ADVANCES IN CERAMICS SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION, PROCESSING AND SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS_1 ppsx

ADVANCES IN CERAMICS - SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION, PROCESSING AND SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS Edited by Costas Sikalidis Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications Edited by Costas Sikalidis Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Niksa Mandic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Alexander Kalina, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications, Edited by Costas Sikalidis, p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-505-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Ceramic Materials 1 Chapter 1 Advanced Ceramic Target Materials Produced by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for Deposition of Functional Nanostructured Coatings - Part 1: Four Elements and Less Systems 3 Evgeny A. Levashov, Yury S. Pogozhev and Victoria V. Kurbatkina Chapter 2 Advanced Ceramic Target Materials Produced by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for Deposition of Functional Nanostructured Coatings - Part 2: Multicomponent Systems 41 Evgeny A. Levashov, Yury S. Pogozhev and Victoria V. Kurbatkina Chapter 3 Combustion Synthesis of Ceramic Powders with Controlled Grain Morphologies 49 Guanghua Liu, Jiangtao Li and Kexin Chen Chapter 4 Molten Salt Synthesis of Ceramic Powders 75 Toshio Kimura Chapter 5 Advanced SnO 2 -Based Ceramics: Synthesis, Structure, Properties 101 Mihaiu Maria Susana, Scarlat Oana, Zuca Stefania and Zaharescu Maria Chapter 6 Synthesis and Thermoluminescent Characterization of Ceramics Materials 127 Teodoro Rivera Chapter 7 Synthesis and Characterizations of Ba(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 Powder 165 Wanwilai Vittayakorn and Rachanusorn Roongtao VI Contents Chapter 8 SiC f /SiC Composite: Attainment Methods, Properties and Characterization 173 Marcio Florian, Luiz Eduardo de Carvalho and Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo Chapter 9 Ceramic Preparation of Nanopowders and Experimental Investigation of Its Properties 191 Sergey Bardakhanov, Vladimir Lysenko, Andrey Nomoev and Dmitriy Trufanov Part 2 Topics in Processing of Advanced Ceramic Materials 205 Chapter 10 Last Advances in Aqueous Processing of Aluminium Nitride (AlN) - A Review 207 S.M. Olhero, F.L. Alves and J.M.F. Ferreira Chapter 11 Advanced Design and Fabrication of Microwave Components Based on Shape Optimization and 3D Ceramic Stereolithography Process 243 N. Delhote, S. Bila, D. Baillargeat, T Chartier and S Verdeyme Chapter 12 Sinterability and Dielectric Properties of ZnNb 2 O 6 – Glass Ceramic Composites 277 Manoj Raama Varma, C. P. Reshmi and P. Neenu Lekshmi Chapter 13 Net-Shaping of Ceramic Components by Using Rapid Prototyping Technologies 291 Xiaoyong Tian, Dichen Li and Jürgen G. Heinrich Chapter 14 Optimization of Ceramics Grinding 311 Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar, Anselmo Eduardo Diniz and Rubens Chinali Canarim Chapter 15 Reducibility of Ceria-Based Materials Exposed to Fuels and under Fuel/Air Gradients 337 Domingo Pérez-Coll, Pedro Núñez and Jorge R. Frade Chapter 16 Reinforcement of Austenitic Manganese Steel with (TiMo) Carbide Particles Previously Synthesized by SHS 363 Jose Ignacio Erausquin Chapter 17 Surface Equilibrium Angle for Anisotropic Grain Growth and Densification Model in Ceramic Materials 383 Sergio Cava, Sergio M. Tebcherani, Sidnei A. Pianaro, Elson Longo and José A. Varela Contents VII Chapter 18 Microstructural Evolution in α-Al 2 O 3 Compacts During Laser Irradiation 393 Marina Vlasova, Mykola Kakazey and Pedro Antonio Márquez -Aguilar Part 3 Special Topics in Advanced Ceramic Materials 421 Chapter 19 Ceramic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 423 H. A. Taroco, J. A. F. Santos, R. Z. Domingues and T. Matencio Chapter 20 Laser Applications of Transparent Polycrystalline Ceramic 447 Qihong Lou, Jun Zhou, Yuanfeng Qi and Hong Cai Chapter 21 Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics of the Solid Solution, BaCe (x) Zr (y-x) Y (1-y) O 3- Part I: Fabrication and Microstructure 479 W. Grover Coors Chapter 22 Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics of the Solid Solution, BaCe (x) Zr (y-x) Y (1-y) O 3- Part II: Co-Ionic Conduction 501 W. Grover Coors Preface Today’s advanced ceramics, characterized by improved and specific properties, are studied and/or utilized in a variety of manners in most if not all the scientific and technological research fields, thus ultimately extending an impressive and multilateral contribution via their numerous applications in a broad spectrum of areas. To obtain such useful materials, conventional methods have been modified and vari- ous innovative techniques