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Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 1 Impacts of Technology on the Environment Resources for Decision Making This resource packet employs a life cycle approach to build the technology assessment skills of 9‐12th grade technology students. The activities of this packet address a single question: What are the environmental, social, and health impacts of replacing incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)? Prepared by… Mary Annette Rose Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 2 Although the information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement #NE00E48901‐0 to BALL STATE UNIVERSITY it may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. April 2009 Mary Annette Rose, Director, EnviroTech Department of Technology Ball State University Applied Technology Building Muncie, Indiana 47306 Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 3 At the heart of our modern technological society lies an unacknowledged paradox. Although the United States is increasingly defined by and dependent on technology and is adopting new technologies at a breathtaking pace, its citizens are not equipped to make well‐considered decisions or to think critically about technology. National Academy of Engineering & National Research Council (2002, p. 1) The consequences of our technological choices— products, processes, and systems—are coming into focus. The historical record demonstrates that technological decisions have both desirable and unpredictable impacts upon human health and the vitality of the environment. More recent scientific evidence examining carbon and mercury cycles indicates that the consequences of our energy and power technologies are global in scale. As dedicated teachers, we strive to help students develop Standards for Technological Literacy (ITEA, 2000) the analytical and decision‐making skills they will need to make wiser, environmentally–sound choices regarding Students will develop an understanding of the effects of technology on the environment 13 Students will develop the abilities to assess the impact of products and systems National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996) the design, adoption, use, and disposal of these technologies. The Standards for Technological Literacy (2000, Standard 5 & 13), the National Science Education Standards and the guidelines for environmental As a result of the activities in grades 9-12, all students should develop: education (NAAEE, 2004) echo a responsibility for • decision-making skills building students’ understanding about the • understandings of population growth, environmental interconnectedness of technology and the environment quality, natural and human induced hazards, and science and technology in local, national and global challenges and their assessment and decision‐making skills. This instructional resource packet provides one model for addressing these standards. Similar to using processes associated with engineering design or problem solving, the model described herein employs life cycle assessment as a framework for teaching and learning. Taken as a whole, the student‐centered resources in this packet guide students through a life cycle assessment process. Alternatively, these individual activities may serve as examples that can then be applied to other environmental issues and technological choices. Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 4 All resources in this packet relate to a single decision characterized by three essential questions: Should we replace incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)? What are environmental, social, and human health impacts of this decision? What strategies might individuals and communities use to reduce the negative impacts of this decision on the environment and human health? In addition to building students’ assessment and decision making skills, the learning experiences described here help students meet a variety of learning goals (Table 1). This document is arranged into three sections. This introductory section provides background information for the teacher. The second Table 1. Learning Goals After completion of this unit, students should be able to: Describe the purpose, principles, and methods of life cycle assessment. Explain the advantages of replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs in terms of their relative energy efficiency, waste heat generation, and expected life‐time. Explain disadvantages of adopting CFLs in terms of the disposal and recycling practices for toxic materials and the release of mercury into the environment. Describe physical, chemical, and biological processes involved with the transmission and dispersion of mercury through the environment, e.g., mercury deposition. Describe qualities of healthy ecosystems and recognize technological threats to the integrity of these systems. Describe impacts of mercury upon the environment, especially the bioaccumulation of mercury within fish. Explain common routes of mercury exposure, especially inhalation and fish consumption, and the risks to human health. Explain appropriate procedures for cleaning up broken CFLs and disposing of spent CFLs. Apply methods for assessing the impact of technology upon the environment, the economy, and human health. 