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ADVANCES IN AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES Edited by Tone Magister Advances in Air Navigation Services http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2574 Edited by Tone Magister Contributors Andrej Grebenšek, S.M.B. Abdul Rahman, C. Borst, M. Mulder, M.M. van Paassen, Claudine Mélan, Edith Galy, Tony Diana, Kazuo Furuta, Kouhei Ohno, Taro Kanno, Satoru Inoue, R. Arnaldo, F.J. Sáez, E. Garcia, Y. Portillo, Tone Magister, Franc Željko Županič, Luca Montanari, Roberto Baldoni, Fabrizio Morciano, Marco Rizzuto, Francesca Matarese, José Miguel Canino, Juan Besada Portas, José Manuel Molina, Jesús García Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Advances in Air Navigation Services, Edited by Tone Magister p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0686-9 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Efficiency Assurance of Human-Centered and Technology Driven Air Traffic Management 1 Andrej Grebenšek Chapter 2 Measuring Sector Complexity: Solution Space-Based Method 11 S.M.B. Abdul Rahman, C. Borst, M. Mulder and M.M. van Paassen Chapter 3 Recall Performance in Air Traffic Controllers Across the 24-hr Day: Influence of Alertness and Task Demands on Recall Strategies 35 Claudine Mélan and Edith Galy Chapter 4 Predicting Block Time: An Application of Quantile Regression 55 Tony Diana Chapter 5 Simulation of Team Cooperation Processes in En-Route Air Traffic Control 69 Kazuo Furuta, Kouhei Ohno, Taro Kanno and Satoru Inoue Chapter 6 Probability of Potential Collision for Aircraft Encounters in High Density Airspaces 87 R. Arnaldo, F.J. Sáez, E. Garcia and Y. Portillo Chapter 7 The Autonomous Flight 105 Tone Magister and Franc Željko Županič Chapter 8 How to Manage Failures in Air Traffic Control Software Systems 129 Luca Montanari, Roberto Baldoni, Fabrizio Morciano, Marco Rizzuto and Francesca Matarese VI Contents Chapter 9 A Multi-Agent Approach for Designing Next Generation of Air Traffic Systems 147 José Miguel Canino, Juan Besada Portas, José Manuel Molina and Jesús García Preface While midnight festivities still echoed the ether was electrified as European air navigation services providers subconscious minds merged on January 1 st 2012 hoping that they will perform in accordance with the expectations of the just-born performance scheme. Is this an overture to the page-turner of success or endless soap-opera of debacle? Nobody yet invented the universal formula that govern the provision of air navigation services for any given combination of air traffic flow, its variability and complexity, airspace configuration and operational environment. It is only certain that the magic formula should in order to fit snugly in any case, simultaneously consider variables of people, procedures, systems and environment. The authors of this book are proving the statement as their contributions focus on developments in the field of air navigation services from a wealth of particular different aspects. Actually it is all about competent people that communicate to each other supported by technology providing them necessary information for orchestrated coordination of glorious dance of safely separated aircraft. Since the weakest link in the chain is the human, it is envisaged that systems themselves should communicate. However, machines are not yet able to think nor improvise for brilliant lifesaving solutions in cases of emergencies. For the time, the air navigation services and especially air traffic (control and management) services will remain human oriented but technology driven endeavour. Provision of air navigation services entered a new era of performance scheme. The performance scheme provides binding targets on four key performance areas of safety, capacity, environment and cost-efficiency. It is imposed that targets are fully achieved, but it is not prescribed how, this being typical for the performance based and goal oriented regulation. Those key performance areas are interlaced by proportional and inversely proportional interdependencies. Namely, for example and simplified into one sentence; if one aims to increase sector capacity with existing human resources (constant staff costs) and not investing into the technology (constant support cost) to achieve improved cost-efficiency of service provision, the resulting overloaded system might unlock the Pandora box of latent safety issues. Since failure is not an option, we – the general, migrating and traveling public, airspace users, airport operators, air navigation services providers and the economy – will gain attaining the goals of X Preface performance scheme in the process. However, un-answered cardinal question is what is the winning strategy? This book provides do-not-forget-peculiarities insight into the elements of new business model of air navigation services provision as evolution of the latter became essential. It was a pleasure editing this book and I am sincerely grateful to all the authors for their efforts invested into the future of air navigation services represented by this book. Associate Professor Dr Tone Magister SLOVENIA CONTROL, Slovenian Air Navigation Services, Ltd. Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport of University of Ljubljana, Slovenia [...]... been a decline in traffic by 0.7% in 2009 and 0.4% in 2008 and afterwards again an increase of 8.7% in 2010 (European Commission, 2011) However, there is also another side of the coin: the boom in air travel is exacerbating problems relating to the saturation levels reached at airports and the overloaded air traffic control (ATC) system Airlines complain about the fragmentation of European airspace,... (EASA) [7] indicates that since 2006, the number of air traffic incidents with direct or indirect Air Traffic Management (ATM) contribution has decreased However, the total number of major and serious incidents is increasing, with incidents related to separation minima infringements bearing the largest proportion This category refers to occurrences in which the defined minimum separation between aircraft... of air traffic, combined with the increase of incidents relating to separation minima infringements, a serious thought have to be put into investigating the causes of the incidents and plans on how to solve them Initiatives to design future ATM concepts have been addressed in both Europe and the United States, within the framework of Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) [8] and Next Generation Air. .. modeling In Proceedings of the 1st USA – EUROPE ATM R&D Seminar, Saclay, France Mihetec, T.; Odić, D.; Steiner, S 2011 Evaluation of Night Route Network on Flight Efficiency in Europe, International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 1(3): 132 – 141 Nero, G.; Portet, S 2007 Five Years Experience in ATM Cost Benchmarking In Proceedings of the 7th USA – EUROPE ATM R&D Seminar, Barcelona, Spain... on in this paper mainly ACE Benchmarking Report will be addressed For the purpose of this study it is assumed that Single European Sky packages I and II are defining the goals and targets and that ACE Benchmarking is broadly accepted tool for benchmarking The airspace covered by the SES and ACE Report is definite in size as well as traffic in the European airspace is constantly growing, but is again... Centers In Proceedings of the 5th USA – EUROPE ATM R&D Seminar Budapest, Hungary Castelli, L.; Ukovich, W.; Debels, P 2005 Route Charging Policy for a Functional Block of Airspace (CEATS) In Proceedings of the 6th USA – EUROPE ATM R&D Seminar, Baltimore, MD, USA Castelli, L.; Ranieri, A 2007 Air Navigation Service Charges in Europe In Proceedings of the 7th USA – EUROPE ATM R&D Seminar, Barcelona, Spain... coming from the left, while positive intercept angles were assigned for aircraft coming from right As seen here, only the changes in the heading angle were investigated, while other variables were fixed to a certain value From the analysis, it is found that the larger the heading angles of intersecting aircraft, the less dense the area within the SSD Figure 13 shows the resulting SSD for different intercept... illustrate sufficiently the dynamics of the behavior of aircraft in the sector Figure 2 shows an example where eight aircraft flying in 14 Advances in Air Navigation Services the same direction do not exhibit the same complexity rating when compared to the same number of aircraft flying with various directions [18] Figure 2 Example of Different Air Traffic Orientation 2.1.2 Dynamic density Another measurement... aircraft’s initial speeds were 250 knots and to illustrate the effect of speed variations, one of the aircraft was given a gradual speed reduction toward 180 knots 22 Advances in Air Navigation Services Figure 10 The SSD area values as a function of different speed settings for same aircraft position with different intercept angles The diamond shapes in Figure 10 indicate the minimum difference needed for aircraft... Slovenia 10 Advances in Air Navigation Services 6 References ATC Global INSIGHT 2011 ATC Global Insight News Available form internet: < http://www.atcglobalhub.com/ReadATMInsightNews.aspx?editid=newsid1015&titleid =editid96 > CANSO 2011 Global Air Navigation Services Performance Report 2011 EUROCONTROL 2011 ATM Cost-Effectiveness (ACE) 2009 Benchmarking Report EUROCONTROL (EC-1) 2011 Single European . benchmarking study and will therefore be further elaborated in the remaining part of this paper. Advances in Air Navigation Services 4 3. ACE benchmarking facts and figures Overall financial. of the coin: the boom in air travel is exacerbating problems relating to the saturation levels reached at airports and the overloaded air traffic control (ATC) system. Airlines complain about. surveillance domains improved and changed a lot over the last decade, thus enabling easier, faster and more precise navigation, direct routing of the Advances in Air Navigation Services 2 aircraft