Luận văn tốt nghiệp ngôn ngữ anh - A contrastive analysis on ellipsis in “the call of the wild” by jack london and its equivalents in vietnamese
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Language can help people express their ideas, thoughts and emotions. Discourse Analysis is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written and spoken language Initially, Discourse Analysis has taken up in many social science disciplines This field has rapidly grown, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of significant importance to language teaching Early language education focused on pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; but, it wasn't until Discourse Analysis emerged that we became more conscious of how to apply this information to achieve effective communication In literary works, most writers hoped to attract readers by selecting words carefully and relying on cohesive devices.
In general, cohesion plays a vital role in discourse analysis that many linguists worldwide spend time analyzing For instance, the theory and practice of grammatical cohesion have been studied by famous scholars such as Halliday Hasan (1976), Baker (1992), Yule (1996) and Valeika and Buikiene (2006).
In particular, Halliday and Hasan (1976) discussed cohesive devices with the five main factors: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion in the book “ Cohesion in English” Similarly, Diep Quang Ban (2004) also pointed out that the five factors of cohesive devices are reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion Accordingly, many scientific pieces of research were carried out in a variety of projects about cohesive devices However, few studies have focused on ellipsis as cohesive devices in literary works Therefore, it would seem that further explorations need to be taken into this aspect.
Jack London, who was an American novelist, used a lot of grammatical cohesive devices in his novels In his most well-known work, "The Call of the Wild," Jack London tells the heartwarming story of a "house dog" who is uprooted from his cozy surroundings and forced into the harsh wilderness A dog named Buck serves as the story's main protagonist This dog sees everything in life—happiness, difficulty, despair, love and so forth—through his eyes This is the book's significance More than just a children's or a dog's narrative, Buck's tale is also our tale As a result, the work by Jack London leaves a lasting impression on the readers On balance, linguists in Vietnam and overseas are still trying to research the contribution of cohesive devices to their works Nevertheless, they have not concentrated much on the field of ellipsis.
Delving into the study of ellipsis in literature, the author proposes "A Contrastive Analysis on Ellipsis in 'The Call of the Wild' by Jack London and its Equivalents in Vietnamese." This research aims to establish correlations between ellipsis usage in London's work and its Vietnamese counterparts, offering insights to enhance the understanding and acquisition of ellipsis in language learning.
Aims and Objectives of the Study
This study aims to examine the usage of ellipsis in the English original "The Call of the Wild" and its Vietnamese translation By analyzing the ellipsis in both languages, the study seeks to provide valuable insights and recommendations for effective learning and translation of ellipsis from English to Vietnamese.
To complete the goal, the study will fulfill three objectives:
- Identifying the cases of ellipsis employed in the original text “The Call of the Wild” and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011).
-Analyzing the use of ellipsis in the original text “The Call of the Wild” and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011).
- Offering some recommendations for learning and translating the field of ellipsis from English to Vietnamese.
Scope of the Study
Because of the time limit, the author can investigate the elliptical cases in the original text “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its Vietnamese version of the translation by Manh Chuong Clearly, many translators have translated the novel from English into Vietnamese, but in this analysis, the author only concentrates on the version of the translation by Manh Chuong.
Research Questions
The study makes an attempt to answer the three following questions:
1 How many elliptical cases are there in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011)?
2 What are the similarities and differences in the use of ellipsis in the novel
“The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011)?
3 What are the recommendations for learning ellipsis better?
Methods of the Study
Quantitative and qualitative are the two main methods used in this study. The qualitative approach aims to find elliptical cases in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011).
The quantitative approach is then to classify elliptical cases into different kinds of ellipsis and then identify the similarities and differences between ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011).
Design of the Study
The graduation paper is divided into five chapters.
Chapter 1 is Introduction, providing the reasons for doing the research,the aims, the objectives as well as the scope and method of the study.
Chapter 2 is Literature Review, reviewing previous studies which contribute to the inspiration for conducting the author’s study Moreover, it also consists of theoretical backgrounds such as discourse, cohesion and ellipsis.
Chapter 3 is Methodology, describing the methods and materials used in doing the research, including data collection and data analysis techniques.
Chapter 4 is Findings and Discussions, presenting, and analyzing the data collected, then the results are interpreted.
Chapter 5 is Conclusion, covering the main ideas discussed in previous chapters as well as some recommendations for further studies.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Previous Studies Review
Discourse analysis is a branch of linguistics; thus, it drew many attractions of linguists and researchers from all around the world Especially, cohesive devices have been widely discussed by scholars.
Drawing upon journalistic and fictional sources, Jamila (2009) analyzed grammatical and lexical cohesion This analysis was grounded in a comprehensive background framework encompassing discourse, coherence, cohesion, and cohesive devices, which provided a solid foundation for the study.
Wei Chen (2016) discussed different constructions of ellipsis by analyzing prominence theory Although the procedures of prominence theory has examined common ellipsis examples, the goal of this research is to examine each particular ellipsis situation from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics.
Abdulkarim Fadhil (2018) conducted his project to deal with the use of ellipsis as a cohesive device in written texts The investigation led to some broad results, such as the fact that ellipsis is a common element in dramatic texts While this pattern is not usual for a narrative text, it is largely seen in dramatic texts, which are known for their dialogue on stage patterns.
Cohesive devices are also a frequent topic for discussion by Vietnamese researchers.
After conducting a thorough analysis of the many ellipses used in English and Vietnamese, Huynh Huu Hien (1997) created a useful comparison between the two languages' ellipsis usage patterns.
Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga (2011) conducted a study on the ellipsis in business articles in English and Vietnamese The thesis identified and analyzed ellipsis in English business articles and Vietnamese business articles.
