An analysis of conceptual metaphor in taylor swifts commencement speech at new york university graduation ceremony in motivational speeches

--- Page 1 --- MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS PROPOSAL AN ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN TAYLOR SWIFT’S COMMENCEMENT SPEECH AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY GRADUATION CEREMONY IN MOTIVATIONAL SPEECHES (Phân tích ẩn dụ ý niệm trong bài phát biểu khai mạc tại lễ tốt nghiệp trường đại học New York của Taylor Swift) DANG KIEU TRINH Program: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: PhD. Pham Lan Anh Hanoi – 2023 --- Page 2 --- CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Taylor Swift, a renowned singer-songwriter, has not only made a significant impact on the music industry but has also established herself as a powerful cultural icon. Her influence extends beyond her musical achievements, permeating various aspects of contemporary culture. Taylor Swift''''s public persona is characterized by her ability to connect with a diverse audience through her music, personal narratives, and public addresses. Over the years, she has become a voice for many brands, using her platform to advocate for social issues, share personal experiences, and inspire her fans. Her commencement speech at New York University in 2022 stands as a testament to her eloquence and the profound impact she has on her audience. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), introduced by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their seminal work "Metaphors We Live By," provides a framework for understanding how metaphors shape our cognitive processes and influence our perception of the world. According to CMT, metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions but fundamental cognitive tools that structure our thoughts and experiences. They allow us to understand abstract concepts through more concrete experiences, thereby bridging the gap between the tangible and the intangible. This theory has revolutionized the study of language and cognition, highlighting the pervasive role of metaphors in everyday communication. Analyzing metaphors in speeches is crucial for uncovering the deeper meanings and cognitive processes underlying the speaker''''s message. Metaphors are powerful rhetorical devices that can enhance the persuasiveness of a speech, evoke emotions, and shape the audience''''s understanding of complex ideas. By studying the metaphors used in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech, we can gain insights into how she constructs her narrative, engages with her audience, and conveys her message effectively. This analysis not only enriches our understanding of Taylor Swift''''s rhetorical strategies but also contributes to the broader field of metaphor studies by illustrating the practical application of CMT in public discourse. In this study, we will explore Taylor Swift''''s influence as a cultural icon and her role in the music industry and public speaking. We will delve into the foundational concepts of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and examine the relevance of metaphor analysis in understanding the deeper meanings and cognitive processes in speeches. Through a detailed analysis of Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech, we aim to uncover the underlying metaphorical structures that contribute to its impact and significance. In an era characterized by the convergence of entertainment, language, and cultural influence, public figures wield an unprecedented power to shape narratives and communicate ideas. Taylor Swift delivered the commencement address at New York University in May 2022 to a large stadium audience of graduates from all backgrounds and a world-wide digital viewership. As an influential cultural figure who has undergone major life reinventions in the public eye, Taylor Swift put forth advice for navigating uncertainty, identity struggles, and new phases of life. Given conceptual metaphor theory’s contention that figurative language provides “windows into cultural and individual conceptual systems” (Kövecses, 2010, p. 7), analysis of Taylor Swift’s creative metaphor use stands to reveal deeper insights into both commonly held outlooks on life’s passages as well as her own distinct perspectives shaped by lived experience. Examination of this speech genre matters because commencement speeches communicate collated cultural wisdom surrounding graduates’ impending “new journeys ahead” life phase (Rowland, 2017). Metaphors framing notions of time, identity, adversity and purpose may profoundly shape students’ contemplations around adult responsibility, career, and relationships. As a seminal pop culture voice for Millennial and Gen Z experiences, Taylor Swift’s figurative framing of this transitional moment may resonate widely and influence outlooks. Conceptual metaphor analysis can uncover impacts through its balance of systematic identification and subjective meaning-making interpretation. The rationale behind conducting an analysis of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University is rooted in several significant scholarly and practical considerations. Taylor Swift is not just a globally recognized musician but also a powerful voice in contemporary culture. Her public statements and speeches often garner significant media attention and influence a wide audience. Analyzing her commencement speech offers insights into how influential figures use language to communicate complex ideas and values effectively. This analysis aligns with the growing body of research that examines the rhetorical strategies of celebrities and their impact on public discourse. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), posits that metaphors are fundamental to our thought processes, shaping how we perceive the world, understand abstract concepts, and communicate experiences. Metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions but cognitive tools that frame our understanding and guide our actions. Analyzing metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s speech allows us to delve into the cognitive underpinnings of her rhetoric and understand how she frames her messages about life, career, and personal growth in ways that are accessible and relatable to her audience. This approach is supported by previous studies that have highlighted the role of metaphors in shaping audience perceptions and enhancing the emotional and persuasive power of speeches (Charteris-Black, 2011; Cameron, 2003). The study contributes to rhetoric and communication by providing a detailed analysis of how metaphors function in a high-profile, real-world context. It extends existing research on metaphor usage in speeches by focusing on a contemporary, widely recognized speaker. Previous researches have often concentrated on political speeches or historical figures, or poems and music, with less attention given to the speeches of celebrities in the entertainment industry. By focusing on Taylor Swift, this study addresses this gap and provides a contemporary perspective on metaphor analysis in public speaking. This analysis can serve as a valuable resource for scholars, students, and practitioners in communication, rhetoric, and related fields, offering practical examples of effective metaphor usage. Understanding the metaphors used in Taylor Swift''''s speech has practical implications for public speakers and speechwriters. It provides concrete examples of how metaphors can be employed to make abstract ideas more tangible, evoke emotions, and persuade an audience. By examining the specific metaphors and their contexts, this study can offer guidelines and strategies for crafting impactful speeches that resonate with diverse audiences. This practical application is supported by rhetorical studies that emphasize the importance of metaphor in enhancing the clarity and persuasiveness of communication (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003; Charteris-Black, 2005). Taylor Swift''''s speech, delivered at a significant milestone in the lives of graduates, also reflects broader cultural and social values. By analyzing the metaphors she uses, we can gain insights into the societal narratives and values she promotes. This has implications for understanding how celebrities influence public discourse and shape collective beliefs and attitudes. This perspective is consistent with research on the cultural impact of celebrity rhetoric, which suggests that celebrities can play a significant role in framing public debates and influencing social norms (Meyer & Gamson, 1995; Marshall, 1997). For the researcher, this study represents an opportunity for personal and academic growth. It allows for the application of theoretical knowledge in a practical analysis, honing research skills, critical thinking, and the ability to articulate complex ideas clearly. The study also contributes to the academic community by filling a gap in the literature on metaphor analysis in contemporary commencement speeches. This contribution is important for the ongoing development of rhetorical and metaphor theory, as it provides new insights and empirical data that can inform future research (Gibbs, 2008; Steen, 2007). In short, the rationale for analyzing conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University is multifaceted. It leverages the intersection of celebrity influence, cognitive linguistics, and rhetorical studies to provide valuable insights into how metaphors shape communication and public perception. This analysis not only contributes to academic knowledge but also offers practical benefits for public speaking and enhances our understanding of contemporary cultural rhetoric. --- Page 3 --- 1.1. Rationale This study provides deep insights into how public figures like Taylor Swift use conceptual metaphors to shape contemporary discourse and influence social attitudes. By analyzing Swift''''s rhetorical strategies in her speech, we can enhance communication skills while gaining a better understanding of the emotional and psychological impact of language. This contributes to metaphor theory by demonstrating that metaphors are fundamental tools for cognitive processing and meaning-making. Particularly in the context of a speech aimed at graduates, this analysis offers insights into how language supports personal development, resilience, and adaptability. Furthermore, this research expands the scope of metaphor studies by examining a speech from a pop culture figure, highlighting the influence of celebrity culture and how they use their platform to shape public opinion. In summary, this study not only provides theoretical frameworks but also practical applications for personal and professional development, clarifying the role of metaphors in shaping public discourse. 1.2. Study Objectives This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University. The objectives of this research are threefold, focusing on the identification of key conceptual metaphors, the analysis of source-target mappings and attribute transfer, and the exploration of the effectiveness of these metaphors in influencing the audience''''s perception and emotional response. The research aims of this study are delineated as follows Identify, categorize and quantify the types and distribution of conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech using metaphor theory frameworks. The first objective is to identify the key conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employs in her speech. Conceptual metaphors are a fundamental aspect of human cognition, allowing abstract ideas to be understood through more concrete experiences. In her speech, Taylor Swift uses various metaphors to convey complex emotions and ideas in a relatable manner. By pinpointing these metaphors, we aim to uncover the underlying frameworks through which she communicates her ideas and messages to the audience. This involves a thorough examination of the speech to extract metaphorical expressions and determine the concepts they represent. Identifying these metaphors will provide insight into the cognitive processes that shape Taylor Swift''''s rhetorical strategies and the thematic elements she emphasizes. Analyze the conceptual metaphor mappings and source-target relationships that underlie the metaphors identified in Taylor Swift''''s speech. The second objective is to analyze how the source domains map onto the target domains within the identified conceptual metaphors. This involves examining the specific attributes transferred from the source to the target domains. In conceptual metaphor theory, a source domain is a concrete, familiar experience, while a target domain is a more abstract concept that we understand through the source domain. For example, if Taylor Swift describes life as a journey, "journey" is the source domain and "life" is the target domain. By analyzing these mappings, we seek to understand the cognitive mechanisms at play and how these mappings facilitate the audience''''s understanding of abstract concepts through more concrete imagery. This analysis will involve breaking down each metaphor to identify the components of the source and target domains and examining how characteristics of the source domain are projected onto the target domain. Understanding these mappings will shed light on how Taylor Swift uses metaphorical language to create meaningful connections and enhance the clarity and impact of her message. In what way Taylor Swift strategically deploys conceptual metaphors to achieve rhetorical resonance with the target graduation audience and effectively communicate inspirational life advice. The third objective is to explore how the conceptual metaphors enhance the effectiveness of Taylor Swift''''s message and influence the audience''''s perception and emotional response. Effective metaphors do more than just clarify—they resonate emotionally with the audience and reinforce the speaker''''s persuasive goals. By evaluating the impact of these metaphors, we aim to determine their role in reinforcing the overall communicative goals of speech and how they contribute to its persuasive power and emotional resonance. This involves assessing the audience''''s reactions to the metaphors and considering the broader cultural and emotional contexts in which these metaphors operate. For instance, a metaphor that frames challenges as battles may evoke a sense of determination and resilience, aligning with Taylor Swift''''s intended message of perseverance. Exploring the effectiveness of these metaphors will also involve looking at how they align with the audience''''s experiences and values, making the speech more relatable and impactful. These objectives guide the study towards a nuanced understanding of the strategic use of metaphors in public speaking, specifically within the context of a high-profile commencement address. By identifying the key conceptual metaphors, analyzing their source-target mappings, and exploring their effectiveness, we aim to provide a detailed account of how Taylor Swift employs metaphorical language to convey her message powerfully. This study will contribute to the broader field of metaphor research by demonstrating how metaphors function not only as linguistic tools but as powerful cognitive and emotional instruments in effective communication. Understanding metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s speech can offer insights into the broader strategies of successful public speaking and how speakers can connect with their audiences on both intellectual and emotional levels. In summary, this study''''s objectives focus on identifying the key conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech, analyzing the source-target mappings and attribute transfers within these metaphors, and exploring the effectiveness of these metaphors in enhancing the speech''''s communicative goals and influencing the audience. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to uncover the cognitive and emotional mechanisms underlying Taylor Swift''''s metaphor use and to provide a deeper understanding of how metaphors can be strategically employed in public speaking to create powerful and resonant messages. 1.3. Scope of the study This study aims to comprehensively analyze the conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University. The scope of the study includes the following aspects: The study will focus on identifying the conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employs to convey ideas and messages in her speech. These metaphors will be analyzed in detail to understand how they are applied and their impact on audience perception. Secondly, the study will consider the temporal and spatial context in which the speech was delivered, examining cultural and social factors influencing the use of metaphors in the speech. Methodologically, the research will utilize language analysis and conceptual metaphor theory to explore and interpret the identified conceptual metaphors. Methods such as textual analysis and content analysis will be employed to dissect how Taylor Swift uses language to create impact. The study will concentrate on Taylor Swift''''s speech and its impact on the listening audience, including direct reactions and responses through various media channels. However, the study will not encompass other aspects of the speech beyond conceptual metaphors, such as alternative rhetorical methods, socio-political contexts, or responses from different demographic groups like youth, elderly, or diverse cultural backgrounds. 1.4. Research questions The study addresses these following questions: --- Page 4 --- What are the key conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University? In what ways do the source domains map onto the target domains in the conceptual metaphors identified in Taylor Swift''''s speech, and what specific attributes are transferred from source to target? In what ways do the conceptual metaphors used by Taylor Swift in her speech enhance the effectiveness of her message and influence the audience''''s perception and emotional response? 1.5. Significance of the study Despite the existing body of research on conceptual metaphors across diverse fields such as politics, poetry, and music, including notable studies like Xiaowen''''s (2022) analysis of Taylor Swift''''s speech through a conceptual metaphor lens and Olii et al., (2023) exploration of illocutionary acts, this study stands out in its unique focus. Unlike broad studies on conceptual metaphors, this research zeroes in on Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech. This specific context offers a rare opportunity to examine how conceptual metaphors are employed in public discourse by a public figure. Xiaowen''''s (2022) study, while insightful, does not fully illuminate the power of Taylor Swift''''s use of metaphors to highlight her speech in aspects such as culture, society, or the direct impact of metaphors on the audience at that time. By analyzing Taylor Swift''''s speech, this study aims to uncover how conceptual metaphors contribute to contemporary cultural narratives. It delves into their role in shaping public discourse and societal awareness, especially among younger audiences influenced by Taylor Swift''''s cultural impact. Methodologically, the study enriches our understanding by applying linguistic analysis and conceptual metaphor theory within the context of speech. This approach deepens insights into how metaphors function in spoken communication, distinct from their use in written texts or lyrical compositions. In contrast to studies focused solely on written texts or lyrics, this research directly investigates how metaphors impact real-time audiences during public addresses. It explores how metaphors enhance audience engagement, evoke emotional responses, and facilitate message reception in public speaking contexts. 1.6. Research design 1.6.1. Qualitative Approach The study adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the intricate and multifaceted nature of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech. This approach is particularly suited for this research as it focuses on understanding the deeper meanings and contextual nuances of language use. Unlike quantitative methods that rely on numerical data and statistical analysis, the qualitative approach allows for a more detailed and interpretative exploration of how metaphors function and their impact on the audience. By employing a qualitative approach, the study can capture the subtleties and complexities of Taylor Swift''''s speech, providing insights into how her metaphors resonate with the audience and contribute to the overall narrative. This method facilitates an in-depth examination of the language, themes, and rhetorical strategies used by Taylor Swift, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of her speech''''s impact on cultural and social discourse. 1.6.2. Data Collection and Analysis 1.6.2.1. Data Collection The primary data for this study is Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech delivered at New York University in 2022. The speech was transcribed verbatim from the article of Pangambam (2024) to ensure an accurate and faithful representation of her language. This transcription process is crucial for capturing the exact words, phrases, and expressions used by Taylor Swift, which are essential for identifying and analyzing metaphors. Otherwise, her speech transcript will be categorized into 20 domains which reflect her meaning in terms of using metaphors. These domains include:

