BIOMATERIALS – PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY_1 pot

BIOMATERIALS – PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY Edited by Rosario Pignatello Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry Edited by Rosario Pignatello Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright serknor, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry, Edited by Rosario Pignatello p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-418-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 New Materials for Biomedical Applications: Chemical and Engineering Interventions 1 Chapter 1 Galectins: Structures, Binding Properties and Function in Cell Adhesion 3 Christiane E. Römer and Lothar Elling Chapter 2 Biomaterials and Epithesis, Our Experience in Maxillo Facial Surgery 29 G. Fini, L.M. Moricca, A. Leonardi, S. Buonaccorsi and V. Pellacchia Chapter 3 Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Ca-Aluminate Based Bioceramics 47 Leif Hermansson Chapter 4 Ulvan: A Versatile Platform of Biomaterials from Renewable Resources 75 Federica Chiellini and Andrea Morelli Chapter 5 Silanization with APTES for Controlling the Interactions Between Stainless Steel and Biocomponents: Reality vs Expectation 99 Jessem Landoulsi, Michel J. Genet, Karim El Kirat, Caroline Richard, Sylviane Pulvin and Paul G. Rouxhet Chapter 6 Human Dentin as Novel Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration 127 Masaru Murata, Toshiyuki Akazawa, Masaharu Mitsugi, In-Woong Um, Kyung-Wook Kim and Young-Kyun Kim Chapter 7 Comparative Metal Ion Binding to Native and Chemically Modified Datura innoxia Immobilized Biomaterials 141 Gary D. Rayson and Patrick A. Williams VI Contents Chapter 8 Decellularization, Stabilization and Functionalization of Collagenous Tissues Used as Cardiovascular Biomaterials 159 Birzabith Mendoza-Novelo and Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez Chapter 9 Research on Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy as Degradable Biomaterial 183 B.P. Zhang, Y. Wang and L. Geng Part 2 Biomechanical and Physical Studies 205 Chapter 10 Biomechanical Properties of Synovial Fluid in/Between Peripheral Zones of Articular Cartilage 207 Miroslav Petrtyl, Jaroslav Lisal and Jana Danesova Chapter 11 Charge Transport and Electrical Switching in Composite Biopolymers 225 Gabriel Katana and Wycliffe Kipnusu Chapter 12 Biomimetic Materials as Potential Medical Adhesives – Composition and Adhesive Properties of the Material Coating the Cuvierian Tubules Expelled by Holothuria dofleinii 245 Yong Y. Peng, Veronica Glattauer, Timothy D. Skewes, Jacinta F. White, Kate M. Nairn, Andrew N. McDevitt, Christopher M. Elvin, Jerome A. Werkmeister, Lloyd D. Graham and John A.M. Ramshaw Chapter 13 Mechanical and Biological Properties of Bio-Inspired Nano-Fibrous Elastic Materials from Collagen 259 Nobuhiro Nagai, Ryosuke Kubota, Ryohei Okahashi and Masanobu Munekata Chapter 14 In Silico Study of Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass®: How Computational Science Sheds Light on Biomaterials 275 Marta Corno, Fabio Chiatti, Alfonso Pedone and Piero Ugliengo Chapter 15 The Use of Vibration Principles to Characterize the Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 299 Osvaldo H. Campanella, Hartono Sumali, Behic Mert and Bhavesh Patel Chapter 16 The Effects of Endurance Running Training on Young Adult Bone: Densitometry vs. Biomaterial Properties 329 Tsang-Hai Huang, Ming-Yao Chang, Kung-Tung Chen, Sandy S. Hsieh and Rong-Sen Yang Contents VII Chapter 17 Effect of the Er, Cr: YSGG Laser Parameters on Shear Bond Strength and Microstructure on Human Dentin Surface 347 Eun Mi Rhim, Sungyoon Huh, Duck Su Kim, Sun-Young Kim, Su-Jin Ahn, Kyung Lhi Kang and Sang Hyuk Park Chapter 18 Elaboration and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications 357 Foued Ben Ayed Chapter 19 Fracture Mechanisms of Biodegradable PLA and PLA/PCL Blends 375 Mitsugu Todo and Tetsuo Takayama Part 3 Evaluation of the Interaction and Compatibility of Biomaterials with Biological Media 395 Chapter 20 Cell Adhesion and Spreading on an Intrinsically Anti-Adhesive PEG Biomaterial 397 Marga C. Lensen, Vera A. Schulte and Mar Diez Chapter 21 A Preliminary In Vivo Study on the Histocompatibility of Silk Fibroin 415 Lu Yan, Zhao Xia, Shao Zhengzhong, Cao Zhengbing and Cai Lihui Chapter 22 Histopatological Effect Characteristics of Various Biomaterials and Monomers Used in Polymeric Biomaterial Production 425 Serpil Ünver Saraydin and Dursun Saraydin Chapter 23 Facial Remodelling and Biomaterial 445 G. Fini, L.M. Moricca, A. Leonardi, S. Buonaccorsi and V. Pellacchia Part 4 Prevention and Management of Biological Phenomena at Biomaterial/Cell Surfaces 457 Chapter 24 Biomaterials in Urology - Beyond Drug Eluting