CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITYI, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled SYNONYMS OF THE WORDS DENOTING “BEAUTIFUL” IN ENGLISH AND “DEP” IN VIETNAME
Rationale NA
Driven by theoretical and practical considerations, the research project "Synonyms of the Words Denoting 'Beauty' in English and 'Đẹp' in Vietnamese" aims to fill a gap in linguistic research by comprehensively examining synonyms for words that express beauty in both languages.
Research on synonyms in the English and Vietnamese languages often focuses on a single adjective, or on three-adjective groups, examining their meanings and relationships However, there is a lack of in-depth research on both synonyms and their orienting subjects, which can be challenging for learners to navigate the diversity and confusion of adjective words used to describe "beauty." This research aims to fill this gap, providing a valuable resource for learners and communicators to effectively communicate in specific contexts.
Therefore, this project is conducted to fill these gaps, offer a nuanced understanding of beauty expression in these languages, and facilitate more effective cross-cultural communication and linguistic research.
This research is dedicated to a meticulous examination of the semantic features inherent in synonyms and words signifying "beauty" in English, and the equivalent term "dep" in Vietnamese.
In order to gain the aim of the study, the primary objectives include the identification of semantic features characterizing synonyms of the expressions denoting "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese By focusing on semantic attributes, the study deals with uncovering the nuanced layers of meaning embedded in these words and their synonyms, offering learners a deeper understanding of the subtle distinctions in usage. Furthermore, the research endeavors to make a comparative analysis between the semantic features of synonyms in English and Vietnamese, aiming to unveil potential
The study investigates the similarities and differences in synonyms for "beauty" in English and Vietnamese, focusing on their semantic features and cross-linguistic connections The research aims to equip learners with practical knowledge to enhance their proficiency in using synonyms effectively when expressing the concept of beauty in both linguistic contexts.
This research employs a mixed methods research design, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches to comprehensively investigate the linguistic features of synonyms for the words denoting "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese. Qualitative research is conducted to delve into the semantic features of these synonyms, unraveling the intricate layers of meaning associated with expressions of beauty in each language This involves a descriptive method that meticulously outlines and interprets the semantic attributes of the identified synonyms Concurrently, quantitative research is employed to measure the frequency of these synonyms, providing a quantitative perspective on their usage.
The study employs a multifaceted methodology, combining descriptive, comparative, and contrastive analysis techniques Descriptive analysis provides an in-depth exploration of the semantic characteristics of identified synonyms, elucidating their distinct features Comparative and contrastive analysis methods are subsequently applied to systematically evaluate and compare the semantic differences and similarities among synonyms.
"beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese, revealing both similarities and distinctions.
Data for this analysis is collected from reputable lexical resources such as the Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) and Từ Điển Tiếng Việt (Hoang Phê,
2003), while the English - Corpora (COCA) and Từ Dién Tiếng Việt (Hoang Phê, 2003) serve as sources for frequency and contextual usage data The overarching aim is to provide a holistic view of the semantic landscape of beauty-related synonyms in both languages, enhancing our understanding of their usage and contextual nuances.
This research delves into the realm of synonyms, with a focused exploration of adjective signifying "beauty" in English and their Vietnamese counterpart, "dep’’ that describes appearance The scope of the study is defined by a rigorous semantic approach, aiming to unravel the nuanced layers of meaning embedded in these synonyms Employing a range of methodologies, including descriptive, comparative, and contrastive analysis, the study systematically dissects the semantic features of the identified synonyms The data, drawn from authoritative sources such as the Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English (LDCE), English - Corpora (COCA), and Từ điển Tiếng Việt
(Hoang Phé, 2003), serves as the foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the lexical landscape For, adjective synonyms denoting “beautiful’’ in English, we found
37 words including 26 denotations and 11 connotations and 20 Vietnamese denotative and 39 connotative ones, which made 59 adjective synonyms denoting “dep’’ in Vietnamese in total By scrutinizing the semantic attributes of beauty-related synonyms, the research seeks to offer valuable insights into their usage patterns and contextual nuances The implications of this study extend to enriching the learning experience for individuals seeking to master the art of utilizing synonyms effectively when expressing the concept of beauty in English, thereby enhancing their language proficiency.
Theoretically, the investigation into the similarities and differences among synonyms for the words conveying "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese holds profound significance By scrutinizing the semantic features and usage patterns of these synonyms, the study offers a nuanced understanding of linguistic expressions that go beyond mere translation, emphasizing the cultural intricacies embedded in the concepts of beauty Unraveling the subtle distinctions in meaning between English synonyms such as "beautiful," "attractive," and "stunning," and their Vietnamese counterparts like
In effective cross-cultural communication, discerning the subtle differences between synonyms like "beautiful," "attractive," and "stunning" is essential Comprehending the appropriate usage of these words in diverse contexts and for varying objects deepens understanding of cultural norms and linguistic complexities This exploration enriches language proficiency, enabling more nuanced and culturally appropriate communication.
11 approach The study's significance lies in its potential to empower learners to communicate more effectively in diverse linguistic and cultural settings, bridging gaps and fostering a deeper understanding of the diverse way beauty is articulated and appreciated across languages.
Practically, this research holds significance for cross-cultural communication, language learning, and translation In an increasingly globalized world, understanding how beauty is linguistically and culturally represented in English and Vietnamese is crucial for effective communication across cultures The project aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of these words, aiding professionals such as translators, language learners, and intercultural communicators It also serves content creators and writers seeking to connect with diverse audiences As a result, the study contributes to the broader goal of enhancing multilingual communication and cultural intelligence in an increasingly interconnected world.