10 Synthesize and evaluate contradictory information. 11 Propose alternative decisions or policies and predict potential impacts of those decisions. 12 Plan an experiment, systematically collect, analyze, and interpret data to inform personal decision‐making and community action. 13 Develop predispositions to responsibly reduce environmental impacts related to technological choices. section includes activity sheets that may be photocopied and distributed to students. Worked examples are provided in section three. Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 5 Life Cycle Assessment Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for identifying and analyzing the impacts— influences, costs, or benefits—of technology upon the environment. Policy makers use the information generated by an LCA to compare the tradeoffs of alternative products, processes, and services and to better inform their policy, adoption, and management decisions. Business and industry leaders use this information to improve the environmental performance of their products and operations, e.g., pollution prevention and recyclability, and inform strategic decisions. Systems and Sustainability LCA is built upon principles of systems thinking, sustainability, and life cycle thinking. A system is a group of interdependent components which act together in a unified way. All technological systems are embedded within larger social, economic, and environmental systems which interact through the exchange of materials, energy, and information. These inputs and outputs indicate points of impact and dependence between systems. For a system to be sustainable (i.e., continue to function), the inputs consumed by one system must not exceed the stored or regenerative capacity of the environment from which those inputs originate. Thus, a paper mill which demands trees as a source of pulp must not exceed the supply of an existing forest or the growth rate of that forest. In addition, the outputs of a system—the products, wastes, and emissions—must be benign or degradable by the environmental system, or those undesirable elements must be managed and stored to protect the health of the environment. Life cycle thinking is a powerful decision‐making tool when striving for sustainability. Life cycle thinking is looking upstream and downstream at the phases of a products life cycle. This “cradle‐to‐grave” perspective emphasizes that a product has environmental, social, and human health impacts at each stage of its life cycle, including the extraction of raw materials, design and production, packaging and distribution, use and maintenance, and disposal. This comprehensive view compels the decision‐maker to consider a full range of impact indicators associated with the inputs and outputs of each system, especially energy consumption, water requirements, solid wastes, atmospheric emissions, human health effects, and other cumulative impacts to the biosphere. Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 6 Figure Life cycle of products Source: United Nations Environment Programme (2007). Life cycle management: A business guide to sustainability [Image]. p. 12. Retrieved January 8, 2009, from http://www.unep.fr/scp/publications/details.asp?id=DTI/0889/PA Conducting a Life Cycle Assessment The International Standards Organization (ISO) has outlined standards of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in its ISO 14040 Standard. This involves four phases, including: (1) Goal and Scope Definition (2) Inventory Analysis (3) Impact Assessment (4) Interpretation. As explained by the Scientific Applications International Corporation (2006) and summarized in Table 2, each phase consists of several tasks. As with most research assessment activities, the initial phase of LCA begins by clarifying the goals of the assessment, bounding the study, describing the technology in terms of its life cycle, selecting analytical methods, and planning. Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 7 Table Process of life cycle assessment Phases Essential Questions 1 Goal Definition What are the goals and boundaries of the study? and Scoping What environmental impacts and indicators will be considered? What methods and reporting requirements will be used? What are the assumptions and limitations of the study? 2 Inventory Analysis What are the major processes of each phase of the life cycle? What are the major inputs (water, energy, materials) and outputs (e.g., air emissions, waste) of each process? What sources of information and methods will be used to quantify the inputs and outputs? Which impact categories are relevant? 3 Impact Assessment Does the input/output factor act as a stressor to this impact category? What is the potential impact of this stressor? Key Steps 1. Define the goal(s) and essential questions of the study. 