ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND MEASUREMENT IN SEVERAL SYSTEMS Edited by Sadik Kara Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Edited by Sadik Kara Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Oliver Kurelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Roko Kerovec Image Copyright Iscatel, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems, Edited by Sadik Kara p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-728-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Theoretical Issues of Electromotive Force 1 Chapter 1 Quantum Theory of Thermoelectric Power (Seebeck Coefficient) 3 Shigeji Fujita and Akira Suzuki Chapter 2 Electromotive Forces in Solar Energy and Photocatalysis (Photo Electromotive Forces) 21 A.V. Vinogradov, V.V. Vinogradov, A.V. Agafonov, A.V. Balmasov and L.N. Inasaridze Chapter 3 Electromotive Force in Electrochemical Modification of Mudstone 41 Dong Wang, Jiancheng Song and Tianhe Kang Chapter 4 The EMF Method with Solid-State Electrolyte in the Thermodynamic Investigation of Ternary Copper and Silver Chalcogenides 57 Mahammad Babanly, Yusif Yusibov and Nizameddin Babanly Part 2 Application of Electromotive Force 79 Chapter 5 Electromotive Force Measurements and Thermodynamic Modelling of Sodium Chloride in Aqueous-Alcohol Solvents 81 I. Uspenskaya , N. Konstantinova, E. Veryaeva and M. Mamontov Chapter 6 Application of Electromotive Force Measurement in Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys 107 Yuji Kurata Chapter 7 Electromotive Force Measurements in High-Temperature Systems 125 Dominika Jendrzejczyk-Handzlik and Krzysztof Fitzner VI Contents Chapter 8 Resonance Analysis of Induced EMF on Coils 153 Eduard Montgomery Meira Costa Preface These days, it is impossible to think of an area of knowledge that can keep on developing without a collaboration in interdisciplinary fields. Electromotive force is a type of energy per unit of electric charge that is converted reversibly from chemical, mechanical, or other forms of energy into electrical energy by a dynamo, battery, electrochemical cells, thermoelectric devices, solar cells, transformers, and so on. The theory of electromotive Force is currently one of the most important research topics within the electrical engineering domain. Recently, the development of high throughput techniques, such as in solar energy, photocatalysis, High-Temperature Systems and solid-state electrolyte have increased the need of Application of Electromotive Force and Measurement. This book presents some theoretical issues and a variety of Electromotive force applications. For better understanding, the chapters were grouped into two sections (Theoretical issues of Electromotive Force and Application of Electromotive Force). In Theoretical issues of Electromotive Force, the chapters are more oriented towards theoretical issues. Application of Electromotive Force consists of application-oriented chapters that report Application of Electromotive Force Measurements in several fields such as Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys, High-Temperature Systems, Mixed Solvents and Coils. Chapters in both sections are stand-alone and readers can commence from any chapter of interest to them. It is anticipated that this book will raise awareness about the Electromotive Force application field and help in setting up new research areas in Electromotive Force. In conclusion, the main objective of this book was to present a broad range of well worked out, recent application studies as well as theoretical contributions in the field of applications of Electromotive Force. As the editor, I would like to thank all the authors of this book, reviewers and the editorial staff of InTech Open Access Publisher for the successful completion of this X Preface ambitious objective. Without their contribution, it would have been impossible to publish a book of this quality and help in the development of this issue. Sadık Kara Fatih University Istanbul, Turkey [...]... (MWNT) Single-walled nanotube (SWNT) shown in Fig 8 was fabricated by Iijima and Ichihashi (Iijima & Ichihashi, 1993) and by Bethune et al (Bethune et al., 1993) The tube size 10 Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH 8 is about one nanometer in diameter and a few microns (μ) in length The tube ends are closed as shown in Fig 8 Unrolled carbon sheets are called... catalyst and a component of solar elements Finally, we will describe the measurement of electron-transfer dynamics at the molecule/semiconductor interface, and cover techniques for the characterization of photoelectrochemical titania-based systems 22 Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems 2 Fundamentals in photoelectrochemistry Titania-based preparations occupy nowadays leading positions... While science development stimulated essential interest in the field of photo- and electrochemistry, considerable progresses in the increase in sensitivity and depreciation of 23 Electromotive Forces in Solar Energy and Photocatalysis (Photo Electromotive Forces) solar elements on the basis of solid-state photogalvanic cells have been made Thus, the understanding of such a progress can be reached if we... bandgap (hλ > Eg) In this case, charge carriers at the interface can be separated effectively into separate electrons and holes, and that in turn increases the currents in the external contour In such materials the conductivity of solid-state particles is electronic as a rule Intensive researches during the last two decades have led to the inevitable conclusion that a rather narrow bandgap promoting... adsorption – desorption isotherms of nitrogen and pore size distribution 24 Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Figure 2a shows AFM micrographs of porous nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 films with a grain size of approximately 10 nm The volume fraction in these films is about 50% and measurements by the BET method show that the internal surface area is several hundred times the planar area... Force and Measurement in Several Systems Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH indicating that the majority carriers are “holes” The Hall coefficient RH is known to be negative (3.2) RH < 0 for Cu, Al, Ag Clearly the Einstein relation (2.12) does not hold since the charge sign is different for S and RH This complication was explained by Fujita, Ho and Okamura (Fujita et al., 1989) based on the Fermi surfaces having “necks”... temperature limit 14 Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH 12 4.3 Single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) Let us consider a long SWNT rolled with the graphene sheet The charge may be transported by the channeling “electrons” and “holes” in the graphene wall But the “holes” present inside the SWNT can also contribute to the charge transport The carbon ions in the wall are positively... space originally and may leave with no preferred direction In a more quantitative study it is found that the particle current j is proportional to the density gradient ∇n: j = − D∇n , (A.1) 18 Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH 16 C a b C’ Fig 11 If the particles flow out in all directions with no preference, there will be more particles crossing the imaginary... allowing the use of inexpensive low-quality materials, and also of organic semiconductors in which light absorption generates not free charge carriers but short-lived excitons that must reach an interface in order to separate at it and generate photocurrent and photo-emf Thus, in this chapter we will consider the principles and peculiarities of the arising of the photo-emf in porous nanoarranged coatings... dependence of the Seebeck coefficient S in MWNT after Ref (Kang et al., 2003) A, B and C are three samples with different doping levels 11 9 12 10 Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH electron-disorder scattering The effects are sometimes called as two-dimensional weak localization (2D WL) (Kane & Fisher, 1992; Langer et al., 1996) Their interpretation is based on the . ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND MEASUREMENT IN SEVERAL SYSTEMS Edited by Sadik Kara Electromotive Force and Measurement in Several Systems Edited by Sadik. Konstantinova, E. Veryaeva and M. Mamontov Chapter 6 Application of Electromotive Force Measurement in Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys 107 Yuji Kurata Chapter 7 Electromotive Force Measurements. Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electromotive Force and Measurement