MOLECULAR REGULATION OF ENDOCYTOSIS pot

MOLECULAR REGULATION OF ENDOCYTOSIS Edited by Brian Ceresa Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2989 Edited by Brian Ceresa Contributors Frauke Ackermann, Joshua A. Gregory, Lennart Brodin, Abbas A. Alibhoy, Hui-Ling Chiang, Ichirou Karahara, L. Andrew Staehelin, Yoshinobu Mineyuki, Jianjun Sun, Jesse S. Aaron, Jerilyn A. Timlin, Paola Ramoino, Alberto Diaspro, Marco Fato, Cesare Usai, Norica Branza-Nichita, Alina Macovei, Catalin Lazar, F. Brent Johnson, Enkhmart Dudleenamjil, Maude Boisvert, Peter Tijssen, Thorsten Eierhoff, Bahne Stechmann, Winfried Römer, Maria C. Touz, Zhixiang Wang, Elisa Sala, Luca Ruggiero, Giuseppina Di Giacomo, Ottavio Cremona, Ronny Racine, Mark E. Mummert, Johan A. Slotman, Peter van Kerkhof, Gerco Hassink, Hendrik J. Kuiken, Ger J. Strous, Keiji Hirota, Hiroshi Terada, Wanling Liang, Jenny K. W. Lam Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vana Persen Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis, Edited by Brian Ceresa p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0662-3 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Regulation of Tissue Homeostasis by the Endocytic Pathway 1 Chapter 1 Key Events in Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis 3 Frauke Ackermann, Joshua A. Gregory and Lennart Brodin Chapter 2 The Vacuole Import and Degradation Pathway Converges with the Endocytic Pathway to Transport Cargo to the Vacuole for Degradation 17 Abbas A. Alibhoy and Hui-Ling Chiang Chapter 3 The Role of Endocytosis in the Creation of the Cortical Division Zone in Plants 41 Ichirou Karahara, L. Andrew Staehelin and Yoshinobu Mineyuki Chapter 4 Roles of Cellular Redox Factors in Pathogen and Toxin Entry in the Endocytic Pathways 61 Jianjun Sun Section 2 Using Microscopy to Study Endocytic Trafficking 91 Chapter 5 Advanced Optical Imaging of Endocytosis 93 Jesse S. Aaron and Jerilyn A. Timlin Chapter 6 Imaging of Endocytosis in Paramecium by Confocal Microscopy 123 Paola Ramoino, Alberto Diaspro, Marco Fato and Cesare Usai Section 3 Viruses 153 Chapter 7 Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis in Viral Infection 155 Norica Branza-Nichita, Alina Macovei and Catalin Lazar VI Contents Chapter 8 Clathrin-Associated Endocytosis as a Route of Entry into Cells for Parvoviruses 183 F. Brent Johnson and Enkhmart Dudleenamjil Chapter 9 Endocytosis of Non-Enveloped DNA Viruses 217 Maude Boisvert and Peter Tijssen Section 4 Pathogens and Toxins 247 Chapter 10 Pathogen and Toxin Entry – How Pathogens and Toxins Induce and Harness Endocytotic Mechanisms 249 Thorsten Eierhoff, Bahne Stechmann and Winfried Römer Chapter 11 The Unique Endosomal/Lysosomal System of Giardia lamblia 277 Maria C. Touz Section 5 Cell Surface Receptors 299 Chapter 12 Mutual Regulation of Receptor-Mediated Cell Signalling and Endocytosis: EGF Receptor System as an Example 301 Zhixiang Wang Chapter 13 Endocytosis in Notch Signaling Activation 331 Elisa Sala, Luca Ruggiero, Giuseppina Di Giacomo and Ottavio Cremona Chapter 14 Hyaluronan Endocytosis: Mechanisms of Uptake and Biological Functions 377 Ronny Racine and Mark E. Mummert Chapter 15 Identification of Ubiquitin System Factors in Growth Hormone Receptor Transport 391 Johan A. Slotman, Peter van Kerkhof, Gerco Hassink, Hendrik J. Kuiken and Ger J. Strous Section 6 Drug Delivery 411 Chapter 16 Endocytosis of Particle Formulations by Macrophages and Its Application to Clinical Treatment 413 Keiji Hirota and Hiroshi Terada Chapter 17 Endosomal Escape Pathways for Non-Viral Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems 429 Wanling Liang and Jenny K. W. Lam Preface For decades, endocytosis has been recognized as a fundamental cellular process that regulates the uptake of small molecules (cell surface proteins, bacteria, toxins, etc.) into the cell. So why, after years of study, does this simple process warrant more discussion? Anyone who has examined the endocytic pathway will appreciate that this conceptually simple mechanism is highly complex and sophisticated. Like ballet dancers who make their synchronous performance seem effortless, the cell brings in molecules via a carefully choreographed mechanism. However, closer inspection reveals very specific roles that are dependent on the cargo being internalized. There are differences in the routes of entry into the cell (calthrin-mediated versus non- clathrin dependent), pathways within the cell (recycling versus degradation), and consequences associated with each branch point (i.e. viral replication versus viral senescence). With each branch point there are differences in the resulting cell biology. There were several goals in writing this book. First, by bringing together researchers that study diverse biological processes, there is a side-by-side comparison of the commonalities and differences of these processes. Second, tools that are standard in one field can often be novel to another. With a common mechanistic link, each story reveals new experimental approaches. Next, the examples in this book help one look beyond the mechanism of endocytosis and onto the functional relevance. How does endocytosis support the life cycle of a virus? Does endocytic trafficking help or hinder the signaling by a receptor? Does the route of entry effect the toxicity of foreign substances? Finally, the later chapters in this book demonstrate ways in which the endocytic process can be harnessed for therapeutic applications. While endocytosis has been well studied, the work is far from done. This book will be part of the continuum in understanding endocytic trafficking. It is the hope that this book will be useful to scientists who have had a longstanding interest in membrane trafficking, those who have just begun their exploration, and those who need their curiosity satisfied. Brian P. Ceresa, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA . MOLECULAR REGULATION OF ENDOCYTOSIS Edited by Brian Ceresa Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2989 Edited. extended periods of synaptic activity (6). The endosomal route may be used more extensively in subsets of synapses (7). Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis 4 2. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis. synaptojanin (38,39). Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis 8 5. What triggers synaptic vesicle endocytosis? The simplest answer to the question of what triggers synaptic vesicle endocytosis would