Truong Hai Ha (2015) compared the coordinators as cohesive devices, especially “but, and, so” in the novel “The Call of the Wild” to its equivalent translation.
Nguyen Quynh Le (2016) presented an in-depth analysis of ellipsis in Earnest Hemmingway’s short stories with reference to Vietnamese equivalents.
To sum up, many researchers chose cohesive devices as an ideal topic to conduct their studies However, none of them focussed on the ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London.
Theoretical Background
The theoretical framework of discourse analysis, coherence and ellipsis, which have been extensively researched for many years by foreign and Vietnamese academics, served as the foundation for this study Harris(1952) was the first to use the phrase "discourse analysis" in the late 1950s,but Mitchell (1957) truly pioneered the field by studying discourse through his study of language in social contexts, "Buying and selling in Cyenaica: a situational statement." Discourse analysis did not advance much until the 1960s and 1970s, with some of the most notable contributions coming from Austin
(1962), Dell Hymes (1964), Searle (1969), M.A.K Halliday (1973), Grice (1975) and Sinclair and Coulthard (1975).
Discourse analysis became a focus of linguists' interest in Vietnam around the turn of the twenty-first century Famous authors include Hoang Van Van (2000), Diep Quang Ban (1998), Nguyen Hoa (2000) and Tran Ngoc Them (2000).
The notions of discourse are varied In this graduation paper, the author mainly focuses on these definitions According to Crystal (1980), discourse is a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit, such as a sermon, argument, joke or narrative Discourse, as opposed to isolated words or phrases, is a language that is functional, doing some work in some context, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976) Conversation may be expressed orally, in writing, or through another form of expression While Stubbs (2002) gives the definition of discourse as “language above the sentence or above the clause A specific manner of talking about and comprehending the world is through discourse (or an aspect of the world) Investigating discourse necessitates paying attention to both language and activity since discourse is language in motion. Based on the mentioned-above definitions, it can be seen that discourse is the comprehension unit of language It occurs as the highest unit in the grammatical class.
Discourse analysis emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an interdisciplinary field drawing from linguistics, semiotics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology It focuses on the relationship between language and context, employing diverse methodologies to examine language in various spoken and written data This multidimensional approach distinguishes discourse analysis from traditional grammar and has led to a variety of interpretations of its exact meaning.
The functional approach to language, pioneered by M.A.K Halliday, profoundly influenced British discourse analysis Halliday's framework emphasizes the social role of language, along with its thematic and informational organization in spoken and written communication Building on the work of the Prague School of linguists, scholars such as De Beaugrande and Halliday & Hasan have further elucidated the interplay between grammar and discourse, underscoring the deep connections between these linguistic domains.
Discourse, a form of communication exceeding mere language, encompasses linguistic and symbolic elements within a specific context This context, comprised of socio-cultural, political, and historical influences, provides meaning beyond individual words Discourse analysis delves into the broader implications conveyed through language in these contexts, recognizing its role as a tool for social change and objective achievement.
So, it is crucial to comprehend or interpret a text using discourse analysis We can only understand the writers' intended message by analyzing the language in use Cohesion is one of the most important technical words in discourse analysis.
Text and the idea of cohesiveness go hand in hand It is described as the grammatical and lexical connections between various textual components A text is typically thought to have a certain structure that is based on elements very distinct from those necessary for the structure of a single phrase. Cohesion or the linkages and connections within a text, is a phrase used to characterize some of those aspects.
“The concept of cohesiveness is a semantic one; it relates to relations of meaning that exist inside a text, and that characterizes it as a text” Halliday and Hasan (1976:4) stated They also note that coherence frequently happens when one interpretation of one discourse piece depends on another.
Due in part to the fact that both words are derived from the same verb
“cohere” which means to cling together, the difference between cohesion and coherence has not always been clear Cohesion is really a network of numerous formal relationships that serve as connections between or among different portions of a text It is conveyed in part via syntax and partly through vocabulary Contrarily, coherence may be thought of as having a purpose and being united.
The sort of semantic and rhetorical linkages that support texts are referred to as coherence If the term "cohesion" refers to the linguistic components that give a discourse its semantic coherence, then "coherence" refers to the factors that give a text its semantic meaning Coherence is what the reader creates while reading the text; cohesion is only a signpost to coherence The two groups indicate the connected elements that tie a text or discourse together and set it out from disparate ones Cohesion is primarily employed to ensure coherence, and coherence is expressed by a system of cohesive devices.
The categorization of cohesion, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976), is based on the linguistic forms The kind of cohesiveness depends either on lexico-grammatical or semantic relationships within the language system To put it another way, the cohesive connection can be seen as either lexico- grammatical or semantic in character.
Grammatical cohesion, encompassing reference, substitution, and ellipses, is an intrinsic characteristic of language Conversely, lexical cohesion, as the term implies, lies within the realm of linguistics Conjunction, bridging the grammatical and lexical domains, involves lexical choices in unifying consecutive statements However, as its grammatical aspects outweigh its lexical elements, it is more appropriately categorized as grammatical cohesion Thus, we employ the nomenclature of grammatical cohesion for reference, substitution, ellipses, and conjunction, while lexical cohesion solely encompasses phenomena within the lexical domain.
Table 2.1 Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion
Substitution Nominal Substitution Collocation Noun + Noun
Ellipsis Nominal Ellipsis Noun + Preposition
The term "cohesion" refers to the relations of meaning that exist inside the text and that identify it as the text, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976) When one interpretation of one discourse part depends on another, there is cohesion Moreover, according to Halliday and Hasan, grammatical and lexical coherence set a text's cohesiveness apart The description given above makes it obvious that cohesion and coherence are crucial components in creating text unity Text unity depends on how cohesive devices within the text are interpreted in terms of formal and inter-propositional relationships.