and Degradable - A Rational Approach to Ureteral Stent Design 459 Dirk Lange, Chelsea N. Elwood and Ben H. Chew Chapter 25 Candida Biofilms on Oral Biomaterials 475 Philippe Courtois Preface Scientists who dedicate their research activity to biomaterials pass through the typical dichotomy that often characterizes the basic researc. On one side is the wish of exploring new frontiers of chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, pharmaceutics and all other disciplines to which biomaterials can be applied. The constantly improving scientific knowledge would feed the freedom of attempting new strategies for producing materials with always tailored and improved characteristics. On the other side, one should one have a look to the different ‘official’ definitions given for biomaterials. It is evident how the restriction imposed by words would limit the fantasy and effectiveness of fundamental scientific research. Just as an example- biomaterials are defined as a ’nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems ‘ (Consensus Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials, 1986), or as ‘any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used (…) as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body (NIH), or even ‘a systematically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for implantation within or incorporation with living systems’ (Clemson University Advisory Board for Biomaterials). Essentially, the only common property is that a biomaterial would be different from a biological material, that is produced by a biological system. Clearly, none of the proposed definitions can succeed to cover the whole landscape of properties and applications of these peculiar compounds, but they can only enlighten a particular aspect of their potentials. A similar situation can be applied for nanomedicine – a research field with which the field of biomaterials actually often shares technologies and applications – and for which is the gap between ‘official’ definitions and the originality of published researches even larger. These considerations have been one of the basis of the present editorial task, that will comprehend three volumes focused on the recent developments and applications of biomaterials. These books collect review articles, original researches and experimental reports from eminent experts from all over the word, who have been working in this scientific area for a long time. The chapters are covering the interdisciplinary arena which is necessary for an effective development and usage of biomaterials. Contributors were asked to give their personal and recent experience on biomaterials, regardless any specific limitation due to fit into one definition or the other. In our X Preface opinion, this will give readers a wider idea on the new and ongoing potentials of different synthetic and engineered macromolecular materials. In the meantime, another editorial guidance was not to force the selection of papers concerning the market or clinical applications or biomaterial products. The aim of the book was to gather all results coming from very fundamental studies. Again, this will allow to gain a more general view of what and how the various biomaterials can do and work for, along with the methodologies necessary to design, develop and characterize them, without the restrictions necessarily imposed by industrial or profit concerns. The chapters have been arranged to give readers an organized view of this research field. In particular, this book contains 25 chapters related to recent research on new materials, with a particular attention to their physical, mechanical and chemical characterization. The first section of the volume contains 9 reviews and articles focused on chemical and engineering modification of biomaterials for specific applications. The following 10 chapters deal with physical and biomechanical studies on biomaterials, followed by two sections which report some recent studies on the interactions and compatibility of biomaterials with biological media, as well as on the management of the phenomena that can occur at the biomaterial/tissue interfaces, such as biofilm formation. I am sure that readers will gain an improved understanding of the full range of disciplines and design methodologies that are used to develop biomaterials with the physical and biological properties needed for specific clinical applications. I hope that you will find all these contributions interesting, and that you will be inspired from their reading to broaden your own research towards the exciting field of biomaterial development and applications. Prof. Rosario Pignatello Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Catania Italy [...]