HOLOGRAMS – RECORDING MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Izabela Naydenova Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications Edited by Izabela Naydenova Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications, Edited by Izabela Naydenova p. cm. 978-953-307-981-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Holographic Recording Materials 1 Chapter 1 Ionic Liquids in Photopolymerizable Holographic Materials 3 Hechun Lin and Peter W. de Oliveira Chapter 2 Norland Optical Adhesive 65 ® as Holographic Material 23 J.C. Ibarra, L. Aparicio-Ixta, M. Ortiz-Gutiérrez and C.R. Michel Chapter 3 Light-Sensitive Media-Composites for Recording Volume Holograms Based on Porous Glass and Polymer 45 O.V. Andreeva and O.V. Bandyuk Chapter 4 Digital Holographic Recording in Amorphous Chalcogenide Films 71 Andrejs Bulanovs Chapter 5 Azobenzene-Containing Materials for Hologram 95 Haifeng Yu and Takaomi Kobayashi Chapter 6 Holography Based on the Weigert’s Effect 117 Zurab V. Wardosanidze Chapter 7 Holographic Image Storage with a 3-Indoly-Benzylfulgimide/PMMA Film 145 Neimule Menke and Baoli Yao Chapter 8 Three-Dimensional Vector Holograms in Photoreactive Anisotropic Media 179 Tomoyuki Sasaki, Akira Emoto, Kenta Miura, Osamu Hanaizumi, Nobuhiro Kawatsuki and Hiroshi Ono VI Contents Part 2 Holographic Data Storage 197 Chapter 9 Diffraction Property of Collinear Holographic Storage System 199 Yeh-Wei Yu and Ching-Cherng Sun Chapter 10 Theory of Polychromatic Reconstruction for Volume Holographic Memory 219 Ryushi Fujimura, Tsutomu Shimura and Kazuo Kuroda Part 3 Holographic Devices 255 Chapter 11 Application of Holograms in WDM Components for Optical Fiber Systems 257 Alfredo Martín Mínguez and Paloma R. Horche Chapter 12 Polarization-Selective Substrate-Mode Volume Holograms and Its Application to Optical Circulators 283 Jing-Heng Chen, Kun-Huang Chen and Der-Chin Su Chapter 13 Holographic Synthesis of Diffraction Free Beams and Dark Hollow Beams 305 G. Martínez Niconoff, P. Martínez Vara, J. Muñoz Lopez and A. Carbajal Dominguez Part 4 Holograms in Security Applications 315 Chapter 14 Optimization of Hologram for Security Applications 317 Junji Ohtsubo Chapter 15 Nanophotonic Hierarchical Holograms: Demonstration of Hierarchical Applications Based on Nanophotonics 341 Naoya Tate, Makoto Naruse, Takashi Yatsui, Tadashi Kawazoe, Morihisa Hoga, Yasuyuki Ohyagi, Yoko Sekine, Tokuhiro Fukuyama, Mitsuru Kitamura and Motoichi Ohtsu Part 5 Signal Processing 357 Chapter 16 Photonic Microwave Signal Processing Based on Opto-VLSI Technology 359 Feng Xiao, Kamal Alameh and Yong Tak Lee Preface The book “Holograms –Recording Materials and Applications” comprises five sections. The first section has eight chapters on holographic recording materials including ionic liquids in photopolymerisable materials (Chapter 1), Norland optical adhesive 65 ® as holographic material (Chapter 2), porous glass and polymer nanocomposite (Chapter 3), amorphous chalcogenide films (Chaper 4), azo-dye containing materials (Chapter 5 and 6) and photochromic materials (Chapter 7 and 8). The remaining four sections are dedicated to a variety of holographic applications. Section two has two chapters on further insights to holographic data storage – in depth analysis of collinear holographic storage (Chapter 9) and theoretical analysis of polychromatic reconstruction for volume holographic memory (Chapter 10). Section three is dedicated to holographic devices for application in wavelength division multiplexers in optical fiber systems (Chapter 11), optical circulators based on polarisation – selective substrate-mode volume holograms (Chapter 12) and holograms for beam shaping and generation of diffraction free beams (Chapter 13). Section four has two chapters on security applications – hologram based optical security systems for practical applications in verification of authenticity are described in Chapter 14 and nanophotonic hierarchical holograms are discussed in Chapter 15. The final section is dedicated to reconfigurable phase holograms for microwave signal processing (Chapter 16). Many of the chapters describe the historical developments leading to the specific topic under discussion and will provide the reader with interesting and useful background information. The following paragraphs give a brief summary of contents. Ionic Liquids in Photopolymerizable Holographic Materials identifies ionic liquids suitable for use as additives in photopolymerisable materials. The authors demonstrate the application of these materials in the fabrication of symmetric and asymmetric optical diffusers with directional properties. Norland Optical Adhesive 65 ® as Holographic Material presents a photosensitive material comprising Norland Optical Adhesive 65 ® mixed with crystal violet dye with a high potential for recording holographic elements in real time. The results from recording of Fourier holograms of binary objects are presented. X Preface Light-Sensitive Media - Composites for Recording Volume Holograms Based on Porous Glass and Polymer describes a novel holographic material AgHal-PG. The list of the most important parameters of silver-halide media is supplemented by AgHal-PG-media with new possibilities: obtaining samples with thickness of several millimetres, low shrinkage and limitation of the maximum particle size in the light-sensitive material in pre and post processed form. A high-efficiency hologram is recorded in latent form and, after post-treatment, a distortionless interference structure in a wide dynamic range is obtained. Digital Holographic Recording in Amorphous Chalcogenide Films discusses the possibilities of hologram recording in As-S-Se chalcogenide films. The authors demonstrate that the As-S-Se chalcogenide films can be successfully used in applied dot-matrix and image-matrix holography as an excellent alternative to organic photoresists for producing high-quality security holograms with high diffraction efficiency. Azobenzene-Containing Materials for Hologram describes block copolymers with well- defined structures that can eliminate the scattering of visible light by microphase separation and prohibit photoinduced surface deformation when azobenzene blocks form the minority phase. Thick films (> 200 microns) with good optical transparency can be prepared with random copolymers or blended block copolymers, for recording