2. Describe the product, process, or service in terms of its life cycle. 3. Select the phases of the life cycle that will be examined. 4. Identify and define the environmental effects and indicators (and units of measurement) that will be examined in the study. 5. Identify the data gathering, analytical and reporting methods? 6. List any assumptions limitations of the study. For each life cycle phase… Identify and describe the major processes. Develop a flow diagram for the processes being evaluated. For each process, identify and quantify the inputs (water, energy, materials) and outputs (e.g., air emissions and solid waste). Record data in a data collection spreadsheet. 1. Select and define impact categories, e.g., potential mercury toxicity in fish. 2. Classify LCI results into impact categories. 3. Model the potential impacts. 4. Standardize potential impacts to allow comparison. 5. Group and weight the potential impacts. How does this impact compare to others? 4 Interpretation Based on the evidence and analyses, what are the significant issues? Is the analysis complete, sensitive, and consistent? Identify significant issues. Evaluate the completeness, sensitivity, and consistency of the data. Draw conclusions and recommendations. Relative to the goal and scope of the assessment and evidence, what conclusions and recommendations are reasonable? Adapted from Scientific Applications International Corporation. (2006, May). Life cycle assessment: Principles and practice. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Contract EPA/600/R‐06/060). Retrieved January 8, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/lcaccess/lca101.html During Phase 2, each of the major processes of the system is examined, inventoried, quantified, and depicted in a system flow diagram (Figure 2). The challenge of this phase is to select reliable data sources or methods which yield the desired type and accuracy of data for each of the inputs (materials and energy) and outputs (e.g., air emissions, solid waste, water, effluents, products and by‐products). Common data sources include actual performance measurements, manufacturer specifications, government reports, or industry‐ averaged reports. The data for the life cycle inventory (LCI) are compiled into an electronic spreadsheet or database for further analysis and presentation of results. The example provided in Figure 3 shows a flow diagram of mercury used in fluorescent lamps (Cain, Disch, Twarski, Reindl, and Case, 2007). Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 8 Figure Generic system flow diagram for a single process In Phase 3, the goal is to evaluate the linkages between the technology under study and its potential impact upon the environment and human health. Major activities of this phase include selecting impact categories (e.g., mercury toxicity of fish, global warming, or human health) and then classifying the LCI results into these categories. To allow comparison of results, the indicators within categories are then characterized in common terms. For example, all emissions contributing to global warming might be represented in CO2 equivalents. Then, finally each of the impact categories is assigned a rank based on their perceived importance. Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 9 Figure Flow diagram of mercury used in fluorescent lamps in the United States in 2005 Source: Cain, A., Disch, S., Twarski, C., Reindl, J.& Case, C.R (2007) Substance flow analysis of mercury intentionally used in products in the United States Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(3) Retrieved December 7, 2007, from http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/Call_for_information/US_1214_abe.pdf In the final phase of LCA, the assessor reviews the goals and results of the assessment and identifies the significant issues. Because estimates and assumptions must be made during Phase 2 and 3 of the LCA, another important task is to recheck and evaluate the data before drawing conclusions, making recommendations, and formally reporting the study to others. Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 10 Section Student Handouts Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 24 PHASE #4 Interpretation Name _ In the final phase of a Life Cycle Assessment, it is time to review your goals, combine all the information, draw conclusions, make recommendations and report your results to others. Directions: Discuss the information you have gathered with your team mates. What conclusions can you reach about the impacts of CFLs on the environment and human health? What recommendations would you make to your family, neighbors, and government leaders? In the space below, record your conclusions and recommendations. Then, share this information with others. ● ● Interpretation Goal: Conclusions: Recommendations: • May family should …. • People in my community should… • Government leaders should… ● ● ● ● ● Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 