... galectins (explained by the examples of galectin-1, -3 and -8) in biomaterial research and application 2 Families and structures of galectins Galectins are defined by their β-galactoside binding ability and their common sequence of about 130 conserved amino acids This sequence homology results in a similar overall three- 4 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry dimensional structure of the carbohydrate... “Biointerface”, by the DFG (project EL 135/10-1), and by the excellence initiative of the German federal and state governments through ERS@RWTH Aachen University 9 References Abbott, W M & Feizi, T (1991) Soluble 14-kDa beta-galactoside-specific bovine lectin evidence from mutagenesis and proteolysis that almost the complete polypeptide- 18 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry chain is necessary for integrity... General Subjects, 1572, pp 209-231 20 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry Dam, T K., Gabius, H J., Andre, S., Kaltner, H., Lensch, M & Brewer, C F (2005) Galectins bind to the multivalent glycoprotein asialofetuin with enhanced affinities and a gradient of decreasing binding constants Biochemistry, 44, pp 12564-12571 Danguy, A., Camby, I & Kiss, R (2002) Galectins and cancer Biochimica et Biophysica... et al., 2004) The binding of galectin-8 N-CRD to the β1-integrin-sunbunit is especially good as high affinity α2-3- 14 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry sialylated ligands are presented on this subunit (Diskin et al., 2009) Beside the β1-sunbunit galectin-8 N-CRD also binds α5 and some other integrin-subunits, but literature does not give a clear picture about the exact integrin binding partners... vivo situation in chapter 5.1 depending on concentration, oligomerisation and cell type (respectively receptor availability on this cell type) (Elola et al., 2007) 16 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry The pro-adhesive properties of galectins have been shown several times But only few efforts have been done to elucidate the potential of galectins as coatings for biomaterial surfaces In contrast other... in cell adhesion and cell signalling processes shows their potential as mediators for cell adhesion and proliferation on biomaterial surfaces Galectins are interesting candidates for the functionalisation of biomaterial surfaces as they can promote the primary binding event of cells to foreign materials and influence specific signalling processes In this article we want to analyse the potential use of... phosphorylation of Ser6 seems to regulate affinity for different ligands and thereby cellular activity of galectin-3 (Dumic et al., 2006; Mazurek et al., 2000; Szabo et al., 2009; Yoshii et al., 2002) Galectin-3 can be cleaved by different proteases such as metalloproteinases-2 and –9 (gelatinases A and B respectively), metalloproteinase-13 (collagenase-3) and with low activity metalloproteinase-1 (collagenase-1)... nerves after axotomy The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, pp 1873-1880 22 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry Houzelstein, D., Gonc¸alves, I R., Fadden, A J., Sidhu, S S., Cooper, D N W., Drickamer, K., Leffler, H & Poirier, F (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate galectin family Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, pp 117 7–1 187 Hughes, R C (1999) Secretion of the galectin family of mammalian... Yamamoto et al., 2008) 12 Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry 4 Glycoproteins as binding partners of galectins Galectins can act intracellular or in the extracellular space, where they have different functions regulated by protein-protein or protein-glycan interactions In the extracellular space they interact with different glycoproteins influencing cell adhesion, signalling and proliferation events... Matarrese et al., 2000; Ochieng et al., 1998b; Sato & Hughes, 1992) The best binding candidates fibronectin and laminin are heavily glycosylated (5-7% and at least 12-15% respectively), carrying mainly N-glycans (Paul & Hynes, 1984; Tanzer et al., 1993) N-glycans are among the main binding partners of galectin-1, -3 and –8 (Patnaik et al., 2006) (although galectin-8 also shows high affinity to some glycosphingolipids . al., 20 01; Nieminen et al., 2008). prototype chimeric tandem-repeat g alectins 1, 2,5,7 ,10 ,11 ,13 ,14 , (15 ) g alectin 3 g alectins 4,6,8,9 ,12 Galectins: Structures, Binding Properties and Function. BIOMATERIALS – PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY Edited by Rosario Pignatello Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry Edited by Rosario Pignatello. Jaroslav Lisal and Jana Danesova Chapter 11 Charge Transport and Electrical Switching in Composite Biopolymers 225 Gabriel Katana and Wycliffe Kipnusu Chapter 12 Biomimetic Materials as Potential