During the human communicative process, there is usually a trend of choosing an optimal way of speaking: the idea is sufficiently expressed and the communicative effect is ensured There are many ways to define the notion of ellipsis.
An overview on “The Call of The Wild” by Jack London…
A: When did John arrive? B: ỉ Yesterday.
A: How did you break in? B: I'll show you how ỉ A: Did you see anyone?
A: What did you draw it with? B: ỉ With a pencil
The children will carry the small boxes, the adults the large ones.
If you could, I'd like you to be back here at five thirty.
2.3 An Overview of “The Call of The Wild” by Jack London
Jack London's "The Call of the Wild" remains an iconic work of English literature, capturing the hearts of both adults and youth Its captivating storyline, vivid characters, and life lessons have resonated with readers for generations By understanding the narrative, its central figures, and the events that unfold, readers can delve deeper into the text's meaning and uncover the profound moral truths it imparts.
2.3.1 A Brief Summary of “The Call of The Wild”
In The Call of the Wild, a dog travels from a life of comfort in sunnyCalifornia to the harsh frozen dunes of the Arctic A man's avarice stoleBuck's nice existence He was given to men traveling to the south in pursuit of that priceless golden metal, gold, by the obedient servant of his lord Buck learns how to live in the ways of the wild during his voyage through the harsh landscapes as a sledge dog, where he goes from the tough but skillful hands of his original owners to the stupidity of a gang of three and then, eventually, into the care of the caring John Thornton His innate killer tendencies, which had been latent due to his brief encounter with civilization, reawakened The finest sledge dog to ever travel the snowy pathways to the kingdom of riches is Buck Buck ultimately rests where he was always intended to be: in the heart and call of the wild, while John Thornton—the last link to human life— dies tragically in the end.
2.3.2 An Overview of "The Call of the Wild"
In actuality, "The Call of the Wild" tells the adventure of a dog, and all of the story's actions are viewed from the canine's perspective The dog, named Buck, might be considered both a witness and a storyteller who aids readers in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the entire narrative But Jack London's point of view goes beyond just outlining a journey He also wishes to depict the societal issues of the time period through his characters. Additionally, Buck has several relationships with a variety of different personalities along his voyage The tale events have been developed by all of these characters However, the main characters in the narrative may be divided into three categories: John Thornton, Buck, and the trio of Hal, Charles, and Mercedes that made up the final group Each character reflects the ideas and actions of a certain group of people during the time when the story takes place.
Buck is a lapdog that lives in California with Judge Miller and has access to all of the judge's expensive items When gold is found in Canada, Buck's life is completely altered The dog dealers who purchase Buck from Judge
Miller's gardener abuse and beat him Two Canadian mail carriers namedFrancois and
Perrault purchase Buck from the dealers As Buck learns how to coexist with the other dogs in the pack, he is horrified by the canine aggression he witnesses. Due of Spitz's particularly harsh behavior as the pack's leader, Buck and Spitz gradually grow apart In the end, Buck kills Spitz and takes over as the pack's leader, enabling them to travel in record speed Buck is sold by Francois and Perrault to a different postal carrier who puts more strain on the canines But then, the worst occurs Once more, Buck is sold, this time to three gold seekers with little experience surviving in the North Hal, Charles, and Mercedes commit several errors They argue among themselves, overwork the team, carry too little food as well as overload the sled One by one, the team's dogs start to perish from starvation On the route to their objective, the crew encounters John Thornton, who advises them against moving farther since the ice is exceedingly thin Hal instructs the team to move forward despite his progress However, Buck senses that something is off and he refuses.Thornton saves Buck when Hal defeats him When the ice fractures beneath them, the remaining members of the team advance and are sucked in Buck develops a fierce loyalty to Thornton and with just his strength and dedication, he succeeds in winning a wager for Thornton However, Buck gradually senses a tug towards the direction of the wilderness beyond the camp Thornton is slain by the Yeehat Indians, and Buck flees into the wilderness where he eventually takes control of a pack of wolves.
Summary of the Chapter
This chapter presents an exhaustive review of existing literature on discourse analysis and ellipsis, encompassing both Vietnamese and global perspectives It establishes a comprehensive theoretical foundation, providing a holistic understanding of these concepts Additionally, it introduces the novel "The Call of the Wild" through a concise summary and exploration of its key events, offering valuable context for the subsequent analysis.
METHODOLOGY
Research Orientations
The study makes an attempt to answer the three following questions:
1 How many elliptical cases are there in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011)?
2 What are the similarities and differences in the use of ellipsis in the novel
“The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011)?
3 What are the recommendations for learning ellipsis better?
Literary works, particularly those by well-known authors, have been translated into several languages for a variety of reasons Many have also been chosen for inclusion in textbooks used in classroom instruction In actuality, there are still many challenges to understanding the ideas presented in these literary works, particularly the creative methods utilized by the authors Due to its unfinished construction, ellipsis is rarely given as much grammatical consideration by students or teachers as other grammatical coherent elements Despite the fact that ellipsis may be a useful speaking tool, few studies on the subject have been done The goal of this thesis is to assist English language learners and teachers in effectively learning how to utilize ellipsis in order to improve communication.
Quantitative and qualitative are the two main approaches in this study.
The qualitative approach aims to find elliptical cases in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2001).
The quantitative approach is then to classify elliptical cases into different kinds of ellipsis and then identify the similarities and differences between ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2001).
3.1.4 Principles and Standards for Gathering and Analyzing the Required Data
Data types: elliptical cases in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation.
Source of data: the data was taken from the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2011).
Authenticity and reliability of data: The data was carefully chosen from reliable sources The novel “The Call of the Wild” released in August 1903 by Macmillan The translation of it was completed by Manh Chuong – a famous translator of literary works.
Reasons for using the selected methods of data collecting and analysis include the fact that they are dependable and authentic, which will aid in the study's ability to produce insightful results Documentation review is the most suitable approach for the thesis, which compares the English ellipsis in JackLondon's "The Call of the Wild" with its Vietnamese translation.
Research Methods
To achieve the study’s goal, a variety of research methods were applied in this study.
First of all, the descriptive method has been used to create the theoretical framework.
Then, the statistic method has been used to identify and collect elliptical cases in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2001).
Lastly, the comparative method is used to study the similarities and contractions in the use of ellipsis between the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent translation by Manh Chuong (2001).
This thesis employs a documentation review method to meticulously analyze Jack London's "The Call of the Wild" and its Vietnamese translation by Manh Chuong The review process involves a thorough examination of the materials to identify instances of ellipsis Through this analysis, the thesis aims to draw conclusions and engage in discussions regarding the similarities and differences between the original text and its translation.
To achieve the goals outlined in the objectives, elliptical instances will be reviewed and categorized after the data has been collected To get the desired findings, the data will first be sorted and subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis As a result, a few translation and ellipsis applications will be suggested.
Summary of the Chapter
This chapter establishes the research procedures and guiding principles employed in this study It outlines the research questions, the type of study conducted, the research setting, and the methods utilized for data collection and analysis The contrastive analysis approach serves as the primary methodology, while descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative methods provide supporting evidence, collectively contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the research topic.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………… 21 4.1 English Nominal Ellipsis and Their Vietnamese
Deictics
Deictics, primarily class determiners, play a crucial role in English text cohesion Specific and non-specific deictics form the major division within deictic components, with demonstrative, possessive, and indefinite determiners creating a network of connected categories The use of elliptical deictic components significantly contributes to the cohesiveness of English texts, as highlighted by Halliday and Hasan in their 1976 research.
This group consists of possessive, demonstrative and “the” Possessives include both nominals (Smith’s, my father’s) and pronominals (my, your, etc.) The latter functioning as a Head has a special form: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, whose and its The following is a detailed discussion.
Table 4.1 Specific Deictics in “The Call of the Wild”
Possessive My, your, our, his (6), her, its, their, ones, your
The frequency of demonstratives as determinatives in "The Call of theWild" is seen in the table below 174 demonstratives and 25 determinatives appear in total throughout the text With 89 repetitions, "This" tops the list,followed by "That" which appears 73 times Just seven times and five times,respectively, the words "these", and "those" appear in the text Unexpectedly, "The" never appears as a determinative demonstrative Interrogative as demonstrative does exist, albeit less frequently than determinative As we analyze the book, we discover 18 instances of "which" and the remaining 2 instances of "whatever" When a writer wants to accentuate a point but does not want to repeat it or use excessive wordiness, demonstratives are used The examples that follow make it simpler to understand:
Also, in his gambling, he had one besetting weakness – faith in a system; and this made his damnation certain
(Ngay trong cuộc đỏ đen, gã lại có một cố tật: tin vào một lối đánh phân loại, điều này chắc chắn đẩy gã vào tai hoạ )
"This" serves as a replacement for the concept of "faith in a system" in Jack London's writing In the Vietnamese translation, "this" translates to "điều này." This substitution method is evident in similar examples.
He even went out of his way to bully Buck, striving constantly to start the fight which could end only in the death of one or the other Early in the trip, this might have taken place, ( ) (Thậm chí hắn còn trêu chọc Bấc một cách vô cớ, luôn luôn cố tìm cách làm nổ ra một cuộc đánh nhau mà kết thúc phải là cái chết của tên này hoặc của tên kia Ngay trong những ngày đầu của chuyến đi, đáng ra điều đó đã có thể xảy ra, (…))
The first day they covered thirty-five miles to the Big Salmon, the next day thirty-five more to the Little Salmon, the third day forty miles, which brought them well up toward the Five Finger
(Ngày đầu chúng chạy suốt 35 dặm cho đến trạm "Cá hồi lớn" , hôm sau thêm 35 dặm nữa đến trạm "Cá hồi nhỏ" và ngày thứ ba chạy 40 dặm, đến tận trạm "Sao biển".)
In these two cases, this and which can replace the meanings of the whole sentences before them This refers to điều đó in the Vietnamese version, but which is omitted when it was translated.
One instance of the usage of possessives with a nominal is seen in the example that follows:
All that stirring of old instincts which at stated periods drives men out from the sounding cities to forest and plain to kill things by chemically propelled leaden pellets, the blood lust, the joy to kill – all this was Buck’s, only it was infinitely more intimate
Những bản năng nguyên thủy bên trong con người luôn trỗi dậy, thôi thúc họ rời xa phố thị ồn ào để tìm đến thiên nhiên hoang dã, săn bắt thú vật bằng súng đạn Trong bản chất của Bấc, những ham muốn về máu tươi và niềm vui giết chóc cũng mãnh liệt hơn bất kỳ ai khác.
There is only one instance of "mine" being used in this book's use of possessives with pronominal.