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

M.A THESIS PROPOSAL

AN ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN TAYLOR SWIFT’SCOMMENCEMENT SPEECH AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITYGRADUATION CEREMONY IN MOTIVATIONAL SPEECHES

(Phân tích ẩn dụ ý niệm trong bài phát biểu khai mạc tại lễ tốt nghiệptrường đại học New York của Taylor Swift)

DANG KIEU TRINH

Program: English Language

Supervisor: PhD Pham Lan Anh Hanoi – 2023

1.6.2 Data Collection and Analysis 10

1.6.3 Contextual and Interpretative Analysis 12

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 13

2.1 About Taylor Swift and Her Career 13

2.2 An overview about Metaphors 14

2.3 Foundations of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) 18

2.4 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in Speech 20

2.5 Previous studies 26

2.5.1 Xiaowen (2022): Conceptual Metaphor Perspective 30

2.5.2 Olii et al (2023): Illocutionary Acts in Taylor Swift’s Speech 31

2.6 Key concepts 32

2.6.1 Source and Target Domains 32

2.6.2 Conceptual Mappings 33

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 35

Research question 1: What are the key conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencement speech at New York University? 35

Research question 2: In what ways do the source domains map onto the target domains in the conceptual metaphors identified in Taylor Swift's speech, and what specific attributes

are transferred from source to target? 47

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION 63

4.1 Impact on Audience 63

4.2 Rhetorical Effectiveness 63

4.3 Celebrity Influence 64

CHAPTER V: FURTHER RESEARCHES SUGGESTIONS 66

CHAPTER VI: REFERENCES 67

CHAPTER VII: APPENDIX 75

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Taylor Swift, a renowned singer-songwriter, has not only made a significant impact onthe music industry but has also established herself as a powerful cultural icon Herinfluence extends beyond her musical achievements, permeating various aspects ofcontemporary culture Taylor Swift's public persona is characterized by her ability toconnect with a diverse audience through her music, personal narratives, and publicaddresses Over the years, she has become a voice for many brands, using her platform toadvocate for social issues, share personal experiences, and inspire her fans Hercommencement speech at New York University in 2022 stands as a testament to hereloquence and the profound impact she has on her audience.

The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), introduced by George Lakoff and MarkJohnson in their seminal work "Metaphors We Live By," provides a framework forunderstanding how metaphors shape our cognitive processes and influence our perceptionof the world According to CMT, metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions butfundamental cognitive tools that structure our thoughts and experiences They allow us tounderstand abstract concepts through more concrete experiences, thereby bridging thegap between the tangible and the intangible This theory has revolutionized the study oflanguage and cognition, highlighting the pervasive role of metaphors in everydaycommunication.

Analyzing metaphors in speeches is crucial for uncovering the deeper meanings andcognitive processes underlying the speaker's message Metaphors are powerful rhetoricaldevices that can enhance the persuasiveness of a speech, evoke emotions, and shape theaudience's understanding of complex ideas By studying the metaphors used in TaylorSwift's commencement speech, we can gain insights into how she constructs hernarrative, engages with her audience, and conveys her message effectively This analysisnot only enriches our understanding of Taylor Swift's rhetorical strategies but alsocontributes to the broader field of metaphor studies by illustrating the practicalapplication of CMT in public discourse.

In this study, we will explore Taylor Swift's influence as a cultural icon and her role inthe music industry and public speaking We will delve into the foundational concepts ofConceptual Metaphor Theory and examine the relevance of metaphor analysis inunderstanding the deeper meanings and cognitive processes in speeches Through adetailed analysis of Taylor Swift's commencement speech, we aim to uncover theunderlying metaphorical structures that contribute to its impact and significance.