The structure of this research is carefully organized into five distinct chapters, each contributing to the comprehensive exploration of synonyms for words denoting "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese.
Chapter 1 of this study provides a comprehensive introduction to its background, motivations, goals, and essential research inquiries It meticulously describes the employed methodology and explores the scope and relevance of the investigation Additionally, it presents a clear outline of the entire study's structure, guiding readers through its organization and logical progression.
Significance of the S(UỈy Án HT TH TH TH nh HH Hà TT ch TH Hà nh 11 1.6 Structure of the SÉUỦYy . Ác vn nh TH Hà TH TT TH HH HT TT HH Hành
Theoretically, the investigation into the similarities and differences among synonyms for the words conveying "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese holds profound significance By scrutinizing the semantic features and usage patterns of these synonyms, the study offers a nuanced understanding of linguistic expressions that go beyond mere translation, emphasizing the cultural intricacies embedded in the concepts of beauty Unraveling the subtle distinctions in meaning between English synonyms such as "beautiful," "attractive," and "stunning," and their Vietnamese counterparts like
Understanding the nuances of synonyms such as "xinh đẹp," "hấp dan," and "lộng lẫy" is essential for effective cross-cultural communication The appropriate usage of these terms in different contexts and with various objects reflects cultural norms and linguistic variations By exploring these synonyms in multiple languages, we not only enhance our language skills but also develop a more versatile and culturally competent communication style This understanding fosters a deeper appreciation for cultural differences and enriches our linguistic abilities.
Through a novel 11-approach study, this research empowers learners to navigate diverse linguistic and cultural contexts, enhancing their communication effectiveness Its significance lies in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps, facilitating a deeper understanding of how the concept of beauty is uniquely expressed and valued across languages This study fosters intercultural appreciation and enables learners to articulate their ideas and emotions effectively in various linguistic and cultural settings.
Practically, this research holds significance for cross-cultural communication, language learning, and translation In an increasingly globalized world, understanding how beauty is linguistically and culturally represented in English and Vietnamese is crucial for effective communication across cultures The project aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of these words, aiding professionals such as translators, language learners, and intercultural communicators It also serves content creators and writers seeking to connect with diverse audiences As a result, the study contributes to the broader goal of enhancing multilingual communication and cultural intelligence in an increasingly interconnected world.
The structure of this research is carefully organized into five distinct chapters, each contributing to the comprehensive exploration of synonyms for words denoting "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese.
Chapter 1, Introduction, establishes the groundwork for the study by providing a comprehensive overview It outlines the rationale, goals, objectives, and research questions guiding the investigation Moreover, this chapter details the methodological approach, highlights the scope and importance of the research, and presents a roadmap for the structure of the entire study.
Chapter 2, Literature review, delves into the analysis of data collected from Vietnamese words for "dep" and 20 English words for "beauty." This chapter not only explores the impact of the research on learners but also examines the themes, arguments, and limitations of earlier studies in this domain.
Chapter 3, "Methodology," outlines the comprehensive research approach employed in this study It meticulously details the utilization of descriptive, comparative, and contrastive analysis methods to thoroughly examine English and Vietnamese vocabulary related to "beauty" and "dep." This multifaceted methodology enables a nuanced understanding of semantic similarities and differences between the two languages, providing valuable insights into the cultural perspectives they embody.
Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, presents the data analysis results and discussing their alignment with research questions and hypotheses.
Chapter 5 concludes the study by presenting evidence-based recommendations for synonyms denoting "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese It highlights the study's implications for the field, acknowledges limitations, and suggests directions for future research This chapter comprehensively wraps up the research journey, providing a structured conclusion that synthesizes the study's findings and significance.
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical background - 2.1.1 An overview of semantic features 2.1.2 An Overview Of SYMOTYIS 10100
An overview of the words denoting “beautiful” in English .- ôc<<<+5 19 2.1.4 An overview of the words denoting “đẹp” in Vietnamese c c2 19 2.1.5 Contrastive amalysis theory ô00.0.0 ccc ese 1à LH HH TH HH HH HT HT TH HH nàn 21 2.2 Preyious SfUẽẽeĐ - - 1h HT HT HT HT HT TT TT TT TT TH TT TT HH 22
With its extensive lexicon, English provides a multitude of terms to convey the idea of beauty The meaning of “beautiful” as a specific attribute of an item or a phenomenon of reality that gives the viewer aesthetic pleasure will be its conceptual core if we view the idea of beauty as a semantic field One interpretation of beauty that is a little bit more out of the center is that it is a quality of a beautiful human appearance In addition, there are two distinct adjectives for male and female attractiveness in the English-speaking world — beautiful (referring to a woman) and handsome (referring to a man) — which is fascinating This phenomenon is mentioned by N.D Arutyunova also gives the example of other European languages According to Word Associations Network, the following units are included in the association area of the term beauty: lovely, exquisite, picturesque, gorgeous, charming, elegant, radiant, handsome, sublime, magnificent, stunning, etc.
2.1.4 An overview of the words denoting “dep” in Vietnamese
In Vietnamese, the concept of "dep" is expressed through various words, each carrying its nuances of meaning and usage This demonstrates the richness and sophistication of
19 the Vietnamese language in describing beauty Beauty is the combination of a characteristic of an animal, idea, object, person, or place that creates a perceptual experience of pleasure or satisfaction Beauty is studied as a part of aesthetics, culture, social psychology, and sociology An ideal beauty is an entity that is admired or possesses qualities attributed to beauty in a specific cultural context, due to its perfection.
