INSECTICIDES – BASIC AND OTHER APPLICATIONS potx

INSECTICIDES–BASICAND OTHERAPPLICATIONS  EditedbySoniaSoloneskiand MarceloLarramendy           Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications Edited by Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications, Edited by Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0007-2   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Basic and Alternative Control of Insect Pests 1 Chapter 1 Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds ( Daucus carota L.) 3 Andréia da Silva Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, Maria Ângela André Tillmann and Geri Eduardo Meneghello Chapter 2 The Pyrethroid Knockdown Resistance 17 Ademir Jesus Martins and Denise Valle Chapter 3 Photoremediation of Carbamate Residues in Water 39 Anđelka V. Tomašević and Slavica M. Gašić Chapter 4 Tree Injection as an Alternative Method of Insecticide Application 61 Joseph J. Doccola and Peter M. Wild Chapter 5 Development of a Prophylactic Butyrylcholinesterase Bioscavenger to Protect Against Insecticide Toxicity Using a Homologous Macaque Model 79 Yvonne Rosenberg, Xiaoming Jiang, Lingjun Mao, Segundo Hernandez Abanto, Keunmyoung Lee Chapter 6 Adverse Effect of Insecticides on Various Aspects of Fish’s Biology and Physiology 101 Mahdi Banaee Chapter 7 Production of Insecticidal Baculoviruses in Insect Cell Cultures: Potential and Limitations 127 Juan D. Claus, Verónica V. Gioria, Gabriela A. Micheloud and Gabriel Visnovsky Chapter 8 Factors Affecting Performance of Soil Termiticides 153 Beverly A. Wiltz VI Contents Chapter 9 Alternatives to Chemical Control of Insect Pests 171 Eric J. Rebek, Steven D. Frank, Tom A. Royer and Carlos E. Bográn Part 2 Further Applications 197 Chapter 10 Proteomic Profiling of Escherichia coli in Response to Carbamate Pesticide - Methomyl 199 Amritha G. Kulkarni and B. B. Kaliwal Chapter 11 Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Sensorimotor and Cognitive Changes Induced by Chronic Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Wistar Rats 207 Suleiman F. Ambali, Joseph O. Ayo, Muftau Shittu, Mohammed U. Kawu and Suleiman O. Salami Chapter 12 Non-Chemical Disinfestation of Food and Agricultural Commodities with Radiofrequency Power 233 Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar Chapter 13 Zero-Inflated Regression Methods for Insecticides 259 Abdullah Yeşilova, M. Salih Özgökçe and Yılmaz Kaya   Preface  FollowingHerbicides,Theory andApplications(InTech, 2011), this new addition aimsto shedmorelightonmattersofscientificinterestinpesticideandcropmanagement. Insectshave played arole inshapingthe history of mankind since the dawn oftime. Referenceto themcanbefoundinancientbooks,forexampleinthree(o rfour)ofthe tenplaguesofEgypt,topersuadePharaohtoreleasethepeopleofIsraelfromslavery. The purpose of pest control is to be able to produce more and better quality food as wellasdecreasecosts.Traditionalundernourishednationsnowexportfoodstuffs,but also suffer from the epidemi cs of obesity and diabetes among others. The benefits of insecticides speak for themselves. The pitfalls and dangers of their excessive use to animalandhumanhealth,aswellastheenvironment,donot. We cannot disregardthe interplaythatexists between science,nationalgovernments, internationalagenciesandeconomy,tona mebutafew.Whilemanyagentshavevery strictorforbidden indicationsofuseinmanycountries,thetruthis thatthesecriteria arenotseriouslyenforcedor,evenworse, aresimplydisregardedinsome.Agrowing trend is forcountriesto renttheir lands  forcu ltivationto others that are lessfavored by geographical conditions and who have an urgent need to feed those populations. These”host”countriesareusuallyinneedofcashand,insomecases,without ruleof law. Standardization of agricultural practices is another matter that should notbe disregardedintheoverallequation.Thereisageneralaversiontorelylessontheold farmer’s eye an d apply the same rule(s), whether they are appropriate or not. It has been estimated that an apple tree receives no less than 26 “treatments”. While minimum levels of insecticidesare set, theequationsometimes doe snot considerthe overall sum of those minimum values, which reaches alarming proportions in some cases. Scientists have the right and obligation to raise their voice and air concerns about double standards. Active principles that are forbidden to be used in most European and North American countries are still being produced for sale in far away destinations.Inothercases,localproductionisachievedbymeansofsubsidiaries,sale of licenses and local reformulations. Two of the BRIC countries are the main world X Preface producersofagrochemicalstoday.Therearemanyreasonsforthis,andthelistwould be too extensive and not inclusive but, among other things, we have to consider the meansgovernmentshaveattheirdisposaltosanctionproperlegislation,enforcebans, lobbying groups, struggle against smuggling or parallel import, higher cost of alternatives, at tractiveness to foreign investments and the price these commodities reachininternationalmarkets.Asadirectorofcorporatecommunicationsofoneofthe largest agrochemical companies once mentioned in an interview, “his company does not have to guarantee the safety of biotech food (goes without  saying that other products by th is conglomerate fall into this category by default). Assuring safety is FDA´s job”(Food and Drug Administration of USA). Companies change names and use green colored logos with plants or flowers to convey an image that cannot be furtherfromthetruth. Fewpeopledonotrecognizethatthisisa ctuallyaboomerang.Alargeportionofthese crops will be shipped to far away destinations, thus finding a way (directly or indirectly) to the consumer’s tables or to be used as animal feed. The ”green credentials” of foodstuffs and their packaging are another misleading factor. Several international food crisesthat have takenplace in thelast decades havedemonstrated this. Usually, appropriatemeasures are taken after a serious incident has taken place but, in general terms, too late for the victims involved. Scientists should also bear responsibilitiesvisàvisconsumersandnotonlygovernmentsandcompaniesinorder to avoid repe ating the mistakes from the past. Not only human beings, but also biomes, land and riparian organisms (fauna and flora) have to be considered. We all share one land, one air; political or legal borders are totally meaningless in this question. Itisourhopethatthisbookwillbeofinterestandusenotonlytoscientists,butalsoto the food‐producing industry, governments, politicians and consumers as well. If we areabletostimulatethisinterest,albeitinasmallway,wehaveachievedourgoal.  DrGuillermoEliLiwszyc, Physician,SpecialistinInternalMedicine, formerGuestScientis tattheUniversityofHelsinki, Finland 