25 SECTION 3: Worked Examples Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 26 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) PHASE #1 Goal and Scope Directions: Discuss the goals and boundaries of your LCA with your teacher and team mates. Then, record these goals and boundaries below: ● ● Goal & Scope ● ● Goal: To discover the potential impacts of compact fluorescents upon the environment and human health. Time Limits: Three – six class periods Setting of the Study: Your county, town and neighborhood Sources of Information: Measurements of lamps in the house or apartment, manufacturer specifications, government agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Service, and the Agency Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Impact Areas: Mercury and energy impacts upon wildlife and human health ● ● ● Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 27 PHASE #2A Inventory Analysis ● ● KEY Inventory of CFL’s ● ● INPUTS→→→→→→PROCESSES→→→→→→OUTPUTS Energy: Petroleum, natural gas, & coal Extracting & Refining (electricity) • Underground mining or ores • Refining cinnabar by milling, Materials: sand, bauxite, cinnabar heating, condensing, and filtering • • • • • Silica & aluminum Elemental mercury Heat Carbon dioxide Mercury emissions Energy: Coal (electricity), natural gas Materials: glass, elemental mercury, phosphorous, aluminum • • • • Compact fluorescents Heat Carbon dioxide Mercury emissions Energy: Coal (electricity) & petroleum Packaging & Distribution Materials: CFLs, paper, and plastics Packaging and transporting CFLs to distributors • • • • Compact fluorescents Heat Carbon dioxide Mercury emissions Energy: Coal (electricity) Materials: CFLs • • • • Spent & broken CFLs Heat Carbon dioxide Mercury emissions Energy: Petroleum, natural gas, & coal Disposal (electricity) • Collecting, recycling and burying CFLs in a landfill Materials: Spent & broken CFLs • Mercury is reclaimed from a CFL by breaking and retorting • • • • • Elemental Mercury Glass Aluminum Mercury emissions Carbon Dioxide Production Manufacturing CFLs by bending, coating glass tubes with phosphorous, adding mercury, and sealing the base, electronic ballast, and tube. Use & Maintenance Consumers purchase, install, maintain, and dispose of CFLS Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 28 PHASE #2B Inventory Analysis ● ● KEY Inventory of Bulbs in a House ● Address: Type of Bulb (CFL, Fluorescent, Incandescent) ● Name: Power Rating (Watt) Number of Bulbs Initial Cost (each) CFL 14 W $2.30 20 W $2.60 Fluorescent tubes 20 W $6.00 Incandescent 40 W $0.80 60 W $0.90 100 W 16 $1.00 50/100/150 W $3.40 Incandescent (3‐way) TOTAL Number of Bulbs 43 How does your family dispose of spent CFL and fluorescent lamps? What does your family if a CFL or fluorescent lamp breaks? Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 29 PHASE #2C Inventory Analysis ● ● Key Inventory Analysis: Energy Consumption ● A Type of Bulb Power Rating (Watt) CFL Incandescent ● B C D E F Time Bulbs On (Hours per year) Total Bulbs in House (#) Power Used per Year Cost of Electricity per year ($) Coal Burned per year 25 W 2190 43 2354 kWh $235.43 196 lb 100 W 2190 43 9417 kWh $ 941.70 784 lb (kWh) Difference 7063 kWh Formulas for Calculating Energy Consumption: B = Hours per year = Hours per day x 365 days per year D = Electrical Power used per year (kWh) = (A x B x C) ÷ 1000 E = Cost of electricity to light bulbs per year = Cost per kWh x D F = Coal (lb) burned to light bulbs for one year = D ÷ 1.2 $705.28 (lb) 588 lb Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 30 PHASE #2D Inventory Analysis Key Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 31 Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 32 Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 33 PHASE #2E Inventory Analysis ● ● Key Inventory Analysis: Quantifying Question ● ● Response 10 What unit is used to quantify mercury releases? kilograms (kg) 11 What do the rectangles represent? Processes 12 What symbol represents the flow path of mercury? 13 In 2005, how much mercury is being released by fluorescent lamps in the U.S.? 14 What does MSW mean? → 15 What single process releases the most mercury into the land? How much? Why? Landfilling (6124 kg); 16 Based on this flow diagram, what group of workers may be exposed to the most mercury releases in the U.S.? Trash collectors and landfill workers 17 How much mercury is reclaimed from fluorescent lamps through recycling efforts? Of the total mercury releases occurring, what percentage does this represent? 1906 kg; About 25% 7177 kg Municipal Solid Waste Disposal of CFLs in landfills 18 Why is the “production” stage responsible for such as small percentage of mercury releases in the U.S.? Mercury ore is not mined or refined in the U.S The major producers include Spain, Kyrgyzstan and Algeria. Bulb manufacturers are located primarily in China. Resources: Cain, A., Disch, S., Twarski, C., Reindl, J.