Vietnamese possesses a wealth of synonyms for "beautiful," including "xinh," "xinh dep," and "xinh xan." Additionally, terms such as "tươi dep," "xinh tuoi," and "dep dé" convey similar meanings Expressions like "tot dep," "mỹ lệ," "kiểu diễm," and "yêu kiêu" also denote beauty, while "đẹp mắt" specifically highlights aesthetic appeal.
Incorporating synonyms for the word "dep" into texts or daily communication serves as a dynamic means of enhancing language expression This practice not only injects color and vitality into the language but also contributes to the expansion of one's vocabulary, thereby enriching linguistic capabilities By utilizing a diverse range of synonyms for
"dep," speakers and writers can vividly depict beauty, creating captivating and specific images that resonate with readers or listeners This, in turn, heightens the appeal and interest in the content being conveyed The deliberate choice of varied synonyms not only avoids monotonous repetition but also diversifies writing styles, fostering creativity in expression Moreover, employing different words to convey beauty allows for a more accurate and nuanced description, capturing the diverse facets of aesthetic appreciation. Beyond the aesthetic realm, the use of synonyms for "dep" goes beyond mere communication; it contributes to creating lasting impressions and projecting professionalism The adoption of a refined and varied vocabulary reflects a commitment to precision and demonstrates a high level of respect for the audience, establishing the speaker or writer as a skilled and proficient communicator In essence, the incorporation of synonyms for "dep" elevates language usage, making it a powerful tool for effective and impactful communication.
These information will aid as the basis to identify and categorize the semantic features of adjective synonyms denoting the beauty of appearance of English and Vietnamese thereby provide a comprehensive analysis.
The Contrastive Analysis Theory, rooted in the notion of contrast, has been a cornerstone in linguistic studies and second language acquisition (SLA) research. Bolinger (1980) provides an evocative definition, portraying contrast as "difference seen against a background of sameness." Contrastive analysis, as narrowly defined, investigates linguistic differences between pairs or small sets of languages against a backdrop of similarities, primarily contributing to applied disciplines like foreign language teaching and translation studies Sha Li (2021) emphasizes the importance of contrastive analysis in SLA, asserting its role in comparing the similarities and differences between learners’ first language and the target language, thereby predicting challenges in the language acquisition process The historical underpinnings of this theory trace back to the mid-20th century, notably influenced by structuralism and behaviorism in linguistics and psychology within the USA (Sha Li, 2021) Pioneering figures such as Fries (1943) and Lado (1957) utilized the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis to design effective materials for language teaching by comparing learners' first language with the target language, identifying similarities and differences, and predicting potential learning challenges This literature review underscores the enduring significance of the Contrastive Analysis Theory as a powerful tool in understanding language differences and facilitating language learning, marking its evolution from a linguistic and psychological perspective to an essential component of applied disciplines such as SLA and language pedagogy.
Danchev's criterion of contrastive studies, as outlined by Ke (2019), presents a valuable framework that distinguishes between micro- and macro-contrastive analysis Micro- contrastive analysis, as a traditional mode within contrastive linguistics, scrutinizes language structure at four fundamental levels: phonetics, phonology, lexis, and grammar This meticulous examination of linguistic elements allows for a granular understanding of structural differences between languages On the other hand, macro- contrastive analysis, according to Danchev's criterion, takes on a broader perspective by focusing on language use, particularly at the levels of text and pragmatics This
21 dichotomy encapsulates the versatility of contrastive analysis, offering scholars the flexibility to delve into both the minute intricacies of language structure and the broader context of language usage Ke's (2019) reference to Danchev's criterion establishes a comprehensive approach to contrastive analysis, aligning it with the evolving needs of linguistic research and shedding light on its dual role in uncovering structural nuances and pragmatic dimensions across languages This framework provides a methodological scaffold for researchers engaging in contrastive studies, guiding their exploration of languages at both micro and macro levels.
In this study, we will apply the macro-contrastive analysis to fulfill the aims and objectives.
Previous research has predominantly utilized reliable vocabulary sources like the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) and the Từ điển Tiếng Việt (Hoang Phê, 2003) to identify synonyms from corpora However, the omission of the English - Corpora Dictionary (COCA) and the Từ điển Tiếng Việt (Hoang Phê, 2003) in these studies has created a need for further exploration using these additional resources.
2003) Most researchers applied the same criteria to differentiate synonyms based on meaning, order, degree or grammatical difference Some researchers used corpus-based data to compare and contrast synonyms.
Prominent linguists like Phoocharoensil (2010) investigated five synonyms ask, beg, plead, request and appeal, while Chanchotphattha (2013) examined three synonyms; different, various and diverse using different sources of data Their results vary from one another in terms of grammatical patterns, collocations, core meaning, styles and so on.
Tran Thi Le Dung (2020) analyzed semantic elements to show the semantics of a number of typical synonym noun sequences that correspond semantically in English and Vietnamese on the basis of referential structure theory of nouns The corpus is collected from synonym dictionaries, word manuals, explanatory dictionaries and English- Vietnamese bilingual comparison dictionaries The analysis results show that Vietnamese people divide and categorize objective reality and express it through language in a more detailed and specific way than British people They are completely
22 consistent with the linguistic thinking characteristics of each nation: the British tend to generalize, while the Vietnamese linguistic thinking tends to concretize and detail.
In comparison, Tran Thi Le Dung's (2020) study focuses solely on the semantic analysis of synonymous nouns, omitting detailed examinations of individual lexical items Conversely, Phoocharoensil (2010) and Chanchotphattha delve into meticulous analyses of specific words within synonymous noun sets.
(2013) are two articles that focus on English but do not use Vietnamese Therefore, the purpose of this study is to overcome the limitations of the above studies by exploring the synonyms of the words denoting “đẹp” in Vietnamese and “beautiful” in English.