have been developed many of which over the past recent years. Some of the most interesting such techniques/methods include: self propagating high temperature synthesis for functional nanostructured materials, combustion and mol- ten salt synthesis for ceramic powders with special characteristics, partial-pressureless sintering and freeze-casting for high strength porous ceramics as well as hot isostatic pressing for tin oxide ceramics with specific optical and other characteristics, precipita- tion and sol-gel techniques followed by specific thermal treatments for thermo- luminescent ceramics, modified sintering techniques for microwave dielectric ceram- ics, chemical vapor deposition followed by pyrolysis under nitrogen conditions, argon and hydrogen for SiC and other types of ceramic fibers. Since advanced ceramics demonstrate specific properties, their characterization pre- figures the employment of a combination of well known and advanced techniques for material characterization like XRD, TEM-SEM, AFM, TG-DTA etc., with that of specif- ic, advanced and in often times innovative techniques e.g. thermoluminescence. Furthermore, the demand for advanced ceramics with specific applications enforced the in-depth investigation in addition to the improvement and the optimization of processing techniques as well as the development of new ones. The connection of pro- cesses to the obtained properties of the ceramics, as well as with parameters such as ef- ficiency, cost, environmental impact and others, are taken under consideration today much more so than in the past. Examples of the aforementioned research philosophy in problem-solving approaches include: The healthier and more environmentally friendly production at lower and more competitive costs for the nitride-based ceramics by aqueous processing that X Preface needs to be investigated considering the susceptibility to hydrolysis of the nitride powders, particularly in the case of aluminium nitride. The shape and size optimiza- tion problem of ceramic components for space and terrestrial telecommunication sys- tems, which could be tackled by applying sophisticated design methodologies and manufacturing technologies like the 3D stereolithography based rapid prototyping technique. The high sintering temperature problem that precludes ZnNb -oxide ceram- ics (used in the new era of communication technology) application potential in the multilayer technologies (e.g. low temperature co-fired ceramics), which can be over- come by the usage of nano-sized ZnNb-oxide powders instead of micron-size pow- ders. The case of grinding optimization in which several aspects and parameters of the process need to be carefully considered which include but are not limited to: the prop- erties of grinding media and the work piece, the energy required and its transfor- mation to heat, the temperature generated and its affection of the machined part, the possible generation of undesired stresses. The potential of ceria-based and related ma- terials as solid electrolytes for alternative solid oxide fuel cells, as catalysts etc, needs to be connected to their redox behaviour and the corresponding effects imposed by fuels and fuels conditions. The alloy reinforcement by the addition of ceramic material to the molten metal, needs to overcome matching problems of ceramic materials and molten metals by way of adding the ceramic particles in a complex carbide form pre- paring a master alloy which in turn will be further used to produce composite castings or parts composed e.g. by a matrix of austenite and discrete carbide particles. The problems arising in certain applications of sintering, which consists the main operation in powder technology, can be identified and described using modern techniques based on the Atomic Force Microscopy, by determining the dihedral surface angle of defined compacts sintered in solid-phase under certain conditions. The surface modification and properties induced by a laser beam in pressings of ceramic powders. Finally, research on new production technologies and on new raw materials led to the development of many of today’s advanced ceramics with unique properties suitable for modern applications, i.e. research on deposition technology of slurries or suspen- sions constituted of ceramic powders, dispersants, binders, solvents and plasticizers for the preparation of solid oxide fuel cells (environmentally friendly energy conver- sion systems to produce electrical energy with minimal environmental impact) and of perovskite type ceramics as cathodes, lanthanum strodiun manganites for high tem- perature cells, zirconia and ceria based ceramics as well as lanthanum gallate as elec- trolytes in the cells, yttria stabilized zirconia as anodes etc.; research on economical and efficient fabrication techniques and on the properties of many ceramic materials and components for lasers applications; research on fabrication, characterization and modeling of protonic ceramics for applications in intermediate temperature fuel cells and steam electrolyzers, hydrogen separation membranes, and various membrane re- actors for chemical synthesis. The current book contains twenty-two chapters and is divided into three sections. [...]