In an era characterized by the convergence of entertainment, language, and culturalinfluence, public figures wield an unprecedented power to shape narratives andcommunicate ideas Taylor Swift delivered the commencement address at New YorkUniversity in May 2022 to a large stadium audience of graduates from all backgroundsand a world-wide digital viewership As an influential cultural figure who has undergonemajor life reinventions in the public eye, Taylor Swift put forth advice for navigatinguncertainty, identity struggles, and new phases of life Given conceptual metaphortheory’s contention that figurative language provides “windows into cultural andindividual conceptual systems” (Kövecses, 2010, p 7), analysis of Taylor Swift’screative metaphor use stands to reveal deeper insights into both commonly held outlookson life’s passages as well as her own distinct perspectives shaped by lived experience.Examination of this speech genre matters because commencement speeches communicatecollated cultural wisdom surrounding graduates’ impending “new journeys ahead” lifephase (Rowland, 2017) Metaphors framing notions of time, identity, adversity andpurpose may profoundly shape students’ contemplations around adult responsibility,career, and relationships As a seminal pop culture voice for Millennial and Gen Zexperiences, Taylor Swift’s figurative framing of this transitional moment may resonatewidely and influence outlooks Conceptual metaphor analysis can uncover impactsthrough its balance of systematic identification and subjective meaning-makinginterpretation.

The rationale behind conducting an analysis of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift'scommencement speech at New York University is rooted in several significant scholarlyand practical considerations Taylor Swift is not just a globally recognized musician but

also a powerful voice in contemporary culture Her public statements and speeches oftengarner significant media attention and influence a wide audience Analyzing hercommencement speech offers insights into how influential figures use language tocommunicate complex ideas and values effectively This analysis aligns with the growingbody of research that examines the rhetorical strategies of celebrities and their impact onpublic discourse.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), positsthat metaphors are fundamental to our thought processes, shaping how we perceive theworld, understand abstract concepts, and communicate experiences Metaphors are notmerely linguistic expressions but cognitive tools that frame our understanding and guideour actions Analyzing metaphors in Taylor Swift's speech allows us to delve into thecognitive underpinnings of her rhetoric and understand how she frames her messagesabout life, career, and personal growth in ways that are accessible and relatable to heraudience This approach is supported by previous studies that have highlighted the role ofmetaphors in shaping audience perceptions and enhancing the emotional and persuasivepower of speeches (Charteris-Black, 2011; Cameron, 2003).

The study contributes to rhetoric and communication by providing a detailed analysis ofhow metaphors function in a high-profile, real-world context It extends existing researchon metaphor usage in speeches by focusing on a contemporary, widely recognizedspeaker Previous researches have often concentrated on political speeches or historicalfigures, or poems and music, with less attention given to the speeches of celebrities in theentertainment industry By focusing on Taylor Swift, this study addresses this gap andprovides a contemporary perspective on metaphor analysis in public speaking Thisanalysis can serve as a valuable resource for scholars, students, and practitioners incommunication, rhetoric, and related fields, offering practical examples of effectivemetaphor usage.

Understanding the metaphors used in Taylor Swift's speech has practical implications forpublic speakers and speechwriters It provides concrete examples of how metaphors canbe employed to make abstract ideas more tangible, evoke emotions, and persuade an

audience By examining the specific metaphors and their contexts, this study can offerguidelines and strategies for crafting impactful speeches that resonate with diverseaudiences This practical application is supported by rhetorical studies that emphasize theimportance of metaphor in enhancing the clarity and persuasiveness of communication(Lakoff & Johnson, 2003; Charteris-Black, 2005).

Taylor Swift's speech, delivered at a significant milestone in the lives of graduates, alsoreflects broader cultural and social values By analyzing the metaphors she uses, we cangain insights into the societal narratives and values she promotes This has implicationsfor understanding how celebrities influence public discourse and shape collective beliefsand attitudes This perspective is consistent with research on the cultural impact ofcelebrity rhetoric, which suggests that celebrities can play a significant role in framingpublic debates and influencing social norms (Meyer & Gamson, 1995; Marshall, 1997).For the researcher, this study represents an opportunity for personal and academicgrowth It allows for the application of theoretical knowledge in a practical analysis,honing research skills, critical thinking, and the ability to articulate complex ideasclearly The study also contributes to the academic community by filling a gap in theliterature on metaphor analysis in contemporary commencement speeches Thiscontribution is important for the ongoing development of rhetorical and metaphor theory,as it provides new insights and empirical data that can inform future research (Gibbs,2008; Steen, 2007).

In short, the rationale for analyzing conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift'scommencement speech at New York University is multifaceted It leverages theintersection of celebrity influence, cognitive linguistics, and rhetorical studies to providevaluable insights into how metaphors shape communication and public perception Thisanalysis not only contributes to academic knowledge but also offers practical benefits forpublic speaking and enhances our understanding of contemporary cultural rhetoric.

1.1 Rationale

This study provides deep insights into how public figures like Taylor Swift useconceptual metaphors to shape contemporary discourse and influence social attitudes Byanalyzing Swift's rhetorical strategies in her speech, we can enhance communicationskills while gaining a better understanding of the emotional and psychological impact oflanguage This contributes to metaphor theory by demonstrating that metaphors arefundamental tools for cognitive processing and meaning-making Particularly in thecontext of a speech aimed at graduates, this analysis offers insights into how languagesupports personal development, resilience, and adaptability Furthermore, this researchexpands the scope of metaphor studies by examining a speech from a pop culture figure,highlighting the influence of celebrity culture and how they use their platform to shapepublic opinion In summary, this study not only provides theoretical frameworks but alsopractical applications for personal and professional development, clarifying the role ofmetaphors in shaping public discourse.

1.2 Study Objectives

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual metaphors presentin Taylor Swift's commencement speech at New York University The objectives of thisresearch are threefold, focusing on the identification of key conceptual metaphors, theanalysis of source-target mappings and attribute transfer, and the exploration of theeffectiveness of these metaphors in influencing the audience's perception and emotionalresponse The research aims of this study are delineated as follows

1 Identify, categorize and quantify the types and distribution of conceptualmetaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencement speech using metaphortheory frameworks.

The first objective is to identify the key conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employsin her speech Conceptual metaphors are a fundamental aspect of human cognition,allowing abstract ideas to be understood through more concrete experiences In herspeech, Taylor Swift uses various metaphors to convey complex emotions and ideas in arelatable manner By pinpointing these metaphors, we aim to uncover the underlying

frameworks through which she communicates her ideas and messages to the audience.This involves a thorough examination of the speech to extract metaphorical expressionsand determine the concepts they represent Identifying these metaphors will provideinsight into the cognitive processes that shape Taylor Swift's rhetorical strategies and thethematic elements she emphasizes

2 Analyze the conceptual metaphor mappings and source-target relationshipsthat underlie the metaphors identified in Taylor Swift's speech.

The second objective is to analyze how the source domains map onto the target domainswithin the identified conceptual metaphors This involves examining the specificattributes transferred from the source to the target domains In conceptual metaphortheory, a source domain is a concrete, familiar experience, while a target domain is amore abstract concept that we understand through the source domain For example, ifTaylor Swift describes life as a journey, "journey" is the source domain and "life" is thetarget domain By analyzing these mappings, we seek to understand the cognitivemechanisms at play and how these mappings facilitate the audience's understanding ofabstract concepts through more concrete imagery This analysis will involve breakingdown each metaphor to identify the components of the source and target domains andexamining how characteristics of the source domain are projected onto the target domain.Understanding these mappings will shed light on how Taylor Swift uses metaphoricallanguage to create meaningful connections and enhance the clarity and impact of hermessage.

3 In what way Taylor Swift strategically deploys conceptual metaphors toachieve rhetorical resonance with the target graduation audience andeffectively communicate inspirational life advice.

The third objective is to explore how the conceptual metaphors enhance the effectivenessof Taylor Swift's message and influence the audience's perception and emotionalresponse Effective metaphors do more than just clarify—they resonate emotionally withthe audience and reinforce the speaker's persuasive goals By evaluating the impact ofthese metaphors, we aim to determine their role in reinforcing the overall communicative

goals of speech and how they contribute to its persuasive power and emotional resonance.This involves assessing the audience's reactions to the metaphors and considering thebroader cultural and emotional contexts in which these metaphors operate For instance, ametaphor that frames challenges as battles may evoke a sense of determination andresilience, aligning with Taylor Swift's intended message of perseverance Exploring theeffectiveness of these metaphors will also involve looking at how they align with theaudience's experiences and values, making the speech more relatable and impactful These objectives guide the study towards a nuanced understanding of the strategic use ofmetaphors in public speaking, specifically within the context of a high-profilecommencement address By identifying the key conceptual metaphors, analyzing theirsource-target mappings, and exploring their effectiveness, we aim to provide a detailedaccount of how Taylor Swift employs metaphorical language to convey her messagepowerfully This study will contribute to the broader field of metaphor research bydemonstrating how metaphors function not only as linguistic tools but as powerfulcognitive and emotional instruments in effective communication Understandingmetaphors in Taylor Swift's speech can offer insights into the broader strategies ofsuccessful public speaking and how speakers can connect with their audiences on bothintellectual and emotional levels In summary, this study's objectives focus on identifyingthe key conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift's commencement speech, analyzing thesource-target mappings and attribute transfers within these metaphors, and exploring theeffectiveness of these metaphors in enhancing the speech's communicative goals andinfluencing the audience Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to uncover thecognitive and emotional mechanisms underlying Taylor Swift's metaphor use and toprovide a deeper understanding of how metaphors can be strategically employed in publicspeaking to create powerful and resonant messages.

1.3 Scope of the study

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the conceptual metaphors present in TaylorSwift's commencement speech at New York University The scope of the study includesthe following aspects:

- The study will focus on identifying the conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swiftemploys to convey ideas and messages in her speech These metaphors will beanalyzed in detail to understand how they are applied and their impact onaudience perception.