This study adopts a comparative semantic analysis framework to investigate the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese adjective synonyms denoting the beauty of appearance This framework is grounded in the principles of contrastive linguistics and cognitive semantics, which posit that languages encode and express meaning in distinct ways, influenced by cultural and cognitive factors.
METHODOLOGY Án HT HT HH TH TT TH ngàng 25 3.1 Context of the Study ốc ốốố
Methods of the SÍUdyy Án TH TH TH HH HT TT ch HH Hà TT Hư Hà nàn 26 3.4 Research ProC€IF€sS - - - - - + HT TH TT HH HT TT TH Hà TH TT Hà Hàn 27 3.5 Data Collection ốc cố ố ốe
The research methodology adopted for the research employs a multifaceted approach, integrating descriptive, comparative, and contrastive analysis methods to comprehensively explore the semantic dimensions of beauty-related vocabulary in both languages Beginning with the descriptive method, the study meticulously examines the semantics of synonyms associated with beauty, drawing from a wide array of linguistic resources such as dictionaries, thesauri, and linguistic corpora Through this meticulous examination, the research aims to compile exhaustive inventories of synonyms adjectives denoting beauty in English and Vietnamese, accompanied by detailed descriptions of their semantic features.
Simultaneously, the comparative and contrastive analysis methods are utilized to delve deeper into the semantic nuances of beauty-related vocabulary, particularly focusing on identifying similarities and differences across the synonym sets in both languages This comparative approach is essential for uncovering how notions of beauty are linguistically encoded and culturally perceived in English and Vietnamese contexts By systematically comparing and contrasting semantic features, the study aims to unravel the intricacies of beauty conceptualization within distinct linguistic and cultural frameworks This methodological triangulation ensures a comprehensive exploration of
26 the semantic landscape surrounding beauty-related vocabulary, enriching our understanding of cross-linguistic variations in aesthetic perception and expression.
Exploring the semantic nuances of beauty-related terms across languages demands a collaborative approach between linguistics and cultural studies A systematic methodology is crucial, beginning with a comprehensive review of existing literature to establish a theoretical foundation Next, analyzing language corpora in diverse contexts can reveal the usage patterns and connotations associated with these terms Finally, cross-cultural comparisons can illuminate the influence of cultural values and aesthetics on their interpretation and usage, leading to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of beauty across different linguistic and cultural landscapes.
To enhance our research, a thorough examination of related literature was conducted to uncover potential research gaps We meticulously analyzed the methodologies, approaches, strengths, and weaknesses of previous studies This in-depth analysis guided our determination of appropriate research steps to ensure our work delivers groundbreaking findings and contributes meaningfully to the field Moreover, our research is firmly rooted in a comprehensive understanding of historical and cultural contexts, providing a solid foundation for subsequent analyses The proposed research process leverages a specialized framework that focuses on semantic analysis to unravel the subtle nuances of meaning associated with synonyms of "beauty" and "dep."
In linguistic studies, "beautiful" and "dep" (in Vietnamese) are adjectives used to describe something that possesses qualities that are pleasing to the senses, particularly visually These words convey the concept of aesthetic appeal and attractiveness.
Synonyms of "beauty" in English include words like "gorgeous" "lovely" "stunning", z mom att
"attractive.", In Vietnamese, synonyms for "đẹp" may include "xinh xắn", "quyến rũ",
"lộng lẫy",”mượt mà", When analyzing these words based on semantic features, they can be classified such as the physical appearance of the subject: people, place, clothing.,
Through grouping and analysis, similarities and differences between the English and Vietnamese expressions of beauty can be identified Despite linguistic and cultural variations, both languages share a fundamental understanding and appreciation for the concept of beauty.
We have collected data from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) along with the Vietnamese Dictionary (Hoang Phé, 2003) Additionally, the evidence for semantic features has been extracted from the English Corpora (COCA) and the Vietnamese Dictionary (Hoang Phé, 2003) This necessitates a thorough understanding
27 of semantics, contextual usage, and the significance of language in various contexts For data collection, the primary focus is on words denoting "beauty" in English By concentrating on a rich array of literary works, articles, and diverse data sources, the research can set the stage for detailed and multidimensional analysis.
Finally, the data analysis process relies on different aspects of context, vocabulary, and semantics This helps clarify the diversity and complexity of how language is used to describe "beauty." Comparing English and Vietnamese provides an overview of similarities and differences in how the two languages express the concept of beauty.
In our data collection process we collected adjective synonyms denoting “beautiful’’ in
English, we found 37 words including 26 denotations and 11 connotations and 20 Vietnamese denotative and 39 connotative ones, which made 59 adjective synonyms denoting “dep’’ in Vietnamese in total Moreover, we focus on collecting connotative synonyms denoting the adjectives “beauty’’ and “dep” in both languages First, by reading through the entire set of data several times until we grasped its meaning, we identified the relevant information to be examined To identify the semantic features present in every reading passage, we sorted the data and took notes about it Utilizing the English Corpora (COCA) and Tu dién Tiéng Việt (Hoàng Phê, 2003), we delve into the depths of linguistic databases to scrutinize the frequency and contextual usage of these collected synonyms thereby achieving our objectives.
