SINTERING – METHODS AND PRODUCTS pdf

SINTERING – METHODS AND PRODUCTS Edited by Volodymyr Shatokha Sintering – Methods and Products Edited by Volodymyr Shatokha Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Sintering – Methods and Products, Edited by Volodymyr Shatokha p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0371-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Sintering Technologies and Methods 1 Chapter 1 Latest Generation Sinter Process Optimization Systems 3 Thomas Kronberger, Martin Schaler and Christoph Schönegger Chapter 2 Modeling Sintering Process of Iron Ore 23 Jose Adilson de Castro Chapter 3 Development of Sintered MCrAlY Alloys for Aeronautical Applications 47 Fernando Juárez López and Ricardo Cuenca Alvarez Chapter 4 Metal Laser Sintering for Rapid Tooling in Application to Tyre Tread Pattern Mould 73 Jelena Milovanovic, Milos Stojkovic and Miroslav Trajanovic Chapter 5 Sintering of Supported Metal Catalysts 91 José Luis Contreras and Gustavo A. Fuentes Chapter 6 Sintering Characteristics of Injection Moulded 316L Component Using Palm-Based Biopolymer Binder 127 Mohd Afian Omar and Istikamah Subuki Chapter 7 Liquid Phase Sintering of Fe-Cu-Sn-Pb System for Tribological Applications 147 Cristina Teisanu Chapter 8 Photonic Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles: Comparison of Experiment and Theory 173 Jeff West, Michael Carter, Steve Smith and James Sears VI Contents Chapter 9 Microwave-Induced Combustion Synthesis of Luminescent Aluminate Powders 189 A. Potdevin, N. Pradal, M L. François, G. Chadeyron, D. Boyer and R. Mahiou Part 2 Characterisation and Properties of Sintered Materials 213 Chapter 10 On the Application of 3D X-Ray Microtomography for Studies in the Field of Iron Ore Sintering Technology 215 Volodymyr Shatokha, Iurii Korobeynikov and Eric Maire Chapter 11 Effect of the Additives of Nanosized Nb and Ta Carbides on Microstructure and Properties of Sintered Stainless Steel 233 Uílame Umbelino Gomes, José Ferreira da Silva Jr. and Gislâine Bezerra Pinto Ferreira Chapter 12 Properties and Structure of Sintered Boron Containing Carbon Steels 249 G. Bagliuk Chapter 13 Influence of Sintering Temperature on Magnetotransport Behavior of Some Nanocrystalline Manganites 267 G. Venkataiah , Y. Kalyana Lakshmi and P. Venugopal Reddy Chapter 14 The Quantification of Crystalline Phases in Materials: Applications of Rietveld Method 293 Cláudia T. Kniess, João Cardoso de Lima and Patrícia B. Prates Preface Sintering refers to the science and technology of production objects from fines or powders. Being a very complex phenomenon, sintering covers a broad subject field and combines chemistry, physics and mechanics. Sintering deals with various material systems such as metals, non-metals, ceramics, polymers, and their combinations. Processes of sintering may occur in a wide temperature range - in a solid state as well as with participation of a liquid phase. As a material processing method, sintering embraces extremely wide group of technologies used to obtain such different products as for example iron ore agglomerate and luminescent films. In recent times some novel methods emerge such as for example laser sintering, electric current assisted sintering, photonic sintering, microwave sintering, and spark plasma sintering. Modern science and technology of sintering aim at the energy-efficient production of materials with intended properties – whether it is mechanical strength, heat resistivity, magnetotransport characteristics, tribological behaviour and so on. These properties are associated with structure and morphology, therefore characterisation methods of sintered product are of special attention. The book, Sintering - Methods and Products, assembles various aspects of sintering in chapters written by the experienced scientists from all over the world. It comprises two sections focusing on Sintering technologies and methods, and Characterisation and properties of sintered materials. Sharing their results and expertise with the reading audience, the authors have dedicated their time and energy to make this book happen. I am very thankful to all the authors for their contribution. I thank sincerely InTech - Open Access Publisher for the initiative of publishing this book. Reading audience of researchers and students dealing with or interested in sintering has now a really unique opportunity to find comprehensive, cutting edge information covering a wide range of interdisciplinary issues in the domain of science and technology of sintering in a single book. Dr. Volodymyr Shatokha National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Ukraine [...]