- Secondly, the study will consider the temporal and spatial context in which thespeech was delivered, examining cultural and social factors influencing the use ofmetaphors in the speech

- Methodologically, the research will utilize language analysis and conceptualmetaphor theory to explore and interpret the identified conceptual metaphors.Methods such as textual analysis and content analysis will be employed to dissecthow Taylor Swift uses language to create impact.

- The study will concentrate on Taylor Swift's speech and its impact on thelistening audience, including direct reactions and responses through various mediachannels.

However, the study will not encompass other aspects of the speech beyond conceptualmetaphors, such as alternative rhetorical methods, socio-political contexts, or responsesfrom different demographic groups like youth, elderly, or diverse cultural backgrounds.

1.4 Research questions

The study addresses these following questions:

1 What are the key conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencementspeech at New York University?

2 In what ways do the source domains map onto the target domains in theconceptual metaphors identified in Taylor Swift's speech, and what specificattributes are transferred from source to target?

3 In what ways do the conceptual metaphors used by Taylor Swift in her speechenhance the effectiveness of her message and influence the audience's perceptionand emotional response?

1.5 Significance of the study

Despite the existing body of research on conceptual metaphors across diverse fields suchas politics, poetry, and music, including notable studies like Xiaowen's (2022) analysis ofTaylor Swift's speech through a conceptual metaphor lens and Olii et al., (2023)exploration of illocutionary acts, this study stands out in its unique focus Unlike broadstudies on conceptual metaphors, this research zeroes in on Taylor Swift'scommencement speech This specific context offers a rare opportunity to examine howconceptual metaphors are employed in public discourse by a public figure.

Xiaowen's (2022) study, while insightful, does not fully illuminate the power of TaylorSwift's use of metaphors to highlight her speech in aspects such as culture, society, or thedirect impact of metaphors on the audience at that time By analyzing Taylor Swift'sspeech, this study aims to uncover how conceptual metaphors contribute to contemporarycultural narratives It delves into their role in shaping public discourse and societalawareness, especially among younger audiences influenced by Taylor Swift's culturalimpact Methodologically, the study enriches our understanding by applying linguisticanalysis and conceptual metaphor theory within the context of speech This approachdeepens insights into how metaphors function in spoken communication, distinct fromtheir use in written texts or lyrical compositions In contrast to studies focused solely onwritten texts or lyrics, this research directly investigates how metaphors impact real-timeaudiences during public addresses It explores how metaphors enhance audienceengagement, evoke emotional responses, and facilitate message reception in publicspeaking contexts.

1.6 Research design

1.6.1 Qualitative Approach

The study adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the intricate and multifaceted natureof conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift's commencement speech This approach isparticularly suited for this research as it focuses on understanding the deeper meaningsand contextual nuances of language use Unlike quantitative methods that rely onnumerical data and statistical analysis, the qualitative approach allows for a more detailed

and interpretative exploration of how metaphors function and their impact on theaudience.

By employing a qualitative approach, the study can capture the subtleties andcomplexities of Taylor Swift's speech, providing insights into how her metaphorsresonate with the audience and contribute to the overall narrative This method facilitatesan in-depth examination of the language, themes, and rhetorical strategies used by TaylorSwift, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of her speech's impact on cultural andsocial discourse.

1.6.2 Data Collection and Analysis1.6.2.1 Data Collection

The primary data for this study is Taylor Swift's commencement speech delivered at NewYork University in 2022 The speech was transcribed verbatim from the article ofPangambam (2024) to ensure an accurate and faithful representation of her language.This transcription process is crucial for capturing the exact words, phrases, andexpressions used by Taylor Swift, which are essential for identifying and analyzingmetaphors Otherwise, her speech transcript will be categorized into 20 domains whichreflect her meaning in terms of using metaphors These domains include:

Acknowledgementsand Pride.

Protecting Privacy and Dealing with Public Scrutiny.

Gratitude and Personal Reflections.

A Humorous Take on Being a

“Doctor”.Personal Fantasies

A Songwriter’s Journey.

The Creative Process.The Art of Writing Growing Up in the

Public Eye.

The Pressure of Perfectionism.

Turning Rejection into Motivation.

The Reality of Perfectionism.

The Silver Lining Embracing Uncertainty.

Final Thoughts.

1.6.2.2 Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP)

The Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), developed by the Pragglejaz Group, wasemployed to systematically identify and analyze the metaphors within the speech TheMIP involves several key steps:

- Reading the Text: The entire speech is read thoroughly to gain an overall

understanding of its content and context This initial reading helps in identifyingpotential metaphorical expressions.

- Identifying Metaphor Candidates: Words and phrases likely to bemetaphorical are identified This involves looking for expressions that describe

one thing in terms of another, often more concrete, concept.

- Determining Metaphoricity: Each identified expression is analyzed to determine

whether it is metaphorical This step involves assessing whether the expressionhas a more basic, concrete meaning that differs from its contextual use in thespeech.

- Documenting Metaphors: All identified metaphors are documented, including

their source domains (the concrete concepts) and target domains (the abstractconcepts they describe) This documentation is essential for understanding theunderlying metaphorical structures in speech.

1.6.3 Contextual and Interpretative Analysis

After identifying the metaphors using the MIP, a contextual analysis is conducted tounderstand how these metaphors contribute to the overall message and impact of thespeech This involves examining the metaphors in relation to the speech's themes, theintended audience, and the cultural context.

Finally, an interpretative analysis is performed to explore the deeper meanings andcognitive processes underlying the use of metaphors This analysis aims to uncover how

Taylor Swift's metaphors shape the audience's understanding and perception of the ideasshe presents By interpreting the metaphors in this way, the study seeks to reveal thebroader implications of Taylor Swift's rhetorical strategies and their influence on publicdiscourse and social awareness.

Through this detailed and systematic approach to data collection and analysis, the studyaims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the conceptual metaphors in TaylorSwift's commencement speech and their significance within the context of publicspeaking and cultural discourse.

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 About Taylor Swift and Her Career

Taylor Swift is a globally renowned singer-songwriter and actress, known for hernarrative songwriting that often centers around her personal life and experiences Born onDecember 13, 1989, in Reading, Pennsylvania, Taylor Swift began her career in countrymusic before transitioning to pop and, more recently, exploring genres like indie andalternative rock Her debut self-titled album was released in 2006, but it was her second

album, Fearless (2008), that catapulted her to fame with hits like Love Story and You

Belong With Me Throughout her career, Taylor Swift has consistently evolved her

musical style Albums such as Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), and 1989 (2014)showcased her transition from country to pop, with 1989 earning her a Grammy Awardfor Album of the Year Her later works, Reputation (2017), Lover (2019), Folklore(2020), and Evermore (2020), have been critically acclaimed for their introspective lyricsand innovative sound Folklore and Evermore, in particular, marked a significant shift to

a more indie-folk and alternative style, further demonstrating her versatility as an artist.Taylor Swift is not only known for her musical achievements but also for her activeengagement with her fanbase, philanthropy, and advocacy for artists' rights Her re-

recording of her earlier albums, starting with Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red

(Taylor's Version), is a testament to her fight for control over her own music and

intellectual property.

Taylor Swift’s songwriting is characterized by its vivid storytelling, emotional depth, andrelatable themes Her lyrics often explore themes of love, heartbreak, self-discovery, andpersonal growth Taylor Swift's ability to use metaphors and imagery allows her to paintdetailed pictures and evoke strong emotions in her listeners For instance, in her song"Love Story," she uses the metaphor of Romeo and Juliet to describe a romanticrelationship, while in "All Too Well," she recounts a past relationship with poignantdetails and vivid imagery Taylor Swift 's use of language is both personal and universal,making her songs resonate with a broad audience She often writes in the first person,which creates a sense of intimacy and connection with her listeners Her knack for

capturing complex emotions in simple, yet powerful lyrics is a key factor in herwidespread appeal.

In her commencement speech at New York University (NYU), Taylor Swift's use oflanguage mirrors the qualities found in her songwriting Her speech is marked bypersonal anecdotes, metaphors, and motivational messages, all of which are designed toconnect with and inspire the graduates.

Taylor Swift uses metaphors to make abstract concepts more relatable andunderstandable, like her songwriting approach For example, she likens life to a journeyand discusses "planting seeds of kindness," which are metaphors that simplify complexlife lessons and make them accessible to her audience These metaphors help graduatesenvision their future in manageable and relatable terms Her speech is also deeplypersonal, as she shares her own experiences and lessons learned throughout her career.This personal touch creates a sense of intimacy and authenticity, making her advice moreimpactful Just as in her songs, Taylor Swift's honesty and vulnerability in her speechallow her to connect with her audience on a deeper level Additionally, Taylor Swift’sability to evoke emotions through her choice of words is evident in her speech She useshumor, candid reflections, and heartfelt advice to engage her audience emotionally Thisemotional engagement is crucial in a commencement speech, as it helps to inspire andmotivate the graduates as they embark on the next chapter of their lives In general,Taylor Swift’s NYU commencement speech showcases the same strengths found in hersongwriting: vivid storytelling, relatable metaphors, emotional depth, and a personalconnection with her audience Her career and use of language in her songs provide astrong foundation for the motivational and inspirational messages she delivered to theNYU graduates, making her speech a memorable and impactful part of their graduationceremony.

2.2 An overview about Metaphors

Metaphor, a fundamental cognitive and linguistic phenomenon, plays a pivotal role inshaping human thought and communication Rooted deeply in the traditions of rhetoricand philosophy, the study of metaphor has evolved considerably over time From

Aristotle's classical definitions to contemporary cognitive linguistic theories, metaphorremains a vital area of research in linguistics, psychology, and related fields Thisliterature review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of metaphor in language,highlighting key theories, methodologies, and findings from seminal studies.