“Well, Buck, my boy”, he went on in a genial voice, “we’ve had our little ruction, and the best thing we can do is to let it go at that You’ve learned your place, and I know mine” (Nào! Bấc! Anh bạn! - Gã nói tiếp bằng một giọng thân mật vui vẻ - Chúng ta đã có một cuộc ẩu đả nho nhỏ với nhau, thôi đến đây tốt hơn hết là chúng ta cho qua, đừng để tâm nữa nhé! Chú mày đã hiểu được cương vị của chú mày, còn ta, thì ta biết cương vị của ta )
The words each, every, both, any, either, no, neither, some, and a/an are included in this group This is an in-depth analysis.
Table 4.2 Non-specific Deictics in “The Call of the Wild”
Partial Selective One (12) Either Some (8)
In contrast to specific deictics, the utilization of non-specific deictics as nominal ellipses is comparatively less frequent in this text Not all non-specific items mentioned in Table 4.2 appear in "The Call of the Wild."
The non-selective "a/an" appears 6 times in relation to solitary things, but the selective "one" appears 12 times The words "each" or "every" do not appear. Just "all" is utilized with 17 times of occurrences for non-singular items With just 3 times, 8 times and 1 time respectively, the unmarked "no", "some", and "any" are hardly commonly used These are some instances of this group:
Though unpursue, they were in a sorry plight There was not one who was not wounded in four or five places, while some ỉ were wounded grievously
Dù không bị đuổi theo, tình trạng của đàn ngựa vẫn rất thê thảm Không một con ngựa nào thoát khỏi vết thương, ít nhất là bốn hoặc năm vết trên khắp cơ thể, một số còn nặng nề hơn nhiều.
Then Francois’s lash descended, and Buck had the satisfaction of watching Spitz receive the worst whipping as yet administered to any ỉ of the team
(Nhưng chiếc roi của Phrăngxoa đã giáng xuống, và Bấc hài lòng đứng xem Xpít nhận một trận đòn trừng phạt dữ dội chưa từng thấy đối với bất kỳ một con chó nào trong đàn.)
"One", "some", and "any" all relate to the dogs mentioned previously in the prior paragraph in the two cases.
Numerative
Table 4.3 Numerative in “The Call of the Wild”
Quantitative One , two, three, etc (24) Few (2), little [ a bit of ], etc Several [ a number of ], etc Many, much, [ a lot of ] Fewer, less (2), more [ the same amount of ]
Ordinative Fisrt, second, third, etc., next, last (18)
According to Table 3.8, "The Call of the Wild" employs a surprisingly high amount of numerative ellipses Quantitative that is defined or indefinite is more frequently used than ordinative Quantitative is used 28 times (24 times of Definite and 4 times of Indefinite), whereas ordinative is used 18 times The following instances provide a more thorough analysis:
The next ỉ he knew, he was dimly aware that his tongue was hurting and that he was being jolted along in some kind of conveyance
Khi tỉnh lại, con vật cảm thấy đau nhói nơi đầu lưỡi và nhận ra mình đang bị vận chuyển trên một phương tiện nào đó, liên tục rung lắc dữ dội.
When Buck was removed from his position at Judge Miller's home, the paragraph that came before this one explains Buck's initial sentiments of mistreatment and unhappiness He vaguely understood that something different had occurred in his life at that moment And in this line, "the next" just implies
"one more event" that Buck may experience.
Three more huskies were added to the team inside an hour, making a total of nine ỉ (Trong vòng một tiếng, đàn chó được tăng cường thêm 3 con chó étkimô nữa, vị chi tổng số là chín con.)
Likewise, "nine" in this context refers to "nine dogs", which is elliptical to simplify the phrases and eliminate needless repetition.
In addition to these two instances, the following more related numerative circumstances can be found:
He wanted, not to escape a clubbing, but to have the leadership It was his by right He had earned it, and he would not be content with less ỉ
(Không phải nó muốn tránh trận đòn dùi cui, mà nó muốn chiếm được cương vị đầu đàn Cương vị ấy phải là của nó, nó có quyền xứng đáng được hưởng Nó đã chiến đấu mà giành được, thì nó sẽ không thể nào vừa lòng với một địa vị thấp kém hơn.)
At the end of half an hour, one man stated that his dog could start a sled with five hundred pounds and walk off with it, a second ỉ bragged six hundred ỉ for his dog, and a third, seven hundred ỉ
(Sau nửa tiếng sôi nổi, một người tuyên bố là con chó của ông ta có thể khởi động một chiếc xe trượt tuyết chở 500 pao hàng và kéo nó đi được; một người thứ hai khoe là chó của mình có thể làm được như vậy với một chiếc xe chở 600 pao; và một người thứ 3, 700 pao.)
Many men had sought it; few had found it; and more than a few there were who had never returned from the quest
(Trước kia, đã có nhiều người săn tìm cái mỏ vàng ấy; ít người tìm ra được nó; mà số người đi tìm rồi chả bao giờ trở về nữa cũng không phải là ít.)
English Verbal Ellipsis and Their Vietnamese Equivalents
In this part, the author has focused on the two kinds of ellipsis classified by Halliday: lexical ellipsis and operator ellipsis The given table illustrates the data analysis of verbal ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild”.
Table 4.4 Verbal Ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild”
Verbal ellipsis is used in 102 different instances in total The table shows that there is a significant variation in the frequency of occurrences between lexical and operator ellipses (96 times for operator ellipsis and 6 times for lexical items) The subsequent section analyzes this in further detail.
Lexical ellipsis occurs when the final verb of a verb group is omitted This type of ellipsis, also known as "ellipsis from the right," is relatively uncommon, as demonstrated by the table above The author uses ellipses only six times in seven chapters to maintain grammatical coherence.
