CRUDE OIL EXPLORATION IN THE WORLD pdf

CRUDE OIL EXPLORATION IN THE WORLD Edited by Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes Crude Oil Exploration in the World Edited by Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vana Persen Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Crude Oil Exploration in the World, Edited by Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0379-0 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Crude Oil Geochemistry Dependent Biomarker Distributions in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt 1 M. A. Younes Chapter 2 Hydrocarbon Potentials in the Northern Western Desert of Egypt 23 M. A. Younes Chapter 3 Crude Oil and Fractional Spillages Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation in Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria: A Review About the Environmental and Public Health Impact 17 John Kanayochukwu Nduka, Fabian Onyeka Obumselu and Ngozi Lilian Umedum Chapter 4 Magnetic Susceptibility of Petroleum Reservoir Crude Oils in Petroleum Engineering 71 Oleksandr P. Ivakhnenko Chapter 5 Environmental Bases on the Exploitation of Crude Oil in Mexico 89 Dinora Vázquez-Luna Chapter 6 Spreading and Retraction of Spilled Crude Oil on Sea Water 107 Koichi Takamura, Nina Loahardjo, Winoto Winoto, Jill Buckley, Norman R. Morrow, Makoto Kunieda, Yunfeng Liang and Toshifumi Matsuoka Chapter 7 Fate of Subsurface Migration of Crude Oil Spill: A Review 125 P. O. Youdeowei Chapter 8 Crude Oil Transportation: Nigerian Niger Delta Waxy Crude 135 Elijah Taiwo, John Otolorin and Tinuade Afolabi VI Contents Chapter 9 Degradation of Petroleum Fractions in Soil Under Natural Environment: A Gravimetric and Gas Chromatographic Analysis Prahash Chandra Sarma Chapter 10 To what Extent Do Oil Prices Depend on the Value of US Dollar: Theoretical Investigation and Empirical Evidence 181 Saleh Mothana Obadi Chapter 11 A State-of-the-Art Review of Finance Research in Physical and Financial Trading Markets in Crude Oil 203 Andrew C. Worthington Preface Exploring for oil and gas Traps is one of the main aim of the “Crude Oil Exploration in the World” which represents an important part of the Treatise of Petroleum Geology and Geochemistry in the world. We have chosen eleven distinguished papers from the entire submitted researches around the world in the field of oil and gas exploration and environmental application from the world. These researches represent a guide to the petroleum geologists and geochemists all over the world. The handbook of “Crude Oil Exploration in the World” is a professional exploration's guide to the petroleum technology, methodology to explore fields of oil and gas in the world. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes General Coordinator of Petroleum Geology Program Professor of Petroleum Geology and Geochemistry, Geology Department, Moharrem Beck, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt [...]... showing the distribution of oil samples from the different fields of the southern Gulf of Suez province 3 4 Crude Oil Exploration in the World Fig 2 Generalized lithostratigraphic succession illustrating the rifting sequences and hydrocarbon distributions in the southern Gulf of Suez modified after (Alsharhan, 2003) the syn-rift and pre-rift tectonic sequences of the Gulf of Suez Furthermore, the data... environment of the source rock and the degree of thermal maturity at which the oil was expelled Crude Oil Geochemistry Dependent Biomarker Distributions in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt 17 Sofer (1984) distinguished oils derived from marine and non-marine sources from different parts of the world, including Egypt on the basis of the 13 C composition of the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions Using the canonical... 1992) Khalda was the first discovered field in 1970 by Conco Egypt Inc and Phoenix Resources and after that followed the discovery of Kahraman, Meleiha, Tut, Salam, Yasser, Shrouk, Safir, Hayat and Kenz oilfields (Figure1) Fig 1 Location map to the Shushan Basin oilfields 24 Crude Oil Exploration in the World The sedimentary cover within the northern coastal basins reaches about 14,000 ft The stratigraphic... relatively low levels of thermal maturity Meanwhile, crude oil of the central province is characterized by low API gravity, a predominance of pristane over phytane, a high C35/C34 2 Crude Oil Exploration in the World homohopane index, and a lighter carbon isotopic composition (13C saturate -29‰) oils of the southern province is characterized by a high API gravity, a low sulfur content and intermediate carbon... identifications in the m/z 217 mass fragmentograms 8 Crude Oil Exploration in the World 4 Gross geochemical characteristics The syn-rift oil produced from (Miocene) reservoirs is a naphthenic, non-waxy crude with API gravity ranging from 27.9o to 34.9o and sulfur content between 0.78 to 0.98 wt.% (Table 1) Meanwhile, the second type, which occurs in the pre-rift lithostratigraphic units is paraffinic and... ratio for the crude oil is generally consistent with the carbon preference index CPI, indicating an anoxic marine depositional environment (Mello et al., 1988) The C35/C34 homohopane ratio was found to be less than unity for type-I oil, suggesting a reducing marine environment The Ts/(Ts+Tm) ratio is greater than unity for type-II oil suggesting a higher contribution of bacterial biomass to the sediments... plots of the Pr/Ph ratio for the two oil types against various depositional environment biomarker indices show an obvious separation of the two oil types, and a direct relationship of the Pr/Ph ratio with the oleanane index and an inverse relationship with gammacerane and the C35/C34 homohopane ratio An inverse relationship also exists between the oleanane and gammacerane indices for the two oil types... al., 2000) The Gulf of Suez province has been producing oil since 1908 and is reported to have 1.35 billion barrels of recoverable oil reserves Intensive exploration has resulted in the discovery of more than 120 oil fields providing more than 50% of the overall daily oil production in Egypt (Egypt Country Analysis Briefs, 2009) The Precambrian to Holocene lithostratigraphic succession of the Gulf reaches... compositions of crude oils Biomarker variations in crude oils of various ages and source rock types dividing the Gulf of Suez crude oils into two oil types referred as type-I and II that were generated from two types of source rocks of different levels of thermal maturation Type-I oil is characterized by a predominance of oleanane and low gammacerane indices suggesting an angiosperm higher land plants input... Matruh City, covering an area of about 3800 Km2 which forms the major part of the unstable shelf as defined by Said (1990) It is located northeast-southwest trending basin This basin characterizes by its high oil and gas accumulations and its oil productivity about 45,000 BOPD from 150 producing wells in 16 oilfields, which represents more than one third of the oil production from the northern Western . Financial Trading Markets in Crude Oil 203 Andrew C. Worthington Preface Exploring for oil and gas Traps is one of the main aim of the Crude Oil Exploration in the World . CRUDE OIL EXPLORATION IN THE WORLD Edited by Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes Crude Oil Exploration in the World Edited by Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes Published by InTech. Egypt 3 Fig. 1. Map showing the distribution of oil samples from the different fields of the southern Gulf of Suez province. Crude Oil Exploration in the World 4 Fig. 2. Generalized