... to large machines with the area and bed height compatible with the auxiliary equipments used for suction of the outlet gas The area of the strand and the suction power together with the bed permeability determines the maximum speed and hence, the productivity of the process However, depending on the 24 Sintering – Methods and Products selected operational parameters and raw materials the quality of... oxidation and bonding phase formation in the sintering process conditions were studied by Yang et al (Yang et al 1997) Yamaoka and Kawaguchi(Yamaoka & Kawaguchi, 2005) discussed 3D variations on sinter properties produced on a pot apparatus experimental facility and presented a mathematical model based on transport 26 Sintering – Methods and Products phenomena to simulate the experimental conditions and. .. blast furnace) A low fraction of material with small diameters leads to high Dh and thus to good permeability 10 Sintering – Methods and Products 3.2.5 Burn-through time prediction model The model predicts the dynamic behaviour of the sintering based on the process conditions and raw mix parameters, including permeability and waste-gas data The predicted burnthrough time is used as an important input... by green and red lights (see Fig 11) The distinction between semiautomatic and closed-loop mode is described in detail in the section below 16 Sintering – Methods and Products Semi-automatic mode If a rule or control is in semi-automatic mode, a detailed description of all recommended changes is provided to the operator by the expert system During a configurable period of time (usually 10 – 15 minutes)... quality Later on in this document we will briefly call the system ‘VAiron Sinter’ 4 • • Sintering – Methods and Products Synoptical operational decisions throughout all shifts – Constant operating conditions throughout all shifts will increase the lifetime of the equipment and reduce production costs Reduction of emissions – With the closed-loop operation mode of the VAiron Sinter Expert System, the production... sinter plant as smooth and steady as possible The process can be disturbed, however, 12 Sintering – Methods and Products by changes in the properties of charged materials, failures in the process, human factors, process conditions, etc Delays in corrective measures compensating for the interference factors may vary from minutes to hours, days and weeks Correct timing of control actions and anticipation of... ignition-hood control, exhaust-gas-cooler control and cooler control The focus of these basic control functions is to assure a smooth and reliable sintering process and to enable a continued process optimization 3.1 VAironment – Process information and data-management system A multithreaded, three-tier, client-server real-time application is the basis for the hardware and software configuration in VAiron Sinter... individually selected entry data of the respective plant 18 Sintering – Methods and Products Fig 12 Overview of Sinter Plant Productivity Control In the longitudinal BTP optimization described above, the objective is to obtain an average BTP position that is optimally distanced from the strand end Full utilization of the surface of the sinter strand, however, can only be achieved when, at the same time,... Sintering – Methods and Products In consequence, the main difference between manual operation and operation supported by the expert system is that the latter is characterized by more frequent, but smaller control actions The resulting smooth operation of the sinter plant leads to: • • • Higher availability of the sinter plant Longer overall lifetime of the sinter plant Reduced maintenance efforts and. .. Level 1 recipe is detected and it calculates the actual sinter composition using the actual raw mix data 3.2.2 Stacking plan for blending ore bed The model calculates a stacking plan for blending ore beds based on the raw mix composition calculated by the corresponding raw mix calculation After considering the 8 Sintering – Methods and Products availability of materials and intermediate bunkers, the . SINTERING – METHODS AND PRODUCTS Edited by Volodymyr Shatokha Sintering – Methods and Products Edited by Volodymyr Shatokha . orders@intechopen.com Sintering – Methods and Products, Edited by Volodymyr Shatokha p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0371-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Sintering Technologies and Methods 1. as for example laser sintering, electric current assisted sintering, photonic sintering, microwave sintering, and spark plasma sintering. Modern science and technology of sintering aim at the