSOs on IEEE 57-bus system Fig 7 Bus voltage profiles for DEs on IEEE 57-bus system Fig 8 Bus voltage profiles before and after optimization for SOA on IEEE 57-bus system Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications (a) (b) Fig 9 Convergence of generator voltages VG for IEEE 57-bus system 23 24 Search Algorithms. .. for IEEE 57-bus system 23 24 Search Algorithms and Applications (a) (b) Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications (c) Fig 10 Convergence of transformer taps T for IEEE 57-bus system Fig 11 Convergence of shunt capacitor QC for IEEE 57-bus system 25 26 Search Algorithms and Applications Fig 12 Convergence graphs of various algorithms on IEEE 57-bus system (power loss vs... human focusing search, the uncertainty reasoning of human search could be described by natural linguistic variables and a simple fuzzy rule as “If {objective function value is small} (i.e., condition part), Then {step length is short} (i.e., action part)” The Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications 5 understanding and linguistic description of the human search make a... Comparisons of the Results of Various Methods on IEEE 57-Bus System over 30 Runs (p.u.) 20 Search Algorithms and Applications Table 5 Values of Control Variable & Ploss After Optimization by Various Methods for IEEE 57-Bus Sytem (p.u.) 21 Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications Algorithms NLP CGA AGA PSO-w PSO-cf CLPSO SPSO-07 L-DE L-SACP-DE L-SaDE SOA ∑PG 12.7687 12.7604... (agents) who follow some simple rules and 4 Search Algorithms and Applications communicate with each other and their environments Swarms offer several advantages over traditional systems based on deliberative agents and central control: specifically robustness, flexibility, scalability, adaptability, and suitability for analysis Since 1990's, two typical swarm intelligence algorithms have emerged One is the... t←0; generating s positions uniformly and randomly in search space; repeat evaluating each seeker; computing di (t ) and α i (t ) for each seeker i; updating each seeker’s position using (1); t←t+1; until the termination criterion is satisfied end Fig 1 The main step of the SOA Fig 2 The proportional selection rule of search directions 10 Search Algorithms and Applications Fig 3 The action part of... 16 Search Algorithms and Applications Step 4 Let t = t + 1 Step 5 Select the neighbors of each seeker Step 6 Determine the search direction and step length for each seeker, and update his position Step 7 Calculate the fitness values of the new positions using the objective function based on the Newton-Raphson power flow analysis results Update the historical best position among the population and. .. population size 17 Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications popsize=60 except SPSO-2007 whose popsize is automatically computed by the algorithm, total 30 runs and the maximum generations of 300 are made The NLP method uses a different uniformly random number in the search space as its start point in each run The transformer taps and the reactive power compensation are discrete... not only keep a good search precision but also find new regions of the search space Consequently, at every time step, some seekers are better for “exploration”, some others Two Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications 9 better for “exploitation” In addition, due to self-organized aggregation behavior and the decreasing parameter ω in (9), the feasible search range of the seekers . of search algorithms and applications. The chapters are organized into three sections: Population-based and quantum search algorithms, Search algorithms for image and video processing, and Search. Population-Based Heuristic Search Algorithms and Their Applications 5 understanding and linguistic description of the human search make a fuzzy system a good candidate for simulating human searching behaviors SEARCH ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Nashat Mansour Search Algorithms and Applications Edited by Nashat Mansour Published by InTech Janeza