Based on the collected sample, our semantic feature data analysis delves into exploring the nuances and differences between synonyms adjectives for the concepts of “beauty” in English and “dep” in Vietnamese Throughout this analysis, reliable sources were used to collect text samples containing synonyms for “beauty” in English and “dep” in Vietnamese We closely examine these terms to unravel their semantic intricacies, identifying similarities and differences in their contextual usage This involves a meticulous process in which we leverage a variety of analytical tools, including tables, charts, statistical analyses and checklists to illustrate our findings clearly lively way. Additionally, we meticulously preprocessed the data to remove and standardize the formatting of the text Specifically, we use graphical representations to show the
28 frequency distribution of each synonym across a variety of text types, drawing insights from extensive sourced data sets from a reputable English group These characteristics may include the context of use and the frequency We will arrange words (or vocabulary) into groups (or fields) based on a common meaning element to separate the vocabulary fields of "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese After that, we analyze the similarities and differences between the semantic characteristics of synonyms for
"beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese by creating a table to synthesize, analyze and analyze eliminate them Through meticulous examination and rigorous research, we aim to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the semantic context surrounding the concept of beauty in both English and Vietnamese.
This chapter outlines the research design and methods employed to investigate synonyms for words denoting "beauty" in English and "dep" in Vietnamese Motivated by the significance of beauty in communication and culture, the study adopts a mixed- methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies with macro- contrastive analysis Data collection involves gathering synonyms from authoritative sources, while data analysis includes a comprehensive examination of semantic features, comparative analysis, and exploration of usage patterns Through meticulous research procedures, the study aims to provide insights into cross-cultural variations in the conceptualization and expression of beauty, contributing to language learning, cross- cultural communication, and linguistic research.
In this paper, we have collected data from several formal and informal texts in both English and Vietnamese Throughout the analysis progress, because of the orienting subjects’ diversity of each word, especially connotations with their broad scale of semantic features of different derivational meanings, we examined the proportions of semantic fields in “beauty in appearance’’ only and considered them criteria to compare the frequency and the contextual usage between them with the list of subjects including people (man, woman, boy, girl); things (concrete objects in general); places; clothes; and body parts (face, eyes, lips, nose, hair, hand, legs, feet).
TABLE 4.2 SYNONYMS OF THE WORDS DENOTING “BEAUTIFUL” IN
ENGLISH IN TERMS OF DENOTATIONAL MEANING
TABLE 4.3 SYNONYMS OF THE WORDS DENOTING “BEAUTIFUL” IN
ENGLISH IN TERMS OF CONNOTATIONAL MEANING fantastic marvelous terrific sensational awesome nice
Subtopic Lovely Enchanting Handsome Magnificent Stunning
MON MO TAT POM Great
Marvelous Subto pic Fabulous Excellent
Nice meaning and level of formality gorgeous pretty exquisite
HAR lovely attractive cute gorgeous pretty radiant
EYES lovely cute sexy gorgeous pretty exquisite ups lovely attractive a lovely
The similarities and differences between synonyms of the words denoting “beautiful” in
“beautiful” in English and “dep” in Vietnamese in terms of their semantic features
4.3.1 In terms of denotational meaning
TABLE 4.7 DENOTATIONAL SYNONYMS AT LEXICAL LEVEL - USE OF
Denotational synonyms | Denotational synonyms of of adjectives denoting adjectives denoting “dep”
Orienting | “beauty” in English in Vietnamese subjects
According to the data in Table 7, we can see clearly that:
- With the Orienting subject “People’’: s* The proportion of “man’’ and “boy”? in English outnumbered the proportion of the same subjects in Vietnamese In English, “man’’ and “boy’’ have relative amounts with their corresponding subjects “woman’’ and “girl’’? while in Vietnamese, there was a large gap.
> o> ~ There were more diverse options of adjective synonyms denoting the beautiful appearance of the subjects “woman’’ and “girl’’ in both languages Almost all the collected words indicating the appearance of women in English can be used to convey the men’s However, denotational synonyms of “dep’’ in Vietnamese for the subject “women’’ cannot be replaced for ones for men’s and vice versa. E.g:
- Charming: very pleasing or attractive
A clever and charming woman will always attract wise lovers, even if she has a club foot and a squint (Telling Stories to the Sky., Jan/Feb2015, Vol 128 Issue 1/2, p79-91. 13p., Arnason, Eleanor, 2015)
She let it happen as a way into not feeling stunted anymore, of moving on, letting in not only this clever, at times charming man, but, once and for all, the Martina Neeson she had become (Martina Neeson Autumn2012, Vol 25 Issue 3, p466-493 28p.,
- Xinh xắn: Very pretty (in general).
Cô ấy là một cô gái xinh xan.
Anh chàng đó là một hoàng tử dién trai.
- With the Orienting subject “Things’’:
THE AMOUNT OF ADJECTIVE SYNONYMS IN EACH SUBJECT
People NiIThings @ Places m Clothes N Body pats
Figure 4.7 The amount of denotative adjectives synonyms in each subject of English and Vietnamese.
The chart shows that, in both languages, “things’’ is the most-oriented subject of adjective synonyms denoting beautiful appearance, second only to “people’’ For concrete objects - or subject “things’’, the range is quite wide, and the result is logical and objective Moreover, this subject is not limited to its smaller subject units like
“people’’ with male and female subjects and almost synonyms can be used to describe their looks and all or most of other subjects.
- Enchanting: very pleasant or attractive
+ Things: He'd never seen such enchanting stained-glass windows (Aurelia, Lisa Mason, Vol 134, Issue 1-2, 2018)
+ People: The spectators welcomed the enchanting stranger (Carbon Tet: Rapidan, Virginia, December 1910, Cary Holladay, Vol 54, Issue 1, 2019)
+ Places: And of all those destinations, Las Vegas is the most enchanting place there is (LA to Vegas, Pilot (2018))
- Tuyệt sắc: Beautiful beauty, no one can compare.
+ Things: So với nhiều cây cảnh khác thi trông nó mỹ miều hon thật.