Aristotle was one of the earliest scholars to provide a detailed account of metaphor In his

Poetics, Aristotle defined metaphor as the application of a word that belongs to

something else, a definition that underscored the decorative and stylistic functions ofmetaphor in rhetoric (Aristotle, 1997) He emphasized the role of metaphor in enhancingthe clarity and aesthetic appeal of language, suggesting that a well-crafted metaphorcould convey meanings more vividly than literal language The early modern period sawthe expansion of metaphor studies beyond rhetoric Scholars began to explore thecognitive dimensions of metaphor, recognizing its role in shaping thought processes TheRomantic poets, for instance, utilized metaphors extensively to capture complex emotionsand abstract concepts, suggesting that metaphor transcends mere linguistic decoration(Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

A breakthrough in metaphor studies came with the advent of Conceptual MetaphorTheory (CMT), pioneered by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their seminal work

Metaphors We Live By (1980) CMT posits that metaphors are not just linguistic

expressions but fundamental to human cognition According to CMT, metaphorsstructure our understanding of abstract concepts by mapping them onto more concreteexperiences For instance, the conceptual metaphor "TIME IS MONEY" influences howwe perceive and talk about time, using terms like "spend," "save," and "waste" (Lakoff &Johnson, 1980) Building on CMT, primary metaphor theory suggests that complexmetaphors are constructed from more basic, primary metaphors rooted in bodilyexperiences Lakoff and Johnson argue that these primary metaphors arise from oursensorimotor experiences, forming the building blocks for more elaborate metaphoricalconstructs (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999) This approach underscores the embodied nature ofmetaphor, highlighting the interplay between physical experiences and abstract thought.

Corpus linguistics has become a prominent methodology in metaphor research, allowingscholars to analyze large datasets of authentic language use Through corpus analysis,researchers can identify patterns and frequencies of metaphorical expressions, providingempirical evidence for theoretical claims Studies using corpus linguistics have revealedinsights into the prevalence of certain metaphors across genres, registers, and culturalcontexts (Charteris-Black, 2004) Experimental approaches in metaphor research ofteninvolve psycholinguistic experiments to investigate how metaphors are processed andunderstood by individuals These experiments can include tasks such as reaction timemeasurements, eye-tracking, and brain imaging techniques Findings from experimentalstudies have contributed to our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlyingmetaphor comprehension and the neural correlates of metaphorical thinking (Gibbs &Colston, 2012).

Metaphors play a crucial role in shaping our conceptual framework, enabling us tounderstand abstract concepts through more concrete experiences Cognitive linguistsargue that metaphors are essential for structuring our thoughts and perceptions,influencing how we reason about the world For example, the "ARGUMENT IS WAR"metaphor shapes our understanding of arguments in terms of conflict, with terms like"defend," "attack," and "win" (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) In communication, metaphorsserve to convey complex ideas more effectively and persuasively They can enhance theclarity and impact of messages, making abstract or unfamiliar concepts more relatable tothe audience Political discourse, advertising, and literature are replete with metaphorsthat resonate with audiences by drawing on shared cultural and experiential knowledge(Lakoff, 2004) Metaphors also fulfill an aesthetic function, enriching the expressivepower of language Poets, novelists, and other creative writers employ metaphors toevoke emotions, create imagery, and convey nuanced meanings The aesthetic appeal ofmetaphors lies in their ability to surprise, delight, and provoke thought, making them acentral feature of literary art (Lakoff & Turner, 1989).

Literary scholars have long recognized the centrality of metaphor in literature Metaphorsin literary texts often function on multiple levels, contributing to character development,thematic exploration, and narrative structure For instance, in Shakespeare's plays,

metaphors are used to reveal characters' inner thoughts and to explore themes such aslove, power, and mortality (Cameron & Low, 1999) Political discourse frequently relieson metaphor to frame issues, shape public perception, and persuade audiences GeorgeLakoff's work on political metaphors highlights how different metaphorical frames caninfluence political thought and policy preferences For example, the metaphor of thenation as a "family" can evoke notions of care and protection, guiding political decisionsand rhetoric (Lakoff, 2004) In scientific discourse, metaphors are instrumental inexplaining complex phenomena and advancing theoretical frameworks Thomas Kuhn'sconcept of "paradigm shifts" and Richard Dawkins' notion of the "selfish gene" arenotable examples of how metaphors can encapsulate and communicate scientific ideas.Metaphors in science not only aid in public understanding but also drive scientificinnovation by fostering new ways of thinking (Kuhn, 1962; Dawkins, 1976).

Metaphors are deeply embedded in cultural contexts, reflecting and shaping culturalvalues, beliefs, and practices Cross-cultural studies of metaphor reveal both universalpatterns and cultural specificities in metaphorical expressions While some metaphors,such as those related to basic bodily experiences, are common across cultures, others areunique to specific cultural contexts For instance, the metaphor "TIME IS MONEY" maybe prevalent in Western cultures but less so in cultures with different attitudes towardtime and economics (Kövecses, 2002).

One of the ongoing challenges in metaphor research is the identification and analysis ofmetaphors, particularly in large and diverse datasets Automated metaphor detection toolsand machine learning algorithms are being developed to address this challenge, offeringnew possibilities for large-scale metaphor analysis However, these tools must be refinedto account for the subtleties and nuances of metaphorical language (Steen, 2007) Thestudy of metaphor increasingly benefits from interdisciplinary approaches, drawing oninsights from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, and other fields.Integrating these perspectives can enhance our understanding of the multifaceted natureof metaphor, from cognitive processes to cultural practices Collaborative research thatbridges disciplinary boundaries holds promise for advancing metaphor theory andapplication (Steen et al., 2010).

Metaphor remains a dynamic and influential area of research in linguistics and beyond.From classical rhetoric to contemporary cognitive theories, the study of metaphor hasevolved to encompass a wide range of perspectives and methodologies Metaphors arenot only linguistic expressions but also fundamental to human thought, communication,and creativity As research continues to advance, new insights into the cognitive,communicative, and cultural dimensions of metaphor will further illuminate its centralrole in shaping our understanding of the world.

2.3 Foundations of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) represents a pivotal shift in the understanding ofmetaphors from mere linguistic ornaments to essential components of human cognition.The theory, introduced by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their seminal work

Metaphors We Live By (1980), has significantly influenced various fields, including

cognitive linguistics, psychology, and beyond This section delves into the origins anddevelopment of CMT, highlighting its transformative impact on the study of languageand thought The origins of CMT can be traced back to the cognitive revolution of the20th century, which emphasized the role of mental processes in understanding languageand thought Before CMT, metaphors were studied in literature and rhetoric, viewed asdecorative language used to embellish speech or writing However, Lakoff and Johnsonrevolutionized this understanding by arguing that metaphors are central to human

cognition In Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson introduced the idea that

metaphors shape the way we think, act, and perceive the world They proposed that ourconceptual system is largely metaphorical, meaning that we understand abstract conceptsthrough more concrete experiences This ground-breaking perspective shifted the study ofmetaphors from a purely linguistic phenomenon to a cognitive one.

Before CMT, metaphors were studied in literature and rhetoric, where they were viewedas decorative elements used to embellishment Traditional approaches, such as those from

Aristotle's Poetics, considered metaphors as stylistic devices rather than cognitive tools.

However, the cognitive revolution of the mid-20th century laid the groundwork for a newunderstanding of metaphors, emphasizing the role of mental processes in language and

cognition The study of metaphors has a long history, deeply rooted in classical literatureand rhetoric Traditionally, metaphors were considered ornamental elements thatembellished language, enhancing its aesthetic and expressive qualities Aristotle, in his"Poetics," epitomized this view by categorizing metaphors as stylistic devices used to addflair and vividness to poetic and rhetorical discourse He regarded metaphor as a form oflinguistic artistry that involved transferring the meaning of one term to another to achievea figurative comparison, enriching the text and engaging the audience's imagination.This classical approach maintained that metaphors were non-essential, peripheral featuresof language, primarily serving the purpose of artistic and rhetorical flourish Theemphasis was on the decorative function of metaphors, seen as a tool for writers andorators to make their language more engaging and persuasive Consequently, thecognitive dimension of metaphors—their role in shaping thought and understanding—was largely overlooked The mid-20th century brought about a cognitive revolution thattransformed the landscape of linguistics and psychology This movement shifted thefocus from external language forms to the internal mental processes involved in languageuse and comprehension Researchers began to investigate how humans perceive, process,and produce language, leading to ground-breaking insights into the cognitive aspects oflinguistic phenomena This cognitive turn challenged the traditional view of metaphors,proposing that they are not merely ornamental but integral to human thought processes.Scholars such as Noam Chomsky highlighted the deep structures of language, suggestingthat linguistic expressions are rooted in innate cognitive mechanisms This laid thefoundation for a new understanding of metaphors, emphasizing their role in cognitionrather than just decoration The cognitive revolution set the stage for the emergence ofConceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in the 1980s, primarily through the work of GeorgeLakoff and Mark Johnson In their seminal book "Metaphors We Live By" (1980),Lakoff and Johnson argued that metaphors are pervasive in everyday language and areessential to human cognition They proposed that metaphors are not just linguisticexpressions but conceptual structures that shape how we understand and interact with theworld.

