A COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE AIR POLLUTION Edited by Budi Haryanto AIR POLLUTION – A COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE Edited by Budi Haryanto Air Pollution – A Comprehensive Perspective http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2591 Edited by Budi Haryanto Contributors Margherita Ferrante, Maria Fiore, Gea Oliveri Conti, Caterina Ledda, Roberto Fallico, Salvatore Sciacca, Helena Martins, Ana Miranda, Carlos Borrego, Selçuk Arslan, Ali Aybek, Francisco A. Serrano-Bernardo, Luigi Bruzzi, Enrique H. Toscano, José L. Rosúa-Campos, Marzuki Ismail, Azrin Suroto, Nurul Ain Ismail, An-Soo Jang, Masoumeh Rashidi, Mohammad Hossein Rameshat, Hadi Gharib, S. B. Nugroho, A. Fujiwara, J. Zhang, Takao Matsumoto, Douyan Wang, Takao Namihira, Hidenori Akiyama, Michael Hein, Manfred Kaiser, Parisa Shahmohamadi, Ulrich Cubasch, Sahar Sodoudi, A.I. Che-Ani, Wang-Kun Chen, Hussein Ibrahim, Adrian Ilinca, S. De Iaco, S. Maggio, M. Palma, D. Posa Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Daria Nahtigal Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Air Pollution – A Comprehensive Perspective, Edited by Budi Haryanto p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0705-7 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Current Characteristic of Air Pollutants 1 Chapter 1 Old and New Air Pollutants: An Evaluation on Thirty Years Experiences 3 Margherita Ferrante, Maria Fiore, Gea Oliveri Conti, Caterina Ledda, Roberto Fallico and Salvatore Sciacca Chapter 2 Urban Structure and Air Quality 27 Helena Martins, Ana Miranda and Carlos Borrego Chapter 3 Particulate Matter Exposure in Agriculture 73 Selçuk Arslan and Ali Aybek Chapter 4 Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases Emissions Produced by Tourism Life Cycle: Possible Solutions to Reduce Emissions and to Introduce Adaptation Measures 105 Francisco A. Serrano-Bernardo, Luigi Bruzzi, Enrique H. Toscano and José L. Rosúa-Campos Section 2 Air Pollution Monitoring and Health Effects 139 Chapter 5 Time Series Analysis of Surface Ozone Monitoring Records in Kemaman, Malaysia 141 Marzuki Ismail, Azrin Suroto and Nurul Ain Ismail Chapter 6 Particulate Air Pollutants and Respiratory Diseases 153 An-Soo Jang Chapter 7 Air Pollution and Death Due to Cardiovascular Diseases (Case Study: Isfahan Province of Iran) 175 Masoumeh Rashidi, Mohammad Hossein Rameshat and Hadi Gharib VI Contents Chapter 8 Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Surface Ozone in Urban Area: A Multilevel and Structural Equation Model Approach 185 S. B. Nugroho, A. Fujiwara and J. Zhang Section 3 Air Pollution Management and Prediction 213 Chapter 9 Non-Thermal Plasma Technic for Air Pollution Control 215 Takao Matsumoto, Douyan Wang, Takao Namihira and Hidenori Akiyama Chapter 10 Environmental Control and Emission Reduction for Coking Plants 235 Michael Hein and Manfred Kaiser Chapter 11 Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects in Tehran Metropolitan Area 281 Parisa Shahmohamadi, Ulrich Cubasch, Sahar Sodoudi and A.I. Che-Ani Chapter 12 Managing Emergency Response of Air Pollution by the Expert System 319 Wang-Kun Chen Chapter 13 Contribution of the Compressed Air Energy Storage in the Reduction of GHG – Case Study: Application on the Remote Area Power Supply System 337 Hussein Ibrahim and Adrian Ilinca Chapter 14 Advances in Spatio-Temporal Modeling and Prediction for Environmental Risk Assessment 365 S. De Iaco, S. Maggio, M. Palma and D. Posa Preface Countries the world over, especially in the developing world, are experiencing rapid urbanization. The share of the world’s population living in cities is reported to have grown from about 35 percent in 1970 to almost 50 percent in 2001, and this number is expected to increase to more than 60 percent by 2030 (UN-HABITAT 2001). One of the many consequences of the increased economic activity that accompanies urbanization—particularly increased vehicle use, electricity generation, and industrial production—is the deterioration of air quality (Molina 2004). Concentrations of conventional air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and air toxics, are rising in many cities and are in many cases already well above the World Health Organization’s guidelines for ambient air-quality standards. Moreover, even with mounting evidence of the negative health effects of air pollution (HEI 2004), these cities largely have been unable to stem the rising tide. Air pollution in major cities, especially in developing countries, has reached a crisis point. The bad air quality is responsible for the death of 3 million people each year and presents a dilemma for millions worldwide that suffer asthma, acute respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and lung cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that more than 530,000 premature deaths in Asia are due to urban air pollution. In many countries in Asia, vehicle emissions are expected to increase over the next few decades, as the vehicle population increases. If no action is taken to clean up fuels and vehicles, urban air pollution will continue to degrade. This book provides many important air pollution issues and demonstrates the widespread nature of the air pollution phenomena, the impacts on human health and the environment, and effective strategies for its management and control. Budi Haryanto Associate professor, Department of Environmental Health Head of Research Division of the Research Center for Climate Change University of Indonesia Indonesia [...]