+ People: Nàng diễm lệ như thế nay thì còn ai hơn được nàng.
+ Places: Lâu đài ấy thật diễm lệ biết bao.
- With the Orienting subject “Places’’:
** For this subject, there is a slight difference between the proportions of the two languages Vietnamese adjective synonyms describing the beautiful appearance of places made up a larger part of the total than English ones.
** About more than three-quarters of the total Vietnamese denotative synonyms adjectives can be used to denote the beauty in looks of places while in English, the rate is just more than a half. s* In Vietnamese, there is a minority of words that can be used to convey the beautiful of both places and people Most of them are only used to describe things additionally However, it's the majority for English denotative adjective synonyms.
+ People: She's surrounded by red balloons and looks ravishing, celebrating her appointment as one of the mag's Women of the Year (Selena Gomez Covers Glamour's
‘Women of the Year' Issue, Amy Sciarretto, 2012)
Inside the captivating 1,000-seat theater, the air crackles with a blend of euphoria and melancholy The vast stage boasts a striking red-and-gold velvet curtain, its plush folds cascading to the floor, evoking a sense of haunting presence The atmosphere is palpable, charged with the infectious "Marilyn fever" that captivates all present.
-Tươi đẹp: The shortest definition of "tươi dep" is "beautiful" or "fresh and beautiful".
+ Places: Việt Nam là một dat nước tươi đẹp va mến khách.
+ Things: Tim, làm người ta nhìn thấy mọi vật tươi đẹp hơn.
+ People: Thật là một thiếu nữ tươi đẹp:
- With the Orienting subject “Clothes’’:
+ There is no significant difference in this usage of denotative adjective synonyms denoting beautiful appearance in English and Vietnamese even though they made up
43 small parts It is fair to say that both cultures, beauty in appearance of clothes might not be considered as the most popular component for what to wear.
- With the Orienting subject “Body parts’’: s* In English, more options are given to describe the beauty of each specific part of the human body while this is limited in the Vietnamese area. s* In English, half of synonyms can be used to mention the beauty of one of the human body parts.
-Sexy: sexually exciting or sexually attractive
+ Lips: She was gorgeous-Asian with almond-shaped brown eyes and full, sexy lips. (The beast in him, Laurenston, Shelly., 2008)
+ Hips: ' Blonde streaks to lighten your face, give credence to those sexy hips!' (The Historian., Vol 72 Issue 1, pS2-95 14p., ROOKE, LEON, 2014)
+ Face: In the United States, that separation came during the years of World War II when the National Association of Evangelicals was set up to give a more appealing face to fundamentalism, which had by then become a harsh, obstreperous, and increasingly disruptive assault on mainstream Protestant congregations (A Fundamentally Wrong Direction, Vol 66 Issue 3, p16-19, 4p, Rosalia, Theodore, 2006)
+ In Vietnamese, the part that possesses the most synonyms is "face" with a-third while other ones are almost nothing to nearly a quarter.
4.3.2 In terms of connotational meaning
TABLE 4.8 CONNOTATIONAL SYNONYMS AT LEXICAL LEVEL - USE
Connotational synonyms | Connotational synonyms of adjectives denoting of adjectives denoting
Orienting “beauty” in English “dep” in Vietnamese subjects
The data in the Table 8 shows that:
+ There is an opposition between the disparity of two groups of people in both English and Vietnamese (the Mature group - man and woman, and the Immature group - boy and girl)
45 s* In English, the Mature group took the dominant role in amount Any words used to describe the Mature group can be used with the Immature one as well.
+ Man: It's the guys that look nice (Unbelievable, Episode #1.2 (2019))
+ Boy: "I voted for Gore today because I think he looks nice and Bush was not a good student a bad boy," said Georgie Yin, a journalist with a state newspaper (Gore Takes Beijing, Not That It Counts, Elisabeth Rosenthal, 2000)
+ Woman: Go out with friends, Or on a date or something Well, I did meet a nice woman on the plane (A Novel Romance, 2015)
+ Girl: Now go in there, tell my little sister she looks nice (Euphoria, The Next Episode (2019)) ô+ Additionally, almost connotative synonyms of English can be used flexibly with both groups of genders and ages.
- Great: Very good in appearance
+ Man: He looks great in his loose-fitting clothes (Observe the Democrat Puppeteers of the New York Times and Washington Post, 2012)
In Vietnamese, the linguistic distinction between mature and immature language is less pronounced than in English While the immature group of vocabulary comprises almost half the size of the mature group, certain words remain exclusive to specific subjects.
- Cường trang: Healthy, energetic, full of strength
+ Man: Tôi đã trở thành một chàng dé thanh niên cường tráng.
+ Woman: Mẹ tôrlà mộtngườrphụự nữ cường tráng:
-Duyên dáng: There are charming features
+Woman: Như sự dịu dàng và duyên dáng của người thiêu nữ. s* In connotative, the female group are also the dominance, as in dennotative case.
THE AMOUNT OF ADJECTIVE SYNONYMS IN EACH SUBJECT
@Bodyparts Clothes m Places mThings m People
Figure 4.8 The amount of connotative adjectives synonyms in each subject of English and Vietnamese. s* The chart shows the similar results as the denotative case with the second place belongs to this subject group.
When it comes to describing beautiful places, the words used in English are highly diverse and can also be applied to other contexts In contrast, the words used for place orientation differ significantly between English and other languages, as evident from Table 8.