CMT posits that our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical, meaning that wecomprehend abstract concepts through concrete experiences For example, the metaphor"time is money" reflects how we understand the abstract concept of time in terms of themore tangible concept of money, influencing how we perceive and value time Thismetaphorical structuring extends to a wide range of domains, affecting how we thinkabout emotions, relationships, morality, and more Lakoff and Johnson's work revealedthat metaphors are deeply embedded in our cognitive system, influencing both abstractand concrete thinking They demonstrated that metaphors are not random or purelyartistic choices but systematic and grounded in our embodied experiences This cognitiveperspective redefined metaphors as essential cognitive tools that enable us to make senseof the world, rather than mere linguistic embellishments The implications of CMT arefar-reaching, challenging long-held assumptions about the nature of language andthought It suggests that our cognitive processes are inherently metaphorical, withmetaphors playing a crucial role in shaping our perceptions, actions, and interactions.This perspective has influenced various fields, including cognitive linguistics,psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence, fostering a more integratedunderstanding of language and cognition The historical context of metaphor studies hasevolved significantly From being viewed as purely literary and rhetorical devices,metaphors are now recognized as fundamental to human cognition, thanks to thecognitive revolution and the development of Conceptual Metaphor Theory This shift hasredefined the role of metaphors, highlighting their importance in shaping thought,language, and understanding.

2.4 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in Speech

In the context of public speech, CMT reveals how metaphors are not merely decorativeelements but essential tools for framing concepts, influencing perceptions, and facilitatingunderstanding This literature review delves into the use of metaphors in public speech,specifically in political, religious, motivational, and educational contexts It alsoexamines empirical studies on metaphor usage and the cultural influences onmetaphorical expressions in public discourse Public speeches serve as a critical mediumfor conveying ideas, emotions, and persuasive messages One of the most effective

rhetorical devices used in public speeches is the metaphor Metaphors allow speakers toframe abstract concepts in more relatable and concrete terms, facilitating a deeperconnection with the audience This literature review explores the use of metaphors inpublic speech, focusing on their role in enhancing comprehension, evoking emotions, andpersuading audiences The study of metaphors in public speech is rooted in the cognitivelinguistic theory of metaphor, particularly the work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in"Metaphors We Live By." They argue that metaphors are not just linguistic expressionsbut are fundamental to human thought processes Metaphors help structure ourperceptions and understanding of the world, making them a powerful tool in publiccommunication.

Metaphors play a crucial role in making complex or abstract ideas more accessible.Charteris-Black (2004) highlights that metaphors bridge the gap between the speaker'smessage and the audience's pre-existing knowledge By relating unfamiliar concepts toeveryday experiences, metaphors enhance the audience's comprehension and retention ofthe information For instance, when a politician uses the metaphor of "building a bridge"to describe policies aimed at connecting communities, the audience can easily grasp theintended message through the familiar image of a bridge One of the primary functions ofmetaphors in public speech is to evoke emotions According to Mio (1997), metaphorscan trigger emotional responses by tapping into the audience's personal experiences andcultural narratives Emotional engagement is crucial for effective public speaking, as itcan motivate audiences to act or change their attitudes For example, Martin Luther KingJr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech is replete with metaphors that evoke a sense of hope andjustice, stirring the emotions of his listeners and inspiring social change Metaphors arealso instrumental in persuasion, a key objective of many public speeches Perelman andOlbrechts-Tyteca (1969) in "The New Rhetoric" discuss how metaphors can shape theaudience's perception and influence their beliefs and attitudes By framing arguments in ametaphorical context, speakers can subtly guide the audience towards a particularviewpoint For instance, framing climate change as a "war" on the environment canmobilize public support for environmental policies by invoking a sense of urgency andcollective responsibility Several case studies illustrate the impact of metaphors in public

speech Obama's speeches often employ metaphors to simplify policy discussions andconnect with diverse audiences For instance, his use of the "American Dream" metaphorresonates with the cultural values of aspiration and success Similarly, metaphors in TEDTalks have been analyzed to demonstrate how speakers effectively use this device tocommunicate complex scientific ideas to a general audience, making the content moreengaging and memorable Metaphors are a vital component of effective public speaking,enabling speakers to convey complex ideas, evoke emotions, and persuade audiences.The cognitive linguistic theory underscores the significance of metaphors in shapingthought and communication By examining the role of metaphors in public speeches, wegain insight into the mechanisms of effective communication and the power of languageinfluencing public perception and behavior.

In motivational speeches, metaphors are used to clarify complex or abstract ideas, makingthem more accessible to the audience Charteris-Black (2005) suggests that metaphors inmotivational speeches often draw from familiar, everyday experiences, thereby bridgingthe gap between the speaker's message and the audience's understanding For instance,using the metaphor of "climbing a mountain" to describe overcoming challenges providesa vivid and relatable image that enhances comprehension This ability to simplifycomplex ideas is crucial in motivational contexts, where clarity and relatability are key toeffective communication One of the most significant functions of metaphors inmotivational speeches is their ability to evoke emotions Mio (1997) highlights thatmetaphors can tap into the audience's personal and cultural experiences, triggeringemotional responses that resonate deeply Emotional engagement is vital in motivationalspeeches as it fosters a connection between the speaker and the audience, inspiring andenergizing listeners For example, metaphors such as "lighting a fire within" or"unlocking potential" can evoke powerful feelings of enthusiasm, determination, andhope Metaphors in motivational speeches also drive action by compellingly framinggoals and challenges According to Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969), metaphorscan influence the audience's attitudes and motivate behavior change by presenting avision that is both appealing and attainable By framing a journey towards success as a"hero's quest," speakers can inspire their audience to embark on their personal or

professional endeavors with a sense of purpose and determination This persuasive powerof metaphors is essential in motivating audiences to take concrete steps towards theirgoals.

Numerous case studies illustrate the effectiveness of metaphors in motivational speeches.Tony Robbins, a renowned motivational speaker, frequently uses metaphors to connectwith his audience and drive his messages home For instance, he often refers to life as a"game" that requires strategy and perseverance, making his advice more engaging andmemorable Similarly, in the corporate world, leaders like Steve Jobs have usedmetaphors to inspire innovation and creativity among their teams, framing challenges asopportunities to "think differently." Conceptual Metaphor Theory provides a robustframework for understanding the role of metaphors in motivational speeches Byenhancing comprehension, evoking emotions, and driving action, metaphors serve as avital tool for speakers aiming to inspire and influence their audiences The cognitive andemotional impact of metaphors underscores their significance in effectivecommunication, particularly in the context of motivation Future research could furtherexplore the nuances of metaphor use in diverse motivational settings, providing deeperinsights into their transformative power.

Graduation ceremonies are pivotal events in the academic calendar, marking theculmination of students' educational journeys and serving as significant platforms forimparting final words of wisdom and motivation These ceremonies, steeped in traditionand symbolism, represent rites of passage that signify the end of an academic journey andthe beginning of a new chapter According to Clark (1996), such ceremonies providemoments for reflection, celebration, and anticipation of future endeavors, bringingtogether students, faculty, families, and the broader community to acknowledge andcelebrate academic accomplishments The speeches delivered during these occasions aremeticulously crafted rhetorical artifacts designed to influence and inspire the audience.Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969) argue that these speeches are deeply rhetorical,aimed at shaping the audience's mindset and motivating them for the challenges ahead byemploying various rhetorical strategies, including ethos, pathos, and logos Ethos, or theappeal to the speaker's credibility, is fundamental, as distinguished individuals such as

university officials, alumni, or notable public figures draw on their own experiences andachievements to establish credibility, lending weight to their words Pathos, or the appealto emotion, is crucial for creating a personal connection with the audience, evokingfeelings of pride, hope, and excitement through personal anecdotes and stories Logos, orthe appeal to logic and reason, ground the emotional appeals, giving graduates practicaladvice and insights These speeches revolve around key themes, including reflection,celebration, and future aspirations, which help to structure the speech and provide acoherent message that resonates with the audience Reflection encourages graduates tolook back on their academic journey, acknowledging the hard work and dedication thatbrought them to this point Celebration emphasizes the importance of recognizing andcelebrating academic achievements, fostering a sense of community and shared success.Future aspirations provide guidance and advice for the next steps, inspiring confidenceand optimism for the future The impact of graduation speeches on students is profound,shaping their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as they transition from the academic worldto the professional realm Research by Hulleman et al (2010) suggests that motivationalmessages significantly influence individuals' sense of purpose and engagement.Graduation speeches shape graduates' attitudes and beliefs by highlighting values such asperseverance, resilience, and lifelong learning, encouraging continuous personal andprofessional growth They also foster a sense of community by celebrating sharedachievements and emphasizing the collective effort required to reach this milestone Inconclusion, graduation ceremonies represent more than just formalities; they embodymoments of reflection, celebration, and inspiration Through their rhetorical richness andmotivational intent, graduation speeches play a crucial role in shaping graduates'attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, providing a guiding light as they navigate the challengesand opportunities that lie ahead.

Taylor Swift’s commencement speech at New York University (NYU) graduationceremony is intricately linked to the concept of motivational speeches in educationalcontexts due to several key reasons Commencement speeches are a hallmark ofgraduation ceremonies, serving as a bridge between the academic achievements ofstudents and their future endeavors These speeches are designed to inspire, motivate, and

provide guidance to graduates as they step into new phases of their lives Taylor Swift’sspeech embodies these elements, making it a quintessential example of a motivationalspeech in an educational context.