... developing and developed countries” IUAPPA Durban, South Africa 14 – 18 September 1998 Ferrante Margherita, Aldo Calogero, Gea Oliveri Conti, Enzo Vicari, Caterina Ledda Paola Asero, Salvatore Sciacca, Rosario D’Agata Cadmium toxicity: a possible cause of male infertility., ISEE Barcellona 2011?) Ferrante Margherita, Aldo Calogero, Gea Oliveri Conti, Vincenzo Vicari, Maria Fiore, Giovanni Arena, Salvatore... Fallico R, Brundo V.M, Fiore M, Oliveri Conti G, Sinatra M L, Bella F, Galata' R, Castagno R, Caltavituro P, Cirrone Cipolla A, Ferrante M Characterization of inhalable particulate matter in Siracusa city 14th International Union of Air Polllution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations (IUAPPA) World Congress 2007 incorporating 18th Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand (CASANZ)... Chapter 1 Old and New Air Pollutants: An Evaluation on Thirty Years Experiences Margherita Ferrante, Maria Fiore, Gea Oliveri Conti, Caterina Ledda, Roberto Fallico and Salvatore Sciacca Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47820 1 Introduction Air pollutants are generally defined as those substances which alter the composition of the natural atmosphere... is the attainment year for NO2 and C6H6 limit values A further important issue in European urban areas is also exceedance of the annual NO2 limit value, particularly at urban traffic stations (#) Signifies that this is a target value and not a legally binding limit value; see EC, 200 8a for definition of legal terms (Article 2) (*) Exceptions are Bulgaria and Romania, where the date applicable was 2007... Oxides Secondary National Air Quality Standards” 3/20/2012 Environmental Protection Agency Sources of indoor air pollution organic gases (Volatile Organic Compounds—VOCs) Available at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html Site last updated Environmental Protection Agency Sources of indoor air pollution respirable particles, 2005 a Available at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/rpart.html EPA, http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/dioxins.htm... concentrations Heavy metals can reside in or be attached to PM For several metals there are the standard reference, in particular for lead the limit is intended as an average annual value of 0.5 ug/m3 Urban sources of lead are fossil fuels, mining and manufacturing The use of lead as an additive to gasoline was banned in 1996 in the United States and since then the cases of acute intoxication are notably... Sciacca S Sustainable development and air quality in the Catania city within Atti 13th World Clean Air and Environmental Protection IUAPPA, NSCAEP and ISEEQS London, 22-27 Agosto 2004 Ferrante M., Fallico R., Smecca G., Fiore M., Sciacca S First information about Pt, Pd and Rh in air, foods and biological samples in the district of Catania 11th World Clean Air e Environment Congress “The interface between... health 6 Air Pollution – A Comprehensive Perspective 3 Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless, colorless and toxic gaseous pollutant ubiquitous in the outdoor atmosphere that is generated by combustion (Bell M, et All 2009) EPA initially established NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standard) for CO on April 30, 1971 The standards were set at 9 ppm, as an 8-hour average, and 35... They are natural components of the earth’s crust Their presence in air, water and soil erosion resulting from natural phenomena and human activities To a small extent they enter human bodies where, as trace elements, they are essential to maintain the normal metabolic reactions They cannot be degraded or destroyed, and can be transported by air, and enter water and human food supply Respect to air pollution, ... industrial facilities which release cadmium into the air Following the European Law 155/2010, Sicily adopted a plane to value and manage air quality, aiming to not exceed levels of 5,0 ng/m3 of cadmium in the air (ARPA Sicilia) The form of cadmium that is of most interest for health effects from inhalation exposure is cadmium oxide because that is the main form of airborne cadmium Our research group has . Nurul Ain Ismail, An-Soo Jang, Masoumeh Rashidi, Mohammad Hossein Rameshat, Hadi Gharib, S. B. Nugroho, A. Fujiwara, J. Zhang, Takao Matsumoto, Douyan Wang, Takao Namihira, Hidenori Akiyama, Michael. Ismail, Azrin Suroto and Nurul Ain Ismail Chapter 6 Particulate Air Pollutants and Respiratory Diseases 153 An-Soo Jang Chapter 7 Air Pollution and Death Due to Cardiovascular Diseases (Case. 2009). EPA initially established NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standard) for CO on April 30, 1971. The standards were set at 9 ppm, as an 8-hour average, and 35 ppm, as a 1-hour average,