CONCLUSION -.- - Án HH TH TH TT TT Hà HH TH TH HH nưệt 50
Implications of the Stud y ccccccccccscsscseseceseeseeeeceseceeecaeceaeeaecesecseceeeeaesesecaeceeeseseaeeseceaesaeeeas 50 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further study
This study transcends the comparison of beauty-related linguistic expressions in Vietnamese and English It reveals the nuanced differences in the denotational and connotational meanings of beauty adjectives, emphasizing the intricate connection between language, culture, and beauty perceptions These findings not only enhance our understanding of beauty's conceptualization and expression cross-culturally but also highlight linguistic sensitivity's importance in cross-cultural communication Recognizing the cultural nuances in the language of beauty can improve intercultural interactions, reduce misunderstandings, and foster greater appreciation and respect for diverse perspectives This study stimulates further exploration of the socio-cultural factors that shape linguistic representations of beauty, providing valuable insights for those involved in intercultural discourse and cultural exchange initiatives.
50 and embracing the diversity of linguistic expressions of beauty, we can cultivate a more inclusive and harmonious global community.
5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further study
While this research provides valuable insights into the semantic features of synonyms denoting beauty in English and Vietnamese, it is important to acknowledge its limitations Firstly, the study primarily focuses on written language, thus potentially overlooking nuances in spoken discourse Secondly, the sample size of lexical items analyzed may not fully capture the entirety of vocabulary usage in either language, leading to potential biases or oversights Additionally, the cultural context and sociolinguistic factors influencing the usage of these synonyms were not extensively explored, presenting an avenue for further investigation Furthermore, the study predominantly compares denotational and connotational meanings of adjectives, leaving out other linguistic aspects such as idiomatic expressions or metaphorical usage related to beauty To address these limitations and deepen our understanding, future research could employ a larger and more diverse dataset, incorporate qualitative methods to explore cultural nuances, and investigate additional linguistic dimensions beyond denotation and connotation Moreover, examining the influence of socio-cultural factors on language use and perceptions of beauty could provide valuable insights into the intricate relationship between language, culture, and aesthetics.
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1.A CORPUS OF THE WORDS DENOTING “BEAUTIFUL” IN ENGLISH
In terms of denotational meaning . - <6 kg HT TH nu ng HH ng 54 1.2 In terms of connotational meaning .- - 5 + + s vn ng HH TT HH rệt 72
Dictionary of Examples contemporary English ) e No, its not the gorgeous girl with the perfect body that irks me (Cranky
Fitness: First Time at the Gym? How Not To Make an Ass of Yourself, 2007) e No, he was the most gorgeous man who'd ever walked into our school (40
Things I Want to Tell You, Alice Kuipers - Reviews, Discussion, 2012) e She spotted Pierce, his hands about Mrs Wilkerson's slim waist, the waltz people lifting the gorgeous woman about with such delight and grace that she might, at any moment, float off in the magical flow of musical streams.
(Newport 1834, Spring2019, Vol 11, Issue 1, Smith, Jack,) e The most gorgeous boy she had ever set eyes on in her entire life, standing outside the school gates when the bus pulled up (The faerie path, New York: Eos, Edition: Ist ed., Jones, Frewin., 2007)
G extremely beautiful or jorgeous things attractive Gorgeous cake! (Omnomicon makes ằ how to make a rainbow cake!, 2007)
Gorgeous organic gardens took the place of some of the buildings that never materialized; an edgy, dynamic series of art installations inspired and challenged visitors; one food truck became 35 and helped lead a little revolution in the way places Boston eats lunch; the free Wi-Fi that drew folks to the Greenway popped up elsewhere in the city; Conservancy alumni carried their place-making lessons to other places innovating on the Esplanade, in the neighborhoods, and beyond (The
Rose Kennedy green ribbon of hope, Yvonne Abraham, 2019) eyes You got gorgeous eyes (Instinct, Heartless (2018)) clothes They don't seem to have bothered with a costume for Louis this week, but it's made up for with Flavia's gorgeous dress and amazing shoes!
(Frankie and Clover's Strictly Come Dancing Blog!: BICYCLE, 2012)
She makes up for it with her gorgeous hair (which is golden brown and reaches her hair waist) and a sense of humor that only blooms when she feels comfortable (Love Is a Natural Disaster, Betina Gonzalez, Vol 60, Issue 2, 2018) lips Both of you have gorgeous lips (J Am Cait, Houston, We Have a Problem (2016)) face He could still see the anger on her gorgeous face, especially the fire that had lit a striking pair of eyes (Hidden pleasures, Jackson, Brenda (Brenda Streater), 2010) lees They all had long, gorgeous legs and exaggerated the swing in their hips as if
8 parodying beauty contestants (Street-Smart, GILDNER, GARY, 2019) eople She looks absolutely resplendent. peop (Mississippi Murder, 2017)
2 | Resplend very beautiful, bright, and Outside, under a resplendent blue sky with the rolling hills of Palos Verdes in the
€splendent impressive in appearance | distance, media was invited to crawl into a low-fidelity mockup of the crew Dragon things spacecraft.
(SpaceX reveals the controls of its Dragon spacecraft for the first time, ERIC
BERGER, 2018) e You look really pretty (This Is Us, Don't Take My Sunshine Away (2019)) e Give me that, pretty boy (Magnum P.I., The Ties That Bind (2018)) e He didn't want to be liked It was too much to imagine being approached by
3 people (for | pleasant to look at but is not a pretty girl, at work or on the train, asked about something other than women) impressive where to find memory cards or tripods (One Part Finger, Vol 43, Issue 1,
Matthue Roth, 2018) e "It's been years since I've believed in a pretty man " (New Village.,
Spring2015, Vol 28 Issue 1, p89-98 10p., GLEASON, KRISTEN, 2015)
Exquisite things clothes hair lips eyes face hand feet nose people extremely beautiful and very things delicately made
Still, I can't help but wonder, why would Long Zio's pretty bird concern herself over a Hop Wei onion, hm? (Warrior, John Chinaman (2019)) We're gon na buy you a new dress I want a pretty dress, too (Anna, 2019)
You know, Father, if you wan na be screwed with, you should make a little effort, you know, maybe curl up that pretty hair of yours or something (The Wicked
She looks at them, her pretty lips pressed tight (All Tomorrow's Parties, Vol 139,
Color bloomed in Ruby's cheeks as she batted her pretty eyes under the brim of her bonnet.