He pulled when he could ỉ ,when he could no longer pull, he fell down and remained down till blows from whip or club drove him to feet again
(Khi nào còn có thể kéo được thì nó kéo Khi không thể nào kéo được nữa nó ngã quỵ xuống và nằm đấy cho đến khi ngọn roi hoặc chiếc dùi cui tới tấp giáng xuống đánh bật nó đứng trở dậy.)
This example's elliptical verb assumes the word "pull" from the prior verbal group If we add "pull" once again at the end of the first line, it must be a pointless repetition because this sentence is so obvious To learn more about lexical ellipsis, we may look at another example.
“The lazy brutes, I’ll show them”, he cried, preparing to lash out at them with the whip But Mercedes interfered, crying, “Oh, Hal, you mustn’t ỉ”
(“Đồ súc sinh lười biếng, tao sẽ cho chúng mày biết tay!” - gã vẫn gào lên, vừa vung roi chuẩn bị quật xuống
Nhưng Mecxêđét xông vào, kêu to: “Han! Đừng em!”)
In this instance, the lexical verb that follows the modal "mustn't" has no presupposition Nonetheless, based on its own context, we can still grasp the phrases and the explanations for the lexical ellipsis used here When we consider Hal's statements from before, it becomes obvious These words, thus,might be read as "You mustn't do that" This statement purposefully omits the lexical verb Depending on their views, readers can place any verb in that place so long as it corresponds with the previously specified terms.
Here are more examples of lexical ellipsis employed in the novel:
But Francois, chucking at the incident while unswerving in the administration of justice, brought his lash down upon Buck with all his might ỉ
(Phrăngxoa khoái trá cười thầm trong bụng nhưng đồng thời vẫn kiên định trước sau như một trong việc thi hành công lý, nên anh dốc toàn lực vụt sợi roi da xuống Bấc.)
And when, released, he sprang to his feet, his mouth laughing, his eys eloquent, his throat vibrant with unuttered sound, and in that fashion remained without movement, John Thornton would reverently exclaim, “God! You can ỉ all but speak!”
(Khi được buông ra, nó bật dậy đứng thưảng lên, miệng cười, mắt hùng hồn diễn cảm, họng rung lên những âm thanh không thốt nên lời, và cứ như vậy trong tư thế đứng yên bất động Những lúc ấy Giôn Thoóctơn lại kêu lên, trân trọng: "Trời đất! Mày hầu như biết nói đấy!")
Given the significance of lexical verbs in the author's intended meaning, it could be deduced that lexical ellipsis is not frequently utilized.
In operator ellipsis, the lexical verb remains explicit, while other constituents, including the subject, are omitted but presupposed This type of ellipsis is common in discourse and accounts for the majority of verbal ellipsis occurrences The absence of overt subjects in operator ellipsis indicates that the subject is assumed, making it an essential feature of this phenomenon.
96 times in total We can give the following examples:
A “miners’ meeting”, ỉ called on the spot, decided that the dog had sufficient provocation, and Buck was discharged
(Một "cuộc hội ý của những người khai mỏ" được triệu tập ngay tại chỗ, đã phán xử rằng cuộc tấn công của con chó có lý do chính đáng, vì bị khiêu khích đến mức phải phản ứng, và Bấc được tha miễn.)
To be completely understood, the above line could be rephrased as A
"miners’ meeting," which is/was called on the spot We still see it as significant even when the "gap" isn't filled with the omitted details.
In this sentence, the verb "to be" need not be included in either of the sentence's two clauses in order to understand its meaning.
Buck, on the bank, ỉ worried and anxious, kept abreast of the boat, his eyes ỉ never off his master
(Bấc ở trên bờ lo lắng bồn chồn, tiến lên theo ngang với chiếc thuyền, đôi mắt không bao giờ rời khỏi chủ.)
Similar to the last example, this one also omits the Subject and operator The phrase can be finished with "There must be " to ensure perfect grammar Even so, it is true that they are not needed.
Thornton shook his head and stepped to Buck’s side “You must stand off from him”, Matthewson protested ỉ “Free play and plenty of room.”
(Thoóctơn lắc đầu, anh bước đến bên cạnh Bấc: “Ông đứng xa ra nhé!” - Mátthiuxơn phản đối “Cuộc thi tự lực, không ai nhúng vào, thiếu gì nơi đứng.”)
The preceding examples demonstrate how it is frequently possible to abbreviate sentences by omitting operators like modals, auxiliaries, participles and even the clause's subject.
English Clausal Ellipsis and Their Vietnamese Equivalents 31 1 Wh-Ellipsis
Ellipsis is strongly associated with the clause's mood, particularly in the context of question-and-answer exchanges These exchanges fall into two distinct categories: Yes/No ellipsis and WH-ellipsis.
"The Call of the Wild," we can notice that practically all instances of clausal ellipsis occur during discussions There are both direct and indirect responses to the questions The majority of indirect responses offer "COMMENTARY" remarks on the questions, rejections of their applicability (DISCLAIMER), or other material that suggests the answers (SUPPLEMENTARY RESPONSE) Since it relates to direct and indirect responses to WH-questions and Yes/No questions, we just briefly discuss the clausal ellipsis in the following table:
Table 4.5 Clausal Ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild”
Clausal Ellipsis Times of Occurrences
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7
In reality, there aren't many instances of dialogues in this book Also, just a few questions are made throughout those sessions There are a total of 8 question-answer replies throughout the book, including wh-ellipses and yes/no ellipses.