Firstly, motivational speeches in educational settings aim to celebrate achievements andoffer encouragement Taylor Swift’s speech does precisely this by acknowledging thehard work and accomplishments of the graduates while also sharing personal anecdotesand life lessons that resonate with the audience Her speech is structured to motivategraduates to embrace their future with confidence and determination, a core objective ofmotivational discourse Secondly, educational contexts often involve the use ofmetaphors and relatable language to make complex ideas accessible and engaging TaylorSwift’s speech employs various metaphors, such as life being a journey and plantingseeds of kindness, which align with the principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory Thesemetaphors help to simplify abstract concepts, making her advice more tangible andmemorable for the graduates By drawing from everyday experiences, Taylor Swift’sspeech bridges the gap between academic knowledge and real-world application, acrucial aspect of motivational speeches in educational contexts Furthermore, TaylorSwift’s speech taps into the emotional and psychological needs of the graduates.Motivational speeches aim to evoke emotions that inspire and energize the audience.Taylor Swift’s use of personal stories, humor, and candid reflections fosters an emotionalconnection with the graduates, making her messages more impactful This emotionalengagement is essential in motivational speeches as it helps to reinforce the speaker’smessages and inspire action Lastly, motivational speeches in educational contexts aredesigned to influence attitudes and encourage proactive behavior Taylor Swift’s speechencourages graduates to view challenges as opportunities, embrace failure as a learningexperience, and pursue their passions with resilience This aligns with the broader goalsof motivational speeches, which are to instill a sense of purpose and drive in theaudience By framing her advice within the context of her own experiences, Taylor Swiftprovides a relatable and aspirational model for graduates to follow Taylor Swift’scommencement speech at NYU is a prime example of how motivational speechesfunction within educational contexts It celebrates academic achievements, uses

metaphors to enhance understanding, engages emotions, and inspires proactive attitudes.These elements collectively demonstrate the profound connection between motivationalspeeches and educational settings, highlighting the importance of such speeches inguiding and inspiring graduates as they transition to new chapters in their lives.

2.5 Previous studies

Seminal research by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) revealed metaphor’s ubiquity ineveryday thought and language They found abstract concepts become unconsciouslystructured and understood through concrete source domain mappings grounded in bodilyexperience like health, money, food, buildings, and especially journeys These conceptualmetaphors persist as framing devices across genres from politics to music For instance,in his analysis of speeches, Charteris-Black (2019) uncovered distinct ideologies amongmajor leaders based on policy metaphors positioning competitions as journeys and wars.Meanwhile Balkwill and Thompson (1999) analyzed pop lyrics, finding musical genredictated preferred metaphors, like country’s framing of life as gambling Across domains,metaphor analysis yields cultural insights Metaphor analysis involves identifyingmetaphorical expressions, interpreting the conceptual mappings implied between physical“source” topics (journeys, buildings, plants) and intangible “target” concepts(relationships, morality, emotions) Analysts categorize recurrent patterns in these cross-domain associations, explaining their significance considering context and goals(Charteris-Black, 2019) For example, Steen (2010) outlined a Metaphor IdentificationProcedure for linguistically coding metaphor units in text and transcripts Yet Charteris-Black (2005) argues human discernment still exceeds computers in judging meaning-making dynamics Multimodal analyses also demonstrate metaphor’s distribution acrossrhetorical channels, although few studies have examined burgeoning digital celebritycommencement speeches.

Ultimately rhetorical metaphors only succeed if audiences decode intended meanings, soscholars emphasize assessing reception perceptions (Cameron, 2007) Surveys gauginginterpretation can reveal metaphors culturally effective for conveying both shared andprovocative views Koeller’s (2003) production-reception analysis exposed discrepancies

between nuanced original metaphors and listeners’ simpler “increase/decrease”decodings, affirming this methodology’s value Few contemporary pop culture figurescan rival Taylor Swift in cultural omnipresence and resonance Her lyrical style drawingon rich poetic metaphors prompts some exploration of interpersonal and societalconceptual systems (Hubbard, 2020) However, Taylor Swift also consciously penetratesimpactful mediums beyond music, including film (Conor, 2022), poetry (Sklar, 2020),and keynote speeches, texts she produces as an influential celebrity offer rich data foranalysis While awards acceptance speeches have been examined from entertainmentfigures, few studies have systematically analyzed the burgeoning genre of “celebritycommencement addresses” — now widely digitally broadcasted — as graduates embarkon new life journeys Taylor Swift’s address at New York University’s 2022 graduationprovides one such artifact warranting analysis Taylor Swift's 2022 New York Universitycommencement speech, which resonated widely, offers a culturally significant yetunderstudied site of contemporary metaphor Analysis can build conceptual andcommunications knowledge surrounding creatively framed advice offered by celebritiesduring profound life transitions Examining metaphors conveying perspectives onuncertainty and growth will enrich understanding of this noteworthy genre.

Following Lakoff and Johnson (1980), over the decades, numerous studies have exploredand expanded upon CMT, investigating its implications across various fields such aslinguistics, psychology, and cognitive science Scholars like Kovecses (2002) provided acomprehensive analysis of cultural variations in metaphor use, demonstrating that whilesome metaphors are universal due to shared human experiences, others are culture-specific, emphasizing the importance of cultural context in shaping metaphorical thought.Research methodologies in CMT have included corpus analysis, experimental studies,and cognitive linguistic approaches Deignan (2005) employed corpus analysis toexamine large text corpora, identifying and analyzing metaphorical expressions in naturallanguage use Boroditsky (2000) conducted experiments showing that spatial metaphorsinfluence how people perceive and think about time, supporting the idea thatmetaphorical thought is not just a linguistic phenomenon but also a cognitive one Gibbs(1994) integrated linguistic analysis with cognitive psychology to investigate how

metaphors shape our understanding of abstract concepts, demonstrating that metaphoricalthinking facilitates problem-solving and abstract reasoning CMT has significantlyinfluenced cognitive science by challenging the objectivist view of meaning, whichposited that meaning exists independently of human experience Johnson's (1987) workon image schemas demonstrated that recurring patterns of bodily experience underlie ourunderstanding of abstract concepts, aligning with the embodied cognition framework.Research on metaphorical framing, such as that by Thibodeau and Boroditsky (2011), hasshown that metaphors can influence decision-making and problem-solving, highlightingthe persuasive power of metaphors In education, CMT has been applied to enhanceteaching and learning, as shown by Cameron and Low (1999), who demonstrated thatmetaphors can help students understand complex concepts by relating them to familiarexperiences In health communication, metaphors like "fighting cancer" have been usedto improve patient understanding and engagement, as demonstrated by Hauser andSchwarz (2015) In psychotherapy, metaphors are used to facilitate emotional healing andcognitive restructuring Despite its contributions, CMT has faced criticisms andchallenges Some scholars argue that CMT overemphasizes the role of metaphors incognition, neglecting other cognitive processes and structures, as McGlone (2007)contended Cross-linguistic studies, such as those by Yu (1998), have shown significantcultural variations in metaphor use, suggesting that cultural factors play a crucial role inshaping metaphorical thought Future research on CMT can address these challenges byadopting more integrative and cross-disciplinary approaches, investigating the neural anddevelopmental aspects of metaphorical thinking, and exploring practical applications invarious fields Through these efforts, CMT can continue to enhance our understanding ofthe fundamental role of metaphors in human cognition and communication.

Public speaking and rhetoric are integral components of effective communication,influencing how messages are crafted, delivered, and received by audiences Research inthis field has explored various dimensions, including linguistic strategies, psychologicalimpacts, cross-cultural influences, technological advancements, educational applications,and challenges faced in studying public speaking Effective public speakers utilizerhetorical devices such as metaphors and anecdotes to engage and persuade their

audience (Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969) These strategies enhancecomprehension, evoke emotions, and establish a connection with listeners, underscoringthe pivotal role of language in shaping speaker effectiveness Psychological research hasdelved into the cognitive and emotional aspects of public speaking, addressing issues likestage fright and anxiety management (Beck & Fernandez, 1998) Understanding thesepsychological barriers is crucial for developing techniques to enhance speaker confidenceand performance, essential for delivering impactful speeches Cross-cultural studies haveexamined how cultural norms influence public speaking practices and audienceexpectations (Scollon & Scollon, 2001) These studies emphasize the importance ofcultural sensitivity and adaptation in effective communication across diverse contexts,highlighting the need for speakers to tailor their messages accordingly Technologicaladvancements, such as speech analysis software and virtual reality simulations, havetransformed the study of public speaking (Derrick & Samuel, 2017) These tools enablereal-time analysis of speech patterns, nonverbal cues, and audience responses, providinginsights into effective communication strategies and enhancing training methodologies.In education and professional development, research on public speaking informscurriculum design and training programs (Brady & Jorgensen, 2003) Evidence-basedapproaches derived from research findings contribute to cultivating confident andarticulate speakers, essential in academic and professional settings.

Public discourse, encompassing various forms of communication such as speeches,debates, and media presentations, plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion andinfluencing societal outcomes The rhetorical and persuasive power inherent in publicdiscourse has been extensively studied, revealing how effective communication strategiescan impact audience perceptions and behaviors Rhetorical analysis has shown thatspeakers use ethos, pathos, and logos to establish credibility, evoke emotions, and presentlogical arguments, respectively (Aristotle, trans 2004) These rhetorical appeals arefundamental in crafting messages that resonate with audiences and persuade themtowards specific viewpoints or actions Persuasion in public discourse often involves thestrategic use of language and framing to highlight aspects of an issue while downplayingothers (Entman, 1993) This framing effect can significantly influence how audiences

interpret information and form opinions Studies have also highlighted the role ofmetaphors and analogies in simplifying complex ideas and making them more relatable tothe audience (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) For instance, political speeches frequently usemetaphors to create vivid imagery that helps the audience visualize abstract concepts,thereby enhancing understanding and retention Additionally, research has emphasizedthe importance of context in public discourse The effectiveness of rhetorical strategiescan vary depending on the cultural, social, and political context in which they areemployed (Bitzer, 1968) Understanding the audience's values, beliefs, and priorknowledge is crucial for tailoring messages that are not only persuasive but alsoculturally sensitive and appropriate The advent of digital media has further transformedpublic discourse, introducing new platforms and channels for communication Socialmedia has amplified the reach and immediacy of public messages, allowing for real-timeengagement and feedback (Benkler, 2006) However, this has also posed challenges, suchas the spread of misinformation and the need for critical media literacy Overall, the studyof rhetorical and persuasive power in public discourse highlights the intricate interplaybetween language, context, and audience, demonstrating how effective communicationcan drive societal change and influence public opinion.