& Case, C.R. (2007). Substance flow analysis of mercury intentionally used in products in the United States. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(3). Retrieved December 7, 2007, from http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/Call_for_information/US_1214_abe.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, & Office of Research and Development. (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume I‐VIII. (EPA‐452/R‐97‐003). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/reports/volume1.pdf ● ● ● Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 34 PHASE #3A Impact Assessment ● ● Key Impact Assessment: Mercury Releases ● Impact Category Potential Impacts ● Rank by Importance (1 = most important) Fish Humans Mammals Birds Mercury, especially methylmercury, bioaccumulates (builds up in an organism) and biomagnifies (builds up in the food chain). Predatory fish and marine mammals which live a long time have significant levels of methylmercury in their tissue. Methylmercury is a poison that attacks the central nervous system. Fish may behave abnormally and their reproduction may be affected. People may be exposed to mercury by breathing mercury vapor from broken lamps or by eating contaminated fish. Exposure to mercury can cause damage to the kidney, liver and central nervous system. Fetuses and young children are especially vulnerable to mercury poisoning. Mercury can impair cognitive development. Mammals, such as killer whales, mink and otter, , live on a diet of fish. Depending upon the dose, exposure to methylmercury can cause death, organ damage, impaired immune response, and reproductive impairments. Birds, such as loons and eagles, live on a diet of fish. Depending upon the dose, exposure to methylmercury can cause death, organ damage, impaired immune response, and reproductive impairments. List information sources here Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1999). ToxFAQs for Mercury. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts46.html GreenFacts Digests. (n.d.). Scientific facts on mercury. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://www.greenfacts.org/en/mercury/mercury‐1.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, & Office of Research and Development. (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume IVIII. (EPA‐452/R‐97‐003). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/reports/volume1.pdf ● ● ● Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 35 PHASE #3B Impact Assessment Name _ The purpose of this Life Cycle Assessment is to help you make a decision about whether to replace incandescent bulbs with CFLs. To assess the impact of this decision, we should compare a life cycle assessment of these two types of bulbs in terms of mercury releases related to the electrical energy they consume and the mercury in the bulb that could be released during disposal. To begin, let’s note some important facts. About 50% of the electricity generated in the U.S. is from the combustion of coal. Coal combustion releases mercury into the atmosphere. The U.S. Department of Energy reports that the mercury emissions from coal‐fired electricity generation averages to 0.012 milligrams per kiloWatthour (0.012 mg/kWh). Directions: Calculate and compare the mercury emissions related to powering a CFL and an incandescent bulb. Assume that these bulbs will be used for 8000 hours per year and use the formulas located below. ● ● Impact Assessment: CFL vs Incandescent ● A Type of Bulb Power Rating (Watt) B C D Hours of Use per year (hours) Power used per year (kWh) Average Mercury Emissions ● E F Mercury Release Potential (mg/kWh) Mercury in Bulb (mg) (mg) CFL 25 W 8000 200 kWh 0.012 mg/kWh 4.0 mg 6.4 mg Incandescent 100 W 8000 800 kWh 0.012 mg/kWh 0.0 mg 9.6 mg Difference 4.0 mg 3.2 mg Formulas for Calculating the Mercury Release Potential of Use and Disposal: C = Electrical Power used per year (kWh) = (A x B) ÷ 1000 W/kWh D = Average mercury emissions from coal‐fired electricity generation = 0.012 mg/kWh E = Average mercury in a bulb: CFL = 4.0 mg; Incandescent = 0.00 F = Mercury release potential from use and disposal of bulbs (mg) = (C x D) + E ● ● ● Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 36 PHASE #3C Impact Assessment Key Learn More: Working with a team, develop a survey that will allow you to estimate how likely it is that spent CFLs and fluorescent bulbs will be recycled. Then, administer the survey to people in your neighborhood and compile the results. ● ● Impact Assessment: Survey ● ● 1. How do you currently dispose of toxic or hazardous materials from your place of residence? A Place it in household trash B Incinerate (burn) it C Take it to a hazardous waste collection site D Other _ 2. Which of the following best describes how you family disposes of compact fluorescent and fluorescent lamps? A Place it in household trash B Incinerate (burn) it C Take it to a hazardous waste collection site D Other _ E 3. Approximately how many of each type of lamp do you have installed in your residence? _ Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent _ 4. Examine the following list of considerations when purchasing lamps for your home. Then, beginning with the most important (#1), rank order the top three (#1, 2, 3) by their order of importance to you. Price Long life Energy efficiency Non‐toxic Color and shape Other 5. Which of the following is the largest source of mercury emissions in Indiana? A Compact fluorescent lamps B Mercury thermometers C Coal‐fired electric generating plants D Mercury thermostats Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 37 PHASE #4 Interpretation Key ● ● Interpretation ● ● Goal: To discover the potential impacts of compact fluorescents upon the environment and human health Conclusions: • All phases of the life cycle of a CFL release mercury into the environment. • Mercury in the environment enters the food chain of animals and bio‐accumulates. It can negatively impact the vitality, reproduction, and development of animals. • People are exposed to mercury when they break CFLs and eat fish. Mercury can impact the cognitive development of children and the fetus. • Mercury releases in the “Use” and “Disposition” phases of a CFL are actually less than the “Use” phase of an incandescent lamp because incandescent are less energy efficient. • CFLs should be taken to a HHW collection center so they can be recycled. This reduces mercury emissions. Recommendations: • My family should: o Replace or Not replace incandescent with compact fluorescents because… • People in my community should take their CFLs and fluorescent tubes to the local HHW collection site. • Government leaders should: o Follow California’s example and pass policies which prohibit the disposal of CFLs in municipal trash and the burial in landfills. o Require easily accessible collection opportunities in neighborhoods. ● ● ● Impacts of Technology on the Environment | Page 38 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1999). ToxFAQs for Mercury. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts46.html Boroush, M.A., Chen, K. & Christakis, A.N. (1980). Technology Assessment: Creative futures. System Science and Engineering, Andrew P. Sage (ed.). North Holland, NY. GreenFacts Digests. (n.d.). Scientific facts on mercury. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://www.greenfacts.org/en/mercury/mercury‐1.htm ITEA‐‐International Technology Education Association, Technology for All Americans Project. (2000). Standards for technological literacy: Content for the study of technology. Reston, Virginia: Author. National Research Council. (1996). National science education standards. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.nsta.org/publications/nses.aspx NAAEE‐‐North American Association for Environmental Education. (2004). Excellence in environmental education — Guidelines for learning (Pre K‐12). Retrieved November 30, 2007, from http://www.naaee.org/npeee/learner_guidelines.php Ramroth, L. (2008). Comparison of life‐cycle analyses of compact fluorescent and incandescent lamps based on rated life of compact fluorescent lamp. Rocky Mountain Institute. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Climate/C08‐02_CFL_LCA.pdf Scientific Applications International Corporation. (2006, May). Life cycle assessment: Principles and practice. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Contract EPA/600/R‐06/060). Retrieved January 8, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/lcaccess/lca101.html United Nations Environment Programme. (2005, November). Toolkit for identification and quantification of mercury releases. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/Toolkit/UNEP‐final‐pilot‐draft‐toolkit‐Dec05.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star. (2008). Frequently asked questions: Information on compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and mercury. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, & Office of Research and Development. (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume 1. (EPA‐452/R‐97‐003). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/reports/volume1.pdf United Nations Environment Programme (2007). Life cycle management: A business guide to sustainability [Image]. p. 12. Retrieved January 8, 2009, from http://www.unep.fr/scp/publications/details.asp?id=DTI/0889/PA ... drawing conclusions, making recommendations, and formally reporting? ?the? ?study to others. Impacts? ?of? ?Technology? ?on? ?the? ?Environment? ? | Page 10 Section Student Handouts Impacts? ?of? ?Technology? ?on? ?the? ?Environment? ? | Page 11 ... Mercury thermostats Impacts? ?of? ?Technology? ?on? ?the? ?Environment? ? | Page 37 PHASE #4 Interpretation Key ● ● Interpretation ● ● Goal: To discover? ?the? ?potential? ?impacts? ?of? ?compact fluorescents upon? ?the? ?environment? ?and human health ... F = Coal (lb) burned to light bulbs for one year = D ÷ 1.2 $705.28 (lb) 588 lb Impacts? ?of? ?Technology? ?on? ?the? ?Environment? ? | Page 30 PHASE #2D Inventory Analysis Key Impacts? ?of? ?Technology? ?on? ?the? ?Environment? ? | Page 31