According to the data, "The Call of the Wild" has two direct replies and two indirect ones to Wh-questions In the following cases, we start with the direct responses:
“How much did the other mug get?” the saloon-keeper demanded “A hundred ỉ”, was the reply
Người chủ quán hỏi: “Thế thằng cha kia thì giá bao nhiêu?”
This question has a very simple response that addresses the core issue of the question "How much"
“Dat one dam bully dog! Eh? How much?”
“There hundred ỉ, and a present at that” was the prompt reply of the man in the red sweater
(“Thật là một con chó tuyệt vời! Ê! Bao nhiêu?”
“Ba trăm Coi như biết không thôi đấy!” - tiếng người áo đỏ trả lời ngay tức thì.)
Similar to the last example, the question in this one is "How much," and the answer specifically refers to that question The answer is a remark on the question and a present at that, which indicates "the price I give you is too cheap," it is a minor difference.
When considering an indirect response, it may be found in:
“Undreamed of!” cried Mercedes, throwing up her hands in dainty dismay “However in the world could I manage without a tent?”
“It’s spring time, and you won’t get any more cold weather”, the man replied
(“Ôi! Thật không tưởng tượng nổi!” -Mecxêđét kêu to, vung một cái cả hai tay lên trơi tỏ vẻ thất vọng một cách rất điệu “Không có lều thì làm thế nào mà sống được!”
Người kia đáp: “Sang xuân rồi! Các vị không gặp thời tiết giá rét nữa đâu!”.)
While being indirect, this answer in this instance best answers the question That simply means that "you do not need to carry the tent along with you" because it is spring and there won't be any more cold weather It offers a satisfying response to the question "However could I manage ?"
There is one more instance of elliptical indirect response, but as it occurs in a dialogue that also uses wh-ellipsis and yes/no ellipsis, we shall investigate it with the latter in the following section.
We can see from the table above that there are four instances of yes/no ellipses, three of which are direct replies, and one of which is indirect Let's first examine the direct responses.
“You ain’t going to take him out now?” the driver asked
“Sure ỉ”, the man replied, driving the hatchet into the crate for a pry
“Ông không định thả nó bây giờ chứ?” Người đánh xe hỏi
“Sao lại không?” - người kia vừa trả lời, vừa bổ chiếc rìu vào cái thùng để nạy ra
(“Can you lend me a thousand?”, he asked, almost in a whisper
“Sure ỉ”, answered O’Brien, thumping down a plethoric sack by the side of
“Anh có thể cho tôi vay 1000 được không?” - Anh hỏi, hầu như thầm thì
“Được lắm chứ!” - Ôbrien trả lời và đặt mạnh xuống quầy một cái túi nặng chứa ngàn đôla có dư bên cạnh cái túi của Mátthiuxơn.)
Responses to both questions share a commonality In the first scenario, the response, "Yeah, I'm going to take him out now," is interpreted as a negative response due to the nature of the question Conversely, the second response is straightforward and requires no further context to comprehend its meaning, which is, "Yep, I can lend you."
The following sentences show an example of indirect response to yes/no question:
“Think it’ll ride ?” one of the men asked
“Why shouldn’t it ỉ ?” Charles demanded rather shortly
“Oh, that’s all right, that’s all right”, the man hastened meekly to say “I was just a- wondering, that’s all It seemed a mite top- heavy”
(“Liệu có kéo đi được không?” – Một trong số họ hỏi
“Sao lại không?” - Sác vặn lại cộc lốc
“Ồ! Thôi được, thôi được!” -người kia vội vàng trả lời hiền lành “Tôi chỉ thắc mắc một tí thôi mà Hình như nó có hơi nặng trên chóp đấy.”)
As was previously stated and is evident in this instance, this dialogue includes responses to both yes/no and wh-question First of all, we know that
"Think it'll ride?" is a Yes/No question; nevertheless, Charles chooses to respond to this by asking a different question rather than just answering "Yes" or
"No" “Why shouldn't it” indicates that it will ride in this situation Charles's reaction is more than just an explanation; he wants to demonstrate his "ability" and convince every man in the room that their doubts are unfounded. Reversed, Charles's response is another Wh-question This inquiry calls for an explanation of why the sled is incapable of moving Although he doesn't want to waste his time offering counsel to a stupid individual, he delivers an indirect response to the previous questioner in the manner described above. His answer can be "Because I think the top was heavy but that's okay."
In conclusion, the data analyzed about ellipsis lead us to the conclusion that ellipsis, as a device of grammatical cohesion, plays a significant role in how the novel is made more engaging for readers.
Suggestions for Learning and Teaching Ellipsis Effectively… 36 1 For Learning and Translating
It is intended that this study would be extremely helpful to teachers and students as they teach and learn writing skills Truly, writing is a challenging skill to perfect Vietnamese students find it particularly tricky to write well in English owing to cultural differences in perspectives as well as linguistic barriers Writing skill instruction and learning has, therefore, become a difficult endeavor for both teachers and students Every grade of education should emphasize the use of cohesive devices and grammatical cohesive devices in particular In reality, some students struggle to write meaningful and cohesive essays even when they are exceptionally good at English vocabulary, syntax and structures As a result, in order to achieve their ultimate aim of producing writing that is significant, students need to familiarize themselves with the appropriate writing skills.
Students should have solid foundation knowledge about ellipsis and the three major kinds of this phenomena in order to appropriately identify elliptical instances It is highly advised to read documents with in-depth analyses written by reputable experts like Halliday and Hasan Students must also fully comprehend the context in which ellipsis may emerge in order to appropriately identify elliptical situations based on the preceding or following phrases Even though groups occasionally lack a complete element structure, ellipses cannot exist without context In some circumstances, the context appears to be on a massive scale with the phrases being far from one another So that they do not overlook any elliptical examples, students must have a wider vision.
