INSECTICIDES–BASICAND OTHERAPPLICATIONS EditedbySoniaSoloneskiand MarceloLarramendy Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications Edited by Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications, Edited by Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0007-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Basic and Alternative Control of Insect Pests 1 Chapter 1 Insecticide Thiamethoxam: A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds ( Daucus carota L.) 3 Andréia da Silva Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, Maria Ângela André Tillmann and Geri Eduardo Meneghello Chapter 2 The Pyrethroid Knockdown Resistance 17 Ademir Jesus Martins and Denise Valle Chapter 3 Photoremediation of Carbamate Residues in Water 39 Anđelka V. Tomašević and Slavica M. Gašić Chapter 4 Tree Injection as an Alternative Method of Insecticide Application 61 Joseph J. Doccola and Peter M. Wild Chapter 5 Development of a Prophylactic Butyrylcholinesterase Bioscavenger to Protect Against Insecticide Toxicity Using a Homologous Macaque Model 79 Yvonne Rosenberg, Xiaoming Jiang, Lingjun Mao, Segundo Hernandez Abanto, Keunmyoung Lee Chapter 6 Adverse Effect of Insecticides on Various Aspects of Fish’s Biology and Physiology 101 Mahdi Banaee Chapter 7 Production of Insecticidal Baculoviruses in Insect Cell Cultures: Potential and Limitations 127 Juan D. Claus, Verónica V. Gioria, Gabriela A. Micheloud and Gabriel Visnovsky Chapter 8 Factors Affecting Performance of Soil Termiticides 153 Beverly A. Wiltz VI Contents Chapter 9 Alternatives to Chemical Control of Insect Pests 171 Eric J. Rebek, Steven D. Frank, Tom A. Royer and Carlos E. Bográn Part 2 Further Applications 197 Chapter 10 Proteomic Profiling of Escherichia coli in Response to Carbamate Pesticide - Methomyl 199 Amritha G. Kulkarni and B. B. Kaliwal Chapter 11 Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Sensorimotor and Cognitive Changes Induced by Chronic Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Wistar Rats 207 Suleiman F. Ambali, Joseph O. Ayo, Muftau Shittu, Mohammed U. Kawu and Suleiman O. Salami Chapter 12 Non-Chemical Disinfestation of Food and Agricultural Commodities with Radiofrequency Power 233 Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar Chapter 13 Zero-Inflated Regression Methods for Insecticides 259 Abdullah Yeşilova, M. Salih Özgökçe and Yılmaz Kaya Preface FollowingHerbicides,Theory andApplications(InTech, 2011), this new addition aimsto shedmorelightonmattersofscientificinterestinpesticideandcropmanagement. Insectshave played arole inshapingthe history of mankind since the dawn oftime. Referenceto themcanbefoundinancientbooks,forexampleinthree(o rfour)ofthe tenplaguesofEgypt,topersuadePharaohtoreleasethepeopleofIsraelfromslavery. The purpose of pest control is to be able to produce more and better quality food as wellasdecreasecosts.Traditionalundernourishednationsnowexportfoodstuffs,but also suffer from the epidemi cs of obesity and diabetes among others. The benefits of insecticides speak for themselves. The pitfalls and dangers of their excessive use to animalandhumanhealth,aswellastheenvironment,donot. We cannot disregardthe interplaythatexists between science,nationalgovernments, internationalagenciesandeconomy,tona mebutafew.Whilemanyagentshavevery strictorforbidden indicationsofuseinmanycountries,thetruthis thatthesecriteria arenotseriouslyenforcedor,evenworse, aresimplydisregardedinsome.Agrowing trend is forcountriesto renttheir lands forcu ltivationto others that are lessfavored by geographical conditions and who have an urgent need to feed those populations. These”host”countriesareusuallyinneedofcashand,insomecases,without ruleof law. Standardization of agricultural practices is another matter that should notbe disregardedintheoverallequation.Thereisageneralaversiontorelylessontheold farmer’s eye an d apply the same rule(s), whether they are appropriate or not. It has been estimated that an apple tree receives no less than 26 “treatments”. While minimum levels of insecticidesare set, theequationsometimes doe snot considerthe overall sum of those minimum values, which reaches alarming proportions in some cases. Scientists have the right and obligation to raise their voice and air concerns about double standards. Active principles that are forbidden to be used in most European and North American countries are still being produced for sale in far away destinations.Inothercases,localproductionisachievedbymeansofsubsidiaries,sale of licenses and local reformulations. Two of the BRIC countries are the main world X Preface producersofagrochemicalstoday.Therearemanyreasonsforthis,andthelistwould be too extensive and not inclusive but, among other things, we have to consider the meansgovernmentshaveattheirdisposaltosanctionproperlegislation,enforcebans, lobbying groups, struggle against smuggling or parallel import, higher cost of alternatives, at tractiveness to foreign investments and the price these commodities reachininternationalmarkets.Asadirectorofcorporatecommunicationsofoneofthe largest agrochemical companies once mentioned in an interview, “his company does not have to guarantee the safety of biotech food (goes without saying that other products by th is conglomerate fall into this category by default). Assuring safety is FDA´s job”(Food and Drug Administration of USA). Companies change names and use green colored logos with plants or flowers to convey an image that cannot be furtherfromthetruth. Fewpeopledonotrecognizethatthisisa ctuallyaboomerang.Alargeportionofthese crops will be shipped to far away destinations, thus finding a way (directly or indirectly) to the consumer’s tables or to be used as animal feed. The ”green credentials” of foodstuffs and their packaging are another misleading factor. Several international food crisesthat have takenplace in thelast decades havedemonstrated this. Usually, appropriatemeasures are taken after a serious incident has taken place but, in general terms, too late for the victims involved. Scientists should also bear responsibilitiesvisàvisconsumersandnotonlygovernmentsandcompaniesinorder to avoid repe ating the mistakes from the past. Not only human beings, but also biomes, land and riparian organisms (fauna and flora) have to be considered. We all share one land, one air; political or legal borders are totally meaningless in this question. Itisourhopethatthisbookwillbeofinterestandusenotonlytoscientists,butalsoto the food‐producing industry, governments, politicians and consumers as well. If we areabletostimulatethisinterest,albeitinasmallway,wehaveachievedourgoal. DrGuillermoEliLiwszyc, Physician,SpecialistinInternalMedicine, formerGuestScientis tattheUniversityofHelsinki, Finland