CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION Edited by Ahmad Ali Nikibakhsh Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection Edited by Ahmad Ali Nikibakhsh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. 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ISBN 978-953-307-393-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection 1 Chapter 1 Epidemiology and Control of Urinary Tract Infections in Intensive Care Patients 3 Antonella Agodi and Martina Barchitta Chapter 2 The Changing Epidemiology of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) Infections of the Urinary Tract Focusing on Clinical Resistance and Therapeutic Options 19 Suresh J. Antony Part 2 Uropathogens and Host Characteristics 33 Chapter 3 Extended Characterization of Human Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Slovenia 35 Marjanca Starčič Erjavec and Darja Žgur-Bertok Chapter 4 Current Understanding of Streptococcal Urinary Tract Infection 51 Chee Keong Tan, Alison J Carey, Deepak Ipe and Glen C Ulett Chapter 5 Chlamydia Trachomatis in Non-Specific Urethritis 71 Okoror Lawrence Chapter 6 Catheters and Infections 83 S. Siracusano, S. Ciciliato, G. Ollandini and F. Visalli Part 3 Immunology 99 Chapter 7 The Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections 101 Niall F. Davis and Hugh D. Flood Chapter 8 Urinary Tract Immunology 121 Kelesidis Theodoros VI Contents Chapter 9 Biofilm and Urogenital Infections 145 Peter Tenke, Bela Koves, Karoly Nagy, Shinya Uehara, Hiromi Kumon, Scott J. Hultgren, Chia Hung and Werner Mendling Chapter 10 Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains: Relationship with Urovirulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance 159 Sara M. Soto, Francesc Marco, Elisabet Guiral and Jordi Vila Chapter 11 Rheumatoid Arthritis is Caused by Asymptomatic Proteus Urinary Tract Infections 171 Taha Rashid and Alan Ebringer Part 4 Infection and Urinary Stones 181 Chapter 12 Infected Urinary Stones, Endotoxins and Urosepsis 183 Joel Gustavo Gómez-Núñez, Ulises M. Alvarez, Francisco Fernández, Jorge Gutiérrez-Aceves, Luz María López-Marín and Achim M. Loske Part 5 Urological Problem and Urinary Tract Infection 199 Chapter 13 Chronic Prostatitis / Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome 201 Nikhil Vasdev and Andrew C Thorpe Chapter 14 Transposition of Distal Urethra in Female Patients with Recurrent Lower UTI Associated with Sexual Intercourse 217 Natalia Sumerova, Dmitry Pushkar and Mikhail Gvozdev Chapter 15 Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections 225 Sonia Isabel Cuervo Maldonado and Jorge Alberto Cortés Luna Chapter 16 The Prevention and Treatment of Penile Prosthesis Infections 239 Bela Koves, Peter Tenke and Karoly Nagy Part 6 Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection 247 Chapter 17 The Role of Calgranulins in Urinary Tract Infection 249 Leticia Reyes, Ayman B. Allam, Benjamin K. Canales and Mary B. Brown Chapter 18 Effect Investigation of Aqueous Cranberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) Extract in Accompanied with Antibiotics on Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) Created by Escherichia coli in Vitro 267 Avat (Arman) Taherpour and Arezou Taherpour Contents VII Part 7 Urinary Tract Infection in Children 281 Chapter 19 Urinary Tract Infection in Children 283 Hsiao-Wen Chen Preface Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) are a major cause of hospital admissions and are associated with significant morbidity and health care costs. Knowledge of baseline risk of urinary tract infection can help clinicians to make informed diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Prevalence rates of UTI vary by age, gender, race, and other predisposing risk factors. In this regard, this book provides comprehensive infor- mation on etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathology, pathogenic mechanisms, symptomatology, investigation and management of urinary tract infection. The chap- ters cover common problems in urinary tract infection and put emphasis on making the correct clinical decision and choosing the appropriate therapeutic approach. Topics of Chapters are organized to address all of the major complicated conditions frequently seen in urinary tract infection. The authors have paid particular attention to urological problem like the outcome of patients with vesicoureteric reflux, the factors affecting renal scarring, obstructive uropathy, voiding dysfunction and catheter asso- ciated problems. This book will be indispensable for all professionals involved in the medical care of patients with urinary tract infection. My sincere thanks to all expert contributors from different countries because of the recommended therapeutic approachs which will be gauged at an international stand- ard applicable to most regional referral centers. Ahmad Ali Nikibakhsh Health Science Center Motahari Hospital Pediatric Department Urmia, IRAN [...]