An analysis of conceptual metaphor in taylor swifts commencement speech at new york university graduation ceremony in motivational speeches

--- Page 1 --- MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS PROPOSAL AN ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN TAYLOR SWIFT’S COMMENCEMENT SPEECH AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY GRADUATION CEREMONY IN MOTIVATIONAL SPEECHES (Phân tích ẩn dụ ý niệm trong bài phát biểu khai mạc tại lễ tốt nghiệp trường đại học New York của Taylor Swift) DANG KIEU TRINH Program: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: PhD. Pham Lan Anh Hanoi – 2023 --- Page 2 --- CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Taylor Swift, a renowned singer-songwriter, has not only made a significant impact on the music industry but has also established herself as a powerful cultural icon. Her influence extends beyond her musical achievements, permeating various aspects of contemporary culture. Taylor Swift''''s public persona is characterized by her ability to connect with a diverse audience through her music, personal narratives, and public addresses. Over the years, she has become a voice for many brands, using her platform to advocate for social issues, share personal experiences, and inspire her fans. Her commencement speech at New York University in 2022 stands as a testament to her eloquence and the profound impact she has on her audience. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), introduced by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their seminal work "Metaphors We Live By," provides a framework for understanding how metaphors shape our cognitive processes and influence our perception of the world. According to CMT, metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions but fundamental cognitive tools that structure our thoughts and experiences. They allow us to understand abstract concepts through more concrete experiences, thereby bridging the gap between the tangible and the intangible. This theory has revolutionized the study of language and cognition, highlighting the pervasive role of metaphors in everyday communication. Analyzing metaphors in speeches is crucial for uncovering the deeper meanings and cognitive processes underlying the speaker''''s message. Metaphors are powerful rhetorical devices that can enhance the persuasiveness of a speech, evoke emotions, and shape the audience''''s understanding of complex ideas. By studying the metaphors used in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech, we can gain insights into how she constructs her narrative, engages with her audience, and conveys her message effectively. This analysis not only enriches our understanding of Taylor Swift''''s rhetorical strategies but also contributes to the broader field of metaphor studies by illustrating the practical application of CMT in public discourse. In this study, we will explore Taylor Swift''''s influence as a cultural icon and her role in the music industry and public speaking. We will delve into the foundational concepts of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and examine the relevance of metaphor analysis in understanding the deeper meanings and cognitive processes in speeches. Through a detailed analysis of Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech, we aim to uncover the underlying metaphorical structures that contribute to its impact and significance. In an era characterized by the convergence of entertainment, language, and cultural influence, public figures wield an unprecedented power to shape narratives and communicate ideas. Taylor Swift delivered the commencement address at New York University in May 2022 to a large stadium audience of graduates from all backgrounds and a world-wide digital viewership. As an influential cultural figure who has undergone major life reinventions in the public eye, Taylor Swift put forth advice for navigating uncertainty, identity struggles, and new phases of life. Given conceptual metaphor theory’s contention that figurative language provides “windows into cultural and individual conceptual systems” (Kövecses, 2010, p. 7), analysis of Taylor Swift’s creative metaphor use stands to reveal deeper insights into both commonly held outlooks on life’s passages as well as her own distinct perspectives shaped by lived experience. Examination of this speech genre matters because commencement speeches communicate collated cultural wisdom surrounding graduates’ impending “new journeys ahead” life phase (Rowland, 2017). Metaphors framing notions of time, identity, adversity and purpose may profoundly shape students’ contemplations around adult responsibility, career, and relationships. As a seminal pop culture voice for Millennial and Gen Z experiences, Taylor Swift’s figurative framing of this transitional moment may resonate widely and influence outlooks. Conceptual metaphor analysis can uncover impacts through its balance of systematic identification and subjective meaning-making interpretation. The rationale behind conducting an analysis of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University is rooted in several significant scholarly and practical considerations. Taylor Swift is not just a globally recognized musician but also a powerful voice in contemporary culture. Her public statements and speeches often garner significant media attention and influence a wide audience. Analyzing her commencement speech offers insights into how influential figures use language to communicate complex ideas and values effectively. This analysis aligns with the growing body of research that examines the rhetorical strategies of celebrities and their impact on public discourse. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), posits that metaphors are fundamental to our thought processes, shaping how we perceive the world, understand abstract concepts, and communicate experiences. Metaphors are not merely linguistic expressions but cognitive tools that frame our understanding and guide our actions. Analyzing metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s speech allows us to delve into the cognitive underpinnings of her rhetoric and understand how she frames her messages about life, career, and personal growth in ways that are accessible and relatable to her audience. This approach is supported by previous studies that have highlighted the role of metaphors in shaping audience perceptions and enhancing the emotional and persuasive power of speeches (Charteris-Black, 2011; Cameron, 2003). The study contributes to rhetoric and communication by providing a detailed analysis of how metaphors function in a high-profile, real-world context. It extends existing research on metaphor usage in speeches by focusing on a contemporary, widely recognized speaker. Previous researches have often concentrated on political speeches or historical figures, or poems and music, with less attention given to the speeches of celebrities in the entertainment industry. By focusing on Taylor Swift, this study addresses this gap and provides a contemporary perspective on metaphor analysis in public speaking. This analysis can serve as a valuable resource for scholars, students, and practitioners in communication, rhetoric, and related fields, offering practical examples of effective metaphor usage. Understanding the metaphors used in Taylor Swift''''s speech has practical implications for public speakers and speechwriters. It provides concrete examples of how metaphors can be employed to make abstract ideas more tangible, evoke emotions, and persuade an audience. By examining the specific metaphors and their contexts, this study can offer guidelines and strategies for crafting impactful speeches that resonate with diverse audiences. This practical application is supported by rhetorical studies that emphasize the importance of metaphor in enhancing the clarity and persuasiveness of communication (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003; Charteris-Black, 2005). Taylor Swift''''s speech, delivered at a significant milestone in the lives of graduates, also reflects broader cultural and social values. By analyzing the metaphors she uses, we can gain insights into the societal narratives and values she promotes. This has implications for understanding how celebrities influence public discourse and shape collective beliefs and attitudes. This perspective is consistent with research on the cultural impact of celebrity rhetoric, which suggests that celebrities can play a significant role in framing public debates and influencing social norms (Meyer & Gamson, 1995; Marshall, 1997). For the researcher, this study represents an opportunity for personal and academic growth. It allows for the application of theoretical knowledge in a practical analysis, honing research skills, critical thinking, and the ability to articulate complex ideas clearly. The study also contributes to the academic community by filling a gap in the literature on metaphor analysis in contemporary commencement speeches. This contribution is important for the ongoing development of rhetorical and metaphor theory, as it provides new insights and empirical data that can inform future research (Gibbs, 2008; Steen, 2007). In short, the rationale for analyzing conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University is multifaceted. It leverages the intersection of celebrity influence, cognitive linguistics, and rhetorical studies to provide valuable insights into how metaphors shape communication and public perception. This analysis not only contributes to academic knowledge but also offers practical benefits for public speaking and enhances our understanding of contemporary cultural rhetoric. --- Page 3 --- 1.1. Rationale This study provides deep insights into how public figures like Taylor Swift use conceptual metaphors to shape contemporary discourse and influence social attitudes. By analyzing Swift''''s rhetorical strategies in her speech, we can enhance communication skills while gaining a better understanding of the emotional and psychological impact of language. This contributes to metaphor theory by demonstrating that metaphors are fundamental tools for cognitive processing and meaning-making. Particularly in the context of a speech aimed at graduates, this analysis offers insights into how language supports personal development, resilience, and adaptability. Furthermore, this research expands the scope of metaphor studies by examining a speech from a pop culture figure, highlighting the influence of celebrity culture and how they use their platform to shape public opinion. In summary, this study not only provides theoretical frameworks but also practical applications for personal and professional development, clarifying the role of metaphors in shaping public discourse. 