The ellipsis changes from language to language, but grammatical omission is one characteristic that all languages have in common This is important for students who have trouble translating What is permissible in one language might not be in another For instance, in English, if a word, verb, or sentence is repeated, it may be excluded from the subsequent paragraph The use of the same term repeatedly in early and later literature is, nevertheless, occasionally legal, customary and natural in Vietnamese Let’s have a look at this example in the novel: He wanted, not to escape a clubbing, but to have the leadership It was his by right He had earned it, and he would not be content with less ỉ” Word-for-word translation: Khụng phải nú muốn trỏnh trận đòn dùi cui, mà nó muốn chiếm được cương vị đầu đàn Cương vị ấy phải là của nó, nó có quyền xứng đáng được hưởng Nó đã chiến đấu mà giành được, thì nó sẽ không thể nào vừa lòng với thấp hơn Acceptable translation: Không phải nó muốn tránh trận đòn dùi cui, mà nó muốn chiếm được cương vị đầu đàn Cương vị ấy phải là của nó, nó có quyền xứng đáng được hưởng Nó đã chiến đấu mà giành được, thì nó sẽ không thể nào vừa lòng với địa vị thấp kém hơn As a result, students should consider whether they should remain the ellipsis from English to Vietnamese or not based on the context.
To enhance discourse coherence, educators should emphasize the significance of ellipsis and coherent discourse devices Proper ellipsis usage ensures logical phrase connections, clarifying ideas Students benefit from understanding ellipsis variations for effective communication Instructors may provide examples and have students identify omitted elements Paired or group activities foster proficient ellipsis use Cohesive devices should be introduced within context, highlighting their role in text comprehension and logical development By creating opportunities for natural discussions, teachers can minimize unnecessary ellipsis or perceived difficulties Encouraging interactions with native speakers inside and outside the classroom further familiarizes students with appropriate ellipsis use.
Summary of the Chapter
This chapter thoroughly examines and categorizes several types of nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis in Jack London's novel "The Call of theWild" Examples of English ellipses from the book were used to demonstrate each category, along with Manh Chuong's Vietnamese translations As a result, the majority of English elliptical situations are anaphoric ellipses,which occur when previous things may recover the presupposed items.
CONCLUSION
Recapitulation
Regarding the theoretical basis, the research provides a brief introduction to the notions of discourse, cohesion, grammatical cohesive devices and English ellipsis The framework is founded on the viewpoints of Haliday and Hasan-the most well-known discourse analysis researchers The theories have provided a solid framework for the analysis on ellipsis in the novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and its equivalent in Vietnamese.
With the comparison between the two languages, a thorough research into elliptical situations in both English and the Vietnamese equivalent has also been conducted In order to generalize what has been discovered or discussed, the findings and discussions are then illustrated in systems of examples and tables Also, several recommendations for learning and teaching ellipsis were made with the intention of assisting VietnameseEnglish learners in avoiding misunderstanding while using and translating ellipsis Also, recommendations for teaching ellipsis were made with the intention of achieving positive outcomes for both teaching and learning communication skills in general and ellipsis in particular.
Concluding Remarks
It is preferable to use the ellipsis within the nominal group in terms of particular deictics rather than non-specific ones Demonstrative-determinative could be accounted for in 174 instances when certain deicties are taken into account There are a few possessive and interrogative ellipses, though (7 times for determinative-possessive and 20 times for interrogative items) For non- specific deictics, we are unable to locate any instances of total singular or total dual We remove 17 and 13 ellipses in the case of non-singular and unmarked respectively Quantitative definite and indefinite events can be counted for a total of 28 times, whereas ordinative events can be counted for 18 times. Every chapter of the book has verbal ellipses, but operator ellipses are more common than lexical ones (Operator ellipses appear 96 times compared to lexical ones just 6 times) There are only 8 occurrences of clausal ellipsis in
"The Call of the Wild" throughout all chapters and they appear in both direct and indirect answers to Wh-ellipsis and Yes/No ellipsis.
Limitation of the Studies
The study includes a thorough analysis and discussion of both the English equivalent and the Vietnamese equivalent of nominal and verbal ellipses We were unable to fully explore all facets of English clausal ellipsis due to time and resource constraints, since ellipsis in answers to a statement or command and ellipsis in "reporting-reported" sequences still cannot be cared for Also, this research is based on Haliday and Hasan's (1976) theory, suggesting that additional studies should be extensively conducted with the views of other linguists As a result, every variation of the cohesive device is carefully and thoroughly utilized.
Moreover, Manh Chuong is not the only translator for the novel “TheCall of the Wild” Thus, other translators may have different viewpoints on the novel leading to the distinctions in Vietnamese equivalents with what has been discussed in this study.
Recommendations for Further Studies
Ellipsis is a common grammatical cohesion technique that is frequently employed in a variety of works The frequent use of ellipses in Jack London's writing style leaves a lasting effect on readers The thesis thoroughly identifies and examines verbal and nominal ellipses in English by comparing them to their Vietnamese equivalents We have only briefly discussed modal ellipsis, propositional ellipsis, and ellipsis in question-answer reply sequences due to time and other limitations.
Further research is needed to investigate the use of ellipsis in response sequences outside of questions and answers, such as responses to statements or demands Additionally, comparative studies should be conducted to examine the similarities and differences between Vietnamese ellipses and English ellipses in "reporting-reported" sequences Data collection and analysis should incorporate a wide range of literature, including newspapers, instruction manuals, music lyrics, political speeches, and scientific publications, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the usage of ellipsis across various literary genres.
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