2.5.1 Xiaowen (2022): Conceptual Metaphor Perspective

Xiaowen's (2022) study focuses on analyzing Taylor Swift’s commencement speech atNew York University from a conceptual metaphor perspective Utilizing Lakoff andJohnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory (1980), Xiaowen examines the metaphorsemployed by Taylor Swift to convey complex ideas and emotions The study employs aqualitative methodology, analyzing the transcript of the speech to identify and categorizethe metaphors used Key findings of Xiaowen’s study highlight how Taylor Swift usesmetaphors to make abstract concepts relatable and to connect with her audience on apersonal level For instance, Taylor Swift frequently employs journey metaphors, such asdescribing life and career as a path or road, which resonates with the graduates'experiences of transitioning from academia to professional life Additionally, the studyfinds that Taylor Swift uses metaphors of war and struggle to emphasize perseveranceand resilience, framing challenges as battles to be fought and overcome.

One of the notable contributions of Xiaowen’s research is the detailed mapping of theconceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift’s speech, providing insights into how thesemetaphors function to enhance the rhetorical impact of her message However, the studyalso acknowledges certain limitations The analysis is based solely on the speech’stranscript, potentially overlooking the paralinguistic features such as tone, pitch, anddelivery style that could further influence the speech’s effectiveness Additionally, thestudy focuses primarily on metaphor identification and categorization, with less emphasison the broader socio-cultural implications of the metaphors used.

2.5.2 Olii et al (2023): Illocutionary Acts in Taylor Swift’s Speech

Olii and colleagues’ (2023) research investigates the illocutionary acts in Taylor Swift’scommencement speech, exploring the different types of speech acts and their rhetoricalsignificance Drawing on Austin’s (1962) theory of speech acts and Searle’s (1969)categorization of illocutionary acts, the study employs a mixed-methods approach,combining qualitative content analysis with quantitative frequency analysis to examinethe speech The study identifies several key illocutionary acts in Taylor Swift’s speech,including assertive, directives, commissive, expressive, and declarations For example,Taylor Swift’s use of assertive, where she shares her personal experiences and beliefs,serves to build credibility and establish a connection with the audience Directives areused to motivate and inspire the graduates to take specific actions, such as embracingtheir individuality and pursuing their passions Commissive in the speech, where TaylorSwift makes promises or commitments, further reinforce her supportive and encouragingstance Olii et al highlight the importance of expression in Taylor Swift’s speech, whichconveys her emotions and attitudes, fostering an empathetic and engaging tone.Declarations, although less frequent, are also identified, marking significant moments inthe speech where Taylor Swift makes impactful statements about the graduates’ newroles and responsibilities The research contributes to understanding Taylor Swift’srhetorical strategies by illustrating how different types of illocutionary acts work togetherto achieve her communicative goals It underscores the multifaceted nature of her speech,where various speech acts combine to create a cohesive and persuasive message.However, the study notes the challenge of distinguishing between overlapping speech

acts and the subjective nature of interpreting illocutionary force, which could affect thereliability of the findings Additionally, while the study provides a comprehensiveanalysis of speech acts, it could benefit from a deeper exploration of the contextualfactors influencing their use and effectiveness.

2.6 Key concepts

2.6.1 Source and Target Domains

Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), examineshow abstract concepts are understood and communicated through metaphorical mappingsbetween a "source domain" (a concrete, familiar domain) and a "target domain" (anabstract, less familiar domain) This theory suggests that our understanding of complex orabstract ideas often relies on mapping them onto more tangible experiences In scholarlyliterature, the application of Conceptual Metaphor Theory spans various domains Forinstance, metaphors derived from physical experiences such as "up" and "down" are oftenused to conceptualize power dynamics ("up" for authority, "down" for subordination).This metaphorical framing not only shapes our understanding of social hierarchies butalso influences how we discuss and perceive relationships of dominance and submission.Education is another domain extensively explored through Conceptual Metaphor Theory.Metaphors like "building knowledge" (source) and "acquiring knowledge" (target)illustrate how learning processes are conceptualized as constructing or accumulatingknowledge Such metaphors not only inform educational practices but also shapeeducational policies and pedagogical approaches Furthermore, studies in psychology andcognitive science have utilized Conceptual Metaphor Theory to investigate howmetaphor's structure is thought and influence decision-making processes For example,metaphors related to health and illness ("fighting a disease") influence perceptions ofmedical treatments and patient empowerment Overall, Conceptual Metaphor Theoryprovides a foundational framework for understanding how metaphorical mappingsbetween source and target domains structure our cognition, communication, andinteraction with the world By mapping abstract concepts onto more concrete

experiences, metaphors enrich our understanding and facilitate the expression of complexideas across diverse domains of human experience.

2.6.2 Conceptual Mappings

Conceptual mappings refer to the cognitive process by which abstract or complex ideas(the "target domain") are understood and articulated through metaphorical connectionswith more concrete, familiar concepts (the "source domain") This concept is central toConceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), which positsthat our understanding of abstract concepts often relies on mapping them onto moreperceptible experiences In essence, conceptual mappings involve the transfer ofcognitive structure from one domain (source) to another (target), facilitatingcomprehension and communication For example, the metaphor "love is a journey" mapsthe abstract concept of love (target domain) onto the concrete experience of a journey(source domain) This mapping helps individuals grasp the dynamics, challenges, andtransformative aspects of romantic relationships through the framework of a journey.Conceptual mappings are not limited to individual metaphors but encompass a network ofrelated metaphors that collectively shape our conceptualization of various domains Forinstance, metaphors like "time are money" or "arguments are war" structure ourunderstanding of time management and conflict resolution by borrowing concepts fromeconomic transactions and military strategies, respectively Moreover, ConceptualMetaphor Theory highlights that these mappings are not arbitrary but culturally andlinguistically grounded Different cultures may employ different metaphors to understandand express similar concepts, reflecting diverse cultural perspectives and values Insummary, conceptual mappings elucidate how metaphorical thinking facilitates thecomprehension and communication of abstract ideas by grounding them in concrete,experiential domains This cognitive process underpins our everyday reasoning, languageuse, and cultural expressions, illustrating the pervasive influence of metaphoricalmappings in shaping human thought and communication.

The relationship and correlation between Conceptual Mapping and Source-TargetDomains in Conceptual Metaphor Theory are central to understanding how human

language and cognition operate in representing and comprehending complex concepts.italso forms the foundation for a deeper understanding of how human language andthought operate in representing and comprehending complex concepts ConceptualMapping plays a crucial role in executing the mapping process from the source domain tothe target domain, highlighting the connections between specific and abstract domains Itenables humans to represent and articulate complex ideas by using specific and familiarconcepts from the source domain, thereby clarifying and enriching the understanding ofabstract concepts in the target domain Thus, the relationship between ConceptualMapping and Source-Target Domains not only concerns how they work together inrepresenting and understanding ideas but also provides a comprehensive framework forhow language and thought interact to create effective understanding and communicationof complex and abstract concepts in human.

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Research question 1: What are the key conceptual metaphors present in TaylorSwift's commencement speech at New York University?

Taylor Swift’s commencement speech at New York University is rich with conceptualmetaphors that convey deeper meanings and connect with her audience on an emotionallevel Below is a comprehensive analysis of these metaphors along with their detailedimplications.

 Challenges as Battles

 Sample 3:

"Getting back up, dusting yourself off, and seeing who still wants to hang out withyou afterward and laugh about it, that’s a gift."

This metaphor transforms difficulties into opportunities for proving one’s resilience andstrength By framing challenges as battles, Taylor Swift empowers her audience,suggesting that overcoming obstacles is akin to heroic feats Drawing from her ownexperiences of facing industry rejection and public scrutiny, Taylor Swift illustrates howsetbacks can be transformative moments of growth and self-discovery The implication ofthis metaphor is profound It encourages graduates to embrace challenges as essentialcomponents of their personal and professional development journey By portrayingchallenges as battles, Taylor Swift shifts the perspective from mere adversity toopportunities for demonstrating courage and perseverance This mindset fosters resilienceand determination among the audience, emphasizing the importance of resilience innavigating life's inevitable ups and downs Moreover, the metaphor underscores the ideathat setbacks are not defeats but rather integral parts of the journey toward success andpersonal fulfillment By reframing setbacks as battles, Taylor Swift encourages heraudience to see these experiences as opportunities to learn, grow, and ultimately emergestronger In general, the "Challenges as Battles" metaphor serves to inspire and motivategraduates, highlighting the transformative power of resilience and the value ofperseverance in overcoming obstacles It aligns with Taylor Swift's overarching messageof embracing life's challenges as opportunities for personal growth and self-discovery,resonating deeply with the audience through its relatability and motivational tone.

 Emotions as Natural Phenomena

 Sample 4:

"Hard things will happen to us We will recover We will learn from it."

This metaphorical comparison likens emotions to natural phenomena, specifically toweather conditions By framing emotions in this way, Taylor Swift normalizes theexperience of emotional ups and downs, suggesting that just as weather changes are anatural part of life, so too are fluctuations in our emotional states This normalization