1.2. Study Objectives This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University. The objectives of this research are threefold, focusing on the identification of key conceptual metaphors, the analysis of source-target mappings and attribute transfer, and the exploration of the effectiveness of these metaphors in influencing the audience''''s perception and emotional response. The research aims of this study are delineated as follows Identify, categorize and quantify the types and distribution of conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech using metaphor theory frameworks. The first objective is to identify the key conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employs in her speech. Conceptual metaphors are a fundamental aspect of human cognition, allowing abstract ideas to be understood through more concrete experiences. In her speech, Taylor Swift uses various metaphors to convey complex emotions and ideas in a relatable manner. By pinpointing these metaphors, we aim to uncover the underlying frameworks through which she communicates her ideas and messages to the audience. This involves a thorough examination of the speech to extract metaphorical expressions and determine the concepts they represent. Identifying these metaphors will provide insight into the cognitive processes that shape Taylor Swift''''s rhetorical strategies and the thematic elements she emphasizes. Analyze the conceptual metaphor mappings and source-target relationships that underlie the metaphors identified in Taylor Swift''''s speech. The second objective is to analyze how the source domains map onto the target domains within the identified conceptual metaphors. This involves examining the specific attributes transferred from the source to the target domains. In conceptual metaphor theory, a source domain is a concrete, familiar experience, while a target domain is a more abstract concept that we understand through the source domain. For example, if Taylor Swift describes life as a journey, "journey" is the source domain and "life" is the target domain. By analyzing these mappings, we seek to understand the cognitive mechanisms at play and how these mappings facilitate the audience''''s understanding of abstract concepts through more concrete imagery. This analysis will involve breaking down each metaphor to identify the components of the source and target domains and examining how characteristics of the source domain are projected onto the target domain. Understanding these mappings will shed light on how Taylor Swift uses metaphorical language to create meaningful connections and enhance the clarity and impact of her message. In what way Taylor Swift strategically deploys conceptual metaphors to achieve rhetorical resonance with the target graduation audience and effectively communicate inspirational life advice. The third objective is to explore how the conceptual metaphors enhance the effectiveness of Taylor Swift''''s message and influence the audience''''s perception and emotional response. Effective metaphors do more than just clarify—they resonate emotionally with the audience and reinforce the speaker''''s persuasive goals. By evaluating the impact of these metaphors, we aim to determine their role in reinforcing the overall communicative goals of speech and how they contribute to its persuasive power and emotional resonance. This involves assessing the audience''''s reactions to the metaphors and considering the broader cultural and emotional contexts in which these metaphors operate. For instance, a metaphor that frames challenges as battles may evoke a sense of determination and resilience, aligning with Taylor Swift''''s intended message of perseverance. Exploring the effectiveness of these metaphors will also involve looking at how they align with the audience''''s experiences and values, making the speech more relatable and impactful. These objectives guide the study towards a nuanced understanding of the strategic use of metaphors in public speaking, specifically within the context of a high-profile commencement address. By identifying the key conceptual metaphors, analyzing their source-target mappings, and exploring their effectiveness, we aim to provide a detailed account of how Taylor Swift employs metaphorical language to convey her message powerfully. This study will contribute to the broader field of metaphor research by demonstrating how metaphors function not only as linguistic tools but as powerful cognitive and emotional instruments in effective communication. Understanding metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s speech can offer insights into the broader strategies of successful public speaking and how speakers can connect with their audiences on both intellectual and emotional levels. In summary, this study''''s objectives focus on identifying the key conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech, analyzing the source-target mappings and attribute transfers within these metaphors, and exploring the effectiveness of these metaphors in enhancing the speech''''s communicative goals and influencing the audience. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to uncover the cognitive and emotional mechanisms underlying Taylor Swift''''s metaphor use and to provide a deeper understanding of how metaphors can be strategically employed in public speaking to create powerful and resonant messages. 1.3. Scope of the study This study aims to comprehensively analyze the conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University. The scope of the study includes the following aspects: The study will focus on identifying the conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employs to convey ideas and messages in her speech. These metaphors will be analyzed in detail to understand how they are applied and their impact on audience perception. Secondly, the study will consider the temporal and spatial context in which the speech was delivered, examining cultural and social factors influencing the use of metaphors in the speech. Methodologically, the research will utilize language analysis and conceptual metaphor theory to explore and interpret the identified conceptual metaphors. Methods such as textual analysis and content analysis will be employed to dissect how Taylor Swift uses language to create impact. The study will concentrate on Taylor Swift''''s speech and its impact on the listening audience, including direct reactions and responses through various media channels. However, the study will