PHOTONIC CRYSTALS – INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS, LASERS AND WAVEGUIDES Edited by Alessandro Massaro Photonic Crystals – Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides Edited by Alessandro Massaro Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Photonic Crystals – Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides, Edited by Alessandro Massaro p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0416-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Photonic Crystal Laser and Photonic Crystal Characterization 1 Chapter 1 Angular-Resolved Optical Characteristics and Threshold Gain Analysis of GaN-Based 2-D Photonics Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers 3 Shih-Wei Chen, Tien-Chang Lu, Ting-Chun Liu, Peng-Hsiang Weng, Hao-Chung Kuo and Shing-Chung Wang Chapter 2 980nm Photonic Microcavity Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser 21 Yongqiang Ning and Guangyu Liu Chapter 3 Dynamic All Optical Slow Light Tunability by Using Nonlinear One Dimensional Coupled Cavity Waveguides 31 Alireza Bananej, S. Morteza Zahedi, S. M. Hamidi, Amir Hassanpour and S. Amiri Chapter 4 The Optical Transmission of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Containing Double-Negative Materials 41 Petcu Andreea Cristina Chapter 5 Mid-Infrared Surface-Emitting Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal Semiconductor Lasers 65 Binbin Weng and Zhisheng Shi Part 2 Innovative Materials and Systems 79 Chapter 6 A Novel Compact Photonic Crystal Fibre Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for an Aqueous Environment 81 Emmanuel K. Akowuah, Terry Gorman, Huseyin Ademgil, Shyqyri Haxha, Gary Robinson and Jenny Oliver VI Contents Chapter 7 On the Applicability of Photonic Crystal Membranes to Multi-Channel Propagation 97 Bartłomiej Salski, Kamila Leśniewska-Matys and Paweł Szczepański Chapter 8 Employing Optical Nonlinearity in Photonic Crystals: A Step Towards All-Optical Logic Gates 123 Mohammad Danaie and Hassan Kaatuzian Chapter 9 Thin Chalcogenide Films for Photonic Applications 143 Rossen Todorov, Jordanka Tasseva and Tsvetanka Babeva Chapter 10 Ultra-Broadband Time-Resolved Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy with Photonic Crystal Fiber Generated Supercontinuum 169 Hanben Niu and Jun Yin Part 3 Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Plasmonics 207 Chapter 11 Photonic Crystal Coupled to N-V Center in Diamond 209 Luca Marseglia Chapter 12 Label-Free Biosensing Using Photonic Crystal Waveguides 235 Jaime García-Rupérez, Veronica Toccafondo and Javier García Castelló Chapter 13 Photonic Crystals for Plasmonics: From Fundamentals to Superhydrophobic Devices 257 Remo Proietti Zaccaria, Anisha Gopalakrishnan, Gobind Das, Francesco Gentile, Ali Haddadpour, Andrea Toma, Francesco De Angelis, Carlo Liberale, Federico Mecarini, Luca Razzari, Andrea Giugni, Roman Krahne and Enzo Di Fabrizio Chapter 14 Plasma Photonic Crystal 281 Rajneesh Kumar Chapter 15 Photonic Crystal for Polarization Rotation 295 Bayat and Baroughi Chapter 16 Negative Index Photonic Crystals Superlattices and Zero Phase Delay Lines 327 C. W. Wong, S. Kocaman, M. S. Aras, P. Hsieh, J. F. McMillan, C. G. Biris, N. C. Panoiu, M. B. Yu, D. L. Kwong and A. Stein Preface The book is oriented on topics concerning innovative materials, photonic crystal waveguides and lasers including plasmonics, technological aspects and geometrical layouts. Photonic crystal waveguides are considered one of the main applications of two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystals. They have received significant attention, both experimentally and theoretically. In particular, 2-D photonic crystal lasers, potentially have great practical applications in the mid-IR region due to their unique features in, for example, surface emission, circular beams, low threshold operation, miniaturization and simplicity of on-chip monolithic integration, etc. Furthermore, innovative materials and plasmonic photonic crystals have recently been the focus of intense study for different applications. The goal of this book is to provide an overview about different implementations of photonic crystals. This book is structured into three main sections: 1. Photonic crystal laser and photonic crystal characterization. The topics discussed in this section are oriented on different photonic crystal properties and configurations. In particular GaN-based 2-D photonics crystal, photonic microcavity vertical cavity surface emitting laser, nonlinear coupled cavity waveguides, double negative materials and semiconductor lasers are discussed. 2. Innovative Materials and Systems. This section introduces innovative materials and systems such as biosensing system for aqueous environment by means of photonic crystal fibre, nonlinear and multi channel systems, silicon and chalcogenide photonic crystals, and spectroscopy systems. The goal of this section is to show the broad range of applications of photonic crystal systems. 3. Photonic crystal waveguides and plasmonics. Different kind of photonic crystal layouts are studied in this section. Issues such as polarization behaviour, label- free optical biosensing, and plasmonics are discussed in order to provide a complete overview concerning photonic crystal waveguiding properties. Dr. Eng. Alessandro Massaro Italian Institute of Technology IIT, Center of Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology Italy . PHOTONIC CRYSTALS – INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS, LASERS AND WAVEGUIDES Edited by Alessandro Massaro Photonic Crystals – Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides. orders@intechopen.com Photonic Crystals – Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides, Edited by Alessandro Massaro p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0416-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Photonic. nitrogen. Photonic Crystals – Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides 8 Fig. 6. The angular-resolved μ-PL (AR μ-PL) system 3.2 Threshold characteristics of fundamental mode of PhC lasers