... accumulation of macro- and microdefects in starting powders, which leads to an increase in the internal energy of the system, and with the decrease in the heterogeneity scale The development of the thermal peak in the Cr–29.4% B mixture continues to τMA = 21 min, while it continues 18 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications to τMA = 18 min in the mixture... surface of the mixture increases due to the disintegration of powder particles, the formation of cracks, and the accumulation of microstructural and surface 20 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications defects With the MA time longer than a certain critical value (21 min for Cr–B and 18 min for Ti–Cr–B), borides of reagents appear in the mixture; their... (point 1a) 22 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications Fig 10 Dependences of the combustion (a) rate and (b) temperature on the initial temperature of the process for the Cr–B and Ti–Cr–B green mixtures obtained for various MA times (1, 1') Cr–29.4% B, (2, 2 ') Ti–40% Cr–B, and (3, 3 ') Ti–30% Cr–B (1–3) Strongly activated (τMA = 21 min (1) and 18 min... σbend is the ultimate bending strength, E is the elasticity modulus, HV is the Vickers hardness, ρt is the true density determined using the helium pyknometer, and Pres is the residual porosity Table 4 Phase composition and physical and mechanical properties of the synthesis products in the Ti–Cr–Al–C system 12 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications... with ion bombardment, and electron-beam and ion-beam sputtering, are widely used The advantage of the magnetron sputtering technology is the insignificant heating of the substrate to 50–250°C [4] This allows one to deposit a coating on almost any 4 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications material In addition, hard and superhard MNFs with a different level... shape contain titanium and chromium borides, while rounded irregular shapes are characteristic of the starting reagents or a solid solution based on metals The reagents start to interact at the particle 24 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications surfaces For example, point 1b in Fig 12b belongs to titanium, while the interaction between Ti, Cr, and B already... resistance and corrosion stability MNFs find application in the field of surfaces protection which are subjected to the simultaneous effect of elevated temperature, aggressive media, and various kinds of wear These are, first and foremost, cutting and stamping tools; forming rolls; parts in aviation engines, gas turbines, and compressors; slider bearings; nozzles for the extrusion of glass and mineral... aqueous processing of nitride ceramics, the shape and size optimization of ceramic components through design methodologies and manufacturing technologies, the sinterability and properties of ZnNb oxide ceramics, the grinding optimization, the redox behaviour of ceria based and related materials, the alloy reinforcement by ceramic particles addition, the sintering study through dihedral surface angle using... etc Taking into account the increase in demand for various compositions of composite targets, we decided that it is important to present the data on the features of the synthesis of the most interesting and necessary classes of SHS targets differing in regards to their combustion mechanisms and structure formation in the form of the review In this work, we present both recently obtained results and those... Tiy+1AlCz, (2) TiCy + Al → Tiy+1AlCz (3) 6 Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications The mechanism of formation of the Tiy+1AlCz compounds during the synthesis in the combustion mode somewhat differs from that described above, which is associated with the higher combustion rate (Uc) and temperature (Tc) Since under the initial conditions T0 = Troom, the adiabatic . T c ad *, K Ti 2 AlC 0 10 00 2 .1 1775 2282 Ti 1, 5 Cr 0,5 AlC 0,5 10 50 1. 5 17 73 2290 TiCrAlC 1 110 0 0.9 17 76 2289 Ti 0,5 Cr 1, 5 AlC 1, 5 15 50 1. 5 12 35 2284 Cr 2 AlC 2 210 0 1. 8 8 61 215 7 Note: T c ad *. ADVANCES IN CERAMICS - SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION, PROCESSING AND SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS Edited by Costas Sikalidis Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization,. allows one to deposit a coating on almost any Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications 4 material. In addition, hard and superhard MNFs with