volume holograms. Holography Based on the Weigert’s Effect outlines the advantages of holography based on Weigert’s effect and some new approaches in the investigation of the photo processes that occur during holographic recording in photoanisotropic materials. Holographic Image Storage with a 3-Indoly-Benzylfulgimide/PMMA Film studies the holographic storage applications of 3-indoly-benzylfulgimide/PMMA film including ordinary and polarization holography, which are based respectively on the photochromic and photoinduced anisotropy properties of the material. Three-Dimensional Vector Holograms in Photoreactive Anisotropic Media describes the principle of vector holography and investigates the optical characteristics of vector holograms recorded in a photoreactive anisotropic medium. Diffraction properties of the holograms recorded in a model medium, are characterised and the results are analyzed with the use of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. By comparing the experimental and calculated results, the authors elucidate the formation mechanism of the vector holograms. Diffraction Property of Collinear Holographic Storage System describes the collinear holographic storage system proposed by Optware. The basic theories, including two existing models for collinear systems and Volume Hologram as an Integrator of the Lights Emitted from Elementary Light Sources (VOHIL) model, are introduced. Based on Fresnel transform and the VOHIL model, paraxial solutions to describe the diffraction characteristic of the collinear holographic system are obtained. [...]... Calvo, P Cheben, Fundamentals and advances in holographic materials for optical data storage, in Advances in information optics and photonics (Eds A T Friberg, R Dändliker), SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2008, Chapter 15 [6] J R Lawrence, F T O’Neill, J T Sheridan, (2001) “Photopolymer holographic recording material,” Optic, 112, 449-463 18 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications [7] N Suzuki,... conductivity, large electrochemical window and ease of solubilization of a large organic molecules and transition metal complexes [22-25] Applications of ionic liquids include their use in synthesis, catalysis, separation, electrochemistry, electrolytes, lubrication, biomass processing, drug delivery and others The cations of ionic liquids are 4 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications often large organic... inflexibility, and low resolution of conventional photonic microwave signal processors The authors demonstrate that holography is a promising technology for flexible processing of microwave and wideband RF signals with high resolution Dr Izabela Naydenova Dublin Institute of Technology Ireland Part 1 Holographic Recording Materials 1 Ionic Liquids in Photopolymerizable Holographic Materials Hechun Lin and Peter... Cantalupo, and R S Lakes, (1994) “Holographic diffusers,” Opt Eng., 33, 213-218 [74] S Wadle, and R S Lakes, (1994) “Holographic diffusers: polarization effects,” Opt Eng., 33, 1084-1088 [75] C Joubert, B Loiseaux, A Delboulbe, and J P Huignard, (1997) “Phase volume holographic optical components for high-brightness single-LCD projectors,” Appl Opt., 36, 4761-4764 22 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications... diffusion patterns using 633 nm wavelength laser incident to the diffuser (a) a commercial particletype diffuser and (b) the diffuser fabricated with sample 2 Comparing to the particle-type diffuser, our diffuser can scatter the light more uniformly and effectively 14 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications b Direct Transmittance (%) 90 b 80 a 70 60 50 40 30 sample 1 sample 2 20 c) 10 0 -60 -40... cross section near the substrate 16 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications For comparison, the diffuser with bad diffusion properties was also observed with optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy The fiber structure was successfully formed, but there was no uniform phase separation during the polymerization process as shown the optic images and SEM images in Figure 15 Fig 15 a)... eco-friendly and successional holographic materials Further researches on the application of ionic liquids in organic-inorganic nanocomposites and cationic ring-opening polymerization holographic materials are in progress 5 Acknowledgments The authors thank the Stiftung Europrofession, the State of Saarland and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie for financial support We thank Dr Peter könig and Dr Peter... two-beam laser to create the hologram (the angle between the two beams was 2o and the grating space was approx 10.0 µm) Other special frequency gratings were fabricating in the similar procedure except to change the angle between the two laser beams Fig 2 The optic set-up for the hologram recording 6 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications 2.2 The fabrication of optic diffuser Oriel® Flood Exposure... (BMIMNCN2) 12 Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications the monomer is reduced, monomers in the dark and unexposed regions of the material diffuse to the exposed region Due to the diffusion-controlled polymerization in the presence of some ionic liquids, the diffraction efficiencies increase continually during the hologram formation This gives rise to higher diffraction efficiencies and bigger... Oliveira INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materails, Campus D 2 2, Saarbruecken, Germany 1 Introduction A variety of materials have been used to record hologram, such as silver halide emulsions, hardened dichromated gelatin, ferroelectric crystals, photochromics, photoresist, photodichroics and photopolymerizable materials [1-3] Photopolymerizable holographic materials due to their low cost and dry processing . HOLOGRAMS – RECORDING MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Izabela Naydenova Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications Edited by Izabela. orders@intechweb.org Holograms – Recording Materials and Applications, Edited by Izabela Naydenova p. cm. 978-953-307-9 81- 3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found. Preface IX Part 1 Holographic Recording Materials 1 Chapter 1 Ionic Liquids in Photopolymerizable Holographic Materials 3 Hechun Lin and Peter W. de Oliveira Chapter 2 Norland Optical Adhesive