(Seven brides for seven Texans romance collection, Amanda Barratt, 2017)
Long after she grew out of the black one-piece, and her mother told her that she had a pretty face and that's what mattered, Lue kept swimming.
(Handfishing, Vol 60, Iss 1, 21st century, 2019)
"Ellen is well?" Maggie asked, some of her joy dimming as she glanced at the pretty hand on Ellen's note.
(Lady Maggie's secret scandal, Naperville: Sourcebooks Casablanca, Burrowes,
Grace 2012) Well, you're gon na miss those pretty feet up (Snowfall, Cracking (2017))
Or in the case of Fallon a breathtakingly exquisite woman (When darkness ends,
The sky is a bright pale waning orange, an exquisite watercolor, rapidly fading to dusk.
(Blue Guide, Joyce Carol Oates, Issue 101-102, 2019)
Second, the contents: There are no silicones or chemicals, so the gentleman will have exquisite hair (The TAXONOMIC GUIDE to MALE GROOMING, Nov2014,
Vol 162 Issue 4, p80-87 3p 20 Color Photographs, 3 Black and White
Her dark, almond-shaped eyes were tranquil, and there was the hint of a faint smile on her exquisite lips even as she issued a grim edict to her subordinate (The Last
Decree of Ban-Fayan, Benestro, 2018)
The slender waist, the small but distinct breasts, the exquisite face, dark-lashed evasive eyes (Blue Guide, Issue 101-102, Joyce Carol Oates, 2019)
5 Radiant people things eyes face full of happiness and love in a way that shows in your face and makes you look attractive ¢ = The girl looked, if anything, radiant (Four poems and two stories, Mary
O'Donnell, Issue 7, 2019) e Turning to the infant, he found that she had become a radiant woman.
(Flood Stories from Around the World, Mark Isaak., 2012)
He looked at me with the most radiant smile and I had to admit that my car was old and crappy anyway and all the chaos was pretty fun.
(An appreciation of the pyrotechnic anarchy of Fourth of July in Los Angeles,
As he immersed his thoughts in it, he saw this image come alive, with a face like a king's, with radiant eyes and a gaze completely awe-inspiring (Beyond the Barrier: The Unifying Role of the Choir Screen in Gothic Churches., Dec2000, Vol.
The spectators welcomed the enchanting stranger (Carbon Tet: Rapidan, Virginia, people December 1910, Cary Holladay, Vol 54, Issue 1, 2019)
Enchantin things very pleasant or attractive He'd never seen such enchanting stained-glass windows (Aurelia, Lisa Mason, ẽ 8 Ty Pleasant Vol 134, Issue 1-2, 2018) laces And of all those destinations, Las Vegas is the most enchanting place there is.
Places (LA to Vegas, Pilot (2018)) ¢ Not that I mind being stuck in the car with such a lovely lady (The Real
O'Neals, The Real Third Wheel (2017) ) e "He was so respected, a lovely man (Death toll rises to 50 in New Zealand people : mosque shootings, 2019) e And who's this lovely girl? (Miss Bala, 2019) ¢ He's a lovely boy (Designated Survivor, whocares (2019)) clothes The dress is lovely (NCIS: Los Angeles, From Havana with Love (2017)) teeth How'd you like to go home tonight with a lovely new set of teeth?
Lovely hair very beautiful or attractive Now, that is as lovely a head of hair as I've seen in a long while (Les Misérables,
Episode #1.2 (2019)) laces Ildis, I noticed you have a lovely garden.
I couldn't help noticing that lovely picture of your daughters (A Simple Favor, things
I remember watching him sometimes, though, and thinking that if he were less eyes good-looking, I'd never let him get away with it the not working; the lips face feet nose legs teeth places pretty and interesting in an old-fashioned way lovely eyes blinking at them, he'd never give anything back in return.
(Counterblast, Vol 53, Issue 2, Marjorie Celona, 2018)
And I can see my high cheekbones, almond shaped eyes and lovely lips (Kitty Tells
Alton watched as a medley of emotions began to tug her lovely face, tugging the gray eyes, twisting the full mouth, doing something cruel to the long pale throat.
(The Eyes of Alton Kornhauser, Vol 139, Iss 7/8, Wolven, Nick, 2019)
" Now that pair on your lovely feet is definitely you!" (Foxy Lady of the Lake, Vol.
He said her lovely nose required the whiskers of an otter.
(The Ravens Fed the Prophet, Oct2013, Vol 57 Issue 10, p122-127 6p.,
In "Hook" (1991), a man confronts a Freudian hallucination, a complex manifestation related to his mother Despite his confusion over its winged appearance and his own orphanhood, he finds himself drawn to its beauty and pleasant demeanor The hallucination's existence remains unexplained, and the man's past as an accountant suggests a lack of drug use or cultural participation during the 1960s counterculture movement.
Add to this face pretty red lips that disclose a row of lovely teeth, and large, bewitching black eyes, and you have but a faint picture of the beauty of Mme.
Verne (Around the World in Seventy-Two Days, 2012)