... terms of urinary catheter associated infection rate and urinary catheter utilization ratio (Table 1) Indicator Urinary catheter associated infection rate Urinary catheter utilization ratio Number of urinary catheter-associated UTI x 1000 Number of urinary catheter-days Number of urinary catheter-days Number of patient-days Table 1 Calculation of urinary catheter-associated infection rate and urinary. .. Control of Urinary Tract Infections in Intensive Care Patients ICU 1 (2006- (200807) 09) Total number of infections Total number of UTI (%) Total number of Pneumonia (%) Total number of CRI (%) Total number of BSI (%) Total length of stay in ICU (in days) Cumulative incidence of infection (all sites) (/100 patients) Incidence density of infection (all sites) (/1000 patient-days) Cumulative incidence of. .. & Dudeck, M.A (2008) CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care–associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting Am J Infect Control, Vol.36, pp 309-332 18 Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection Huang, W.C., Wann, S.R., Lin, S.L., et al (2004) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units can be reduced by prompting... bloodstream infections (10.0%) In the second edition, the most frequently reported ICU-acquired infection type was bloodstream infections (43.7%) followed by urinary tract infections (29.1%), pneumonia (23.2%) and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections (4.0%) Thus, in the last edition of the SPIN-UTI project an increase of the proportion of infections due to bloodstream infections and to urinary. .. acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI), the rate of ESBL associated UTI’s varied from 1.4% in Spain up to 3.3% in the Gaza strip (60,62,63) In the last 7 years, there have been an increasing number of publications from several countries showing and increase of community acquired ESBL infections, mainly in urinary tract (64,65,61,57,30,59,60,31) Most of these patients had urinary tract infections... high risk of HAIs (Lambert et al., 2011) Particularly, in Europe, the Annual Epidemiological Report on Communicable Diseases in Europe of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC, 2009), show that 3% of patients staying more than two days in ICUs, acquire bloodstream infections, and 6.2% of patients acquire pneumonia 4 Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection. .. Gastmeier, 2011) Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in hospitalized patients It has been reported that in U.S hospitals, among adults and children outside of the intensive care units (ICUs), the urinary tract is the most common site of HAI, accounting for 36% of infections, followed by surgical site infections (20%), bloodstream infections and pneumonia (11%, each) and other infection types (all... had an indwelling urinary catheter within 7 days before the first positive culture and Patient has had at least two positive urine cultures ≥105 microorganisms per mm3 of urine with repeated isolation of the same microorganism and no more than two species of microorganisms Table 2 Case definition of Urinary Tract Infection (HELICS-ICU, 2004) Epidemiology and Control of Urinary Tract Infections in Intensive... Graves, N., & International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) Membersl (2011) Time-dependent analysis of length of stay and mortality due to urinary tract infections in ten developing countries: INICC findings Journal of Infection, Vol.62, pp 136-141 Shuman, E.K., Chenoweth, C.E (2010) Recognition and prevention of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit... (9) One of the major clinical problems has been the recognition of both nosocomial and community acquired urinary tract infections resulting from ESBL pathogens The treatment options for these infections are limited, especially in the out patient setting This chapter will review the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features and therapeutics options for ESBL-induced infections of the urinary tract . CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION Edited by Ahmad Ali Nikibakhsh Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection. Contents VII Part 7 Urinary Tract Infection in Children 281 Chapter 19 Urinary Tract Infection in Children 283 Hsiao-Wen Chen Preface Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs). that 3% of patients staying more than two days in ICUs, acquire bloodstream infections, and 6.2% of patients acquire pneumonia. Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection