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STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LAYERED DEPOSITS Edited by Ömer Elitok           Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits Edited by Ömer Elitok Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits, Edited by Ömer Elitok p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0578-7    Contents  Preface IX Section 1 Application of Geophysical Techniques in Stratigraphic Investigations 1 Chapter 1 Medium to Shallow Depth Stratigraphic Assessment Based on the Application of Geophysical Techniques 3 Roberto Balia Chapter 2 Seismic Stratigraphy and Marine Magnetics of the Naples Bay (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): The Onset of New Technologies in Marine Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation 21 Gemma Aiello, Laura Giordano, Ennio Marsella and Salvatore Passaro Chapter 3 Ground Penetrating Radar: A Useful Tool for Shallow Subsurface Stratigraphy Characterization 61 Giovanni Leucci Chapter 4 Orbital Control on Carbonate-Lignite Cycles in the Ptolemais Basin, Northern Greece – An Integrated Stratigraphic Approach 87 M.E. Weber, N. Tougiannidis, W. Ricken, C. Rolf, I. Oikonomopoulos and P. Antoniadis Section 2 Biostratigraphy 105 Chapter 5 The Muhi Quarry: A Fossil-Lagerstätte from the Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) of Hidalgo, Central México 107 Victor Manuel Bravo Cuevas , , Katia A. González Rodríguez, Rocío Baños Rodríguez and Citlalli Hernández Guerrero VI Contents Chapter 6 Pliocene Mediterranean Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy: A Synthesis and Application to the Paleoenvironmental Evolution of Northwestern Italy 123 Donata Violanti Chapter 7 The Paleogene Dinoflagellate Cyst and Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy of the Caspian Depression 161 Olga Vasilyeva and Vladimir Musatov Chapter 8 Late Silurian-Middle Devonian Miospores 195 Adnan M. Hassan Kermandji Section 3 Sequence Stratigraphy 225 Chapter 9 Paleocene Stratigraphy in Aqra and Bekhme Areas, Northern Iraq 227 Nabil Y. Al-Banna, Majid M. Al-Mutwali and Zaid A. Malak Section 4 Tectonostratigraphy 253 Chapter 10 Sedimentary Tectonics and Stratigraphy: The Early Mesozoic Record in Central to Northeastern Mexico 255 José Rafael Barboza-Gudiño Chapter 11 Tektono-Stratigraphy as a Reflection of Accretion Tectonics Processes (on an Example of the Nadankhada-Bikin Terrane of the Sikhote-Alin Jurassic Accretionary Prism, Russia Far East) 279 Igor V. Kemkin    Preface  This book contains eleven chapters dealing with investigation of stratified layers from different geologic settings, using different methods. Book chapters were separated into four main sections: i) Application of Geophysical Techniques in Stratigraphic Investigations, ii) Biostratigraphy, iii) Sequence Stratigraphy, and iv) Tectonostratigraphy. There are 4 chapters in the first section, including application of different geophysical methods in the investigation of stratified layers. In the second section, there are four chapters dealing with stratigraphic analysis and paleoenvironmental investigations of layered basin deposits from north America, Mediterranean region and Asian region. Third section includes one chapter interpreting the sequence stratigraphy of Paleocene formations from northern Iraq. Fourth section includes two chapters and discusses sedimentation mainly and tectonic processes occured during orogenic and epirogenic events, giving example from North America and North Asia. Application of geophysical techniques in stratigraphic investigations The first chapter, “Medium to shallow depth stratigraphic assessment based on the application of geophysical techniques” by Balia, R., discusses the importance of geophysical studies in different branchs of the geological studies and subsurface investigations such as geotechnical studies for building foundation design, waste landfill design, aquifers monitoring and evaluation, and sea water intrusion control. Also, it deals with interpretation of the geophysical data to clarify some geological characteristics such as thickness, composition and hydrogeology of the unconsolidated cover, depth to bedrock. The second chapter, “Seismic stratigraphy and marine magnetics of the Naples Bay (Southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy): the onset of new technologies in marine data acquisition, processing and interpretation” by Aiello, G. et al., deals with interpretation of seismic stratigraphy and marine magnetics from Somma-Vesuvius offshore, Phlegrean Fields offshore and Ischia and Procida offshore (Naples Bay, Southern Tyrrhenian sea). Chapter 3, “Ground penetrating radar a useful tool for shallow subsurface stratigraphy characterization” by Leucci, G. explains the ground-penetrating radar X Preface (GPR) and technical features of the GPR method. Evaluation of the GPR data from the Salento peninsula and the stratigraphical relationships between the geological formations, “Galatone Formation” and “Lecce Formation” are discussed in the chapter. Chapter 4, “Orbital Control on Carbonate-Lignite Cycles in the Ptolemais Basin, Northern Greece – an Integrated Stratigraphic Approach” by Weber, M.E. et al. discusses a link between the past variations in earth’s orbit and cyclic variability of sediment parameters. As a case study, the chronology and related paleoclimatic processes for the late Neogene lacustrine sediment from the Ptolemais Basin (northern Greece) are present. Moreover, the cyclic lignite marl alternations in the Ptolemais Basin are compared with orbital time series. Biostratigraphy Chapter 5, “The Muhi Quarry: A Fossil-lagerstätte from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian- Cenomanian) of Hidalgo, central Mexico” by Cuevas, V.M.B., et al. presents the characterization of mid-Cretaceous fossil assemblage of the Muhi Quarry (central Mexico). In the chapter, depositional conditions of fossil materials are discussed in general sense, then lithostratigraphy of the quarry area is given briefly and the fossil assemblage of the area is classified considering taphonomic indicators such as i) anatomical completeness, ii) disarticulation, and iii) fragmentation. Moreover, marine conditions at the time of sedimentation processes are discussed in detail. Chapter 6, “Pliocene Mediterranean foraminiferal biostratigraphy: a synthesis and application to the paleoenvironmental evolution of Northwestern Italy” by Violanti, D. covers application of biostratigraphic concepts and methods to the Pliocene foraminiferal assemblages of the central Piedmont (Northwestern Italy). Chapter 7, “The Paleogene Dinoflagellate Сyst and Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy of the Caspian Depression” Vasilyeva, O. and Musatov, V. deals mainly with interpretation of the sedimentary cover including accumulations of oil, gas and potassium salts in the Pricaspian Depression in the southeast of the East European Platform, one of the deepest depressions formed over the Baikal folded basement. Interpretation of the sedimentary cover mainly concentrates on (1) biostratigraphic division of the Paleogene section in the Central Pricaspian Region (the Elton key well) and dating the regional lithostratons; (2) correlation of the beds from the Central and the Northern Pricaspian Regions; (3) comparisons of the biostratigraphic zones in the Pricaspian Region; (4) interpretation of the marine conditions by means of analyzing paleoecologic characteristics of the phytoplankton associations. Chapter 8, “Late Silurian-Middle Devonian Miospores ” by Kermandji, A.M.H. deals mainly with investigation of late Silurian to early Devonian miospore biozones and also with early Middle Devonian miospores regarding their biozonation consequence and evolutionary significance from the Sahara Algeria. Moreover, the miospore [...]... be separated in mass transport deposits, base of slope turbiditic systems and shelf margin progradational wedges Each sector of continental margin does not include all the three types of deposits, but only one or two The development of each of the three types of lowstand deposits is a function of the morphological setting and regime of clastic supply The mass transport deposits usually have a great... points placed at 10 m intervals, for a total profile length of 230 m 16 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits Fig 11 Position map of the geophysical surveys at the solid waste municipal landfill Gravity station points are indicated by small triangles; the seismic profile position is enhanced with a bold line; the location of the reference point and of the test pit are indicated with 0 and 1 respectively... Posamentier & 22 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits Allen, 1993; Trincardi et al., 1994) and to the highstand phase of sea level (HST; Posamentier & Vail, 1988) A sketch stratigraphic diagram of the SDTQ and its components has been constructed in order to clarify the stratigraphic relationships between systems tracts (Fig 1) Fig 1 Sketch stratigraphic diagram as a function of both depth (upper... borehole (BH 26M) at the progressive distance of 252 m along the line The stratigraphy of this borehole is in figure 9 and shows the top of the Paleozoic shales at a depth of 17 m with respect to the present ground surface, in perfect agreement with the depth deduced from the seismic section 14 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits Fig 9 Stratigraphic column of borehole BH 26M (After Balia & Littarru,... not the case at hand, as shown by the excavation To refine the model of the landfill taking into account the results of the pit, first the P-wave velocity of the first layer in the vicinity of the pit itself was measured and proved to be of 430 m/s Then, the following equation system was solved 18 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits Fig 13 Stack section (P-wave) at the municipal solid waste landfill... the following questions arise: first, what degree of accuracy is needed in the assessment of the underground stratigraphy? Second, as a consequence of the answer to the 4 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits first question and also based on the depth to the target, what type of direct investigation is more appropriate and, for instance in the case of bore holes, how are they to be distributed? Third,... bottom of the clay layer (that is the top of the confined aquifer) and the transition to conductive Miocene materials Drilling was stopped at a depth of 68 m, with a water flow rate of 20 liters/s, and the hydrostatic level rose close to the ground surface (Balia et al., 2008); these conditions confirmed that the deep aquifer is a confined one 12 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits 4 Assessment of. .. stratigraphy of the study area was assessed down to depths in the order of 400-500 m by means of reflection seismology, and the shallow conditions were studied mainly by means of electrical resistivity measurements The third case, the one concerning the mine tailings basin, is a typical example of how, in favorable conditions, a single method can provide the desired information 20 Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered. .. techniques of this method have been progressively adapted to shallow targets In the early eighties of the past century, the term "shallow reflection" was associated to targets at depths in the order of some hundreds of meters, and applications for depths of few tens of meters, or less, were conducted only at the experimental level Nowadays, the use of this method with targets at depths of few tens of meters... one seismic profile was positioned and designed, based on gravity data previously acquired and processed in the frame of the same project, and on preliminary tests In detail, the acquisition geometry was designed for a target depth of 100-200 m A 48-channel off-end spread of single 40 Hz geophones at 5 m spacing was used, with a minimum offset of 30 m and, consequently, a maximum offset of 265 m The . STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LAYERED DEPOSITS Edited by Ömer Elitok           Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits Edited by Ömer Elitok . first, what degree of accuracy is needed in the assessment of the underground stratigraphy? Second, as a consequence of the answer to the Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits 4 first. is still present in the northern side of the section, exhibits a high at CMP trace #275, at a depth of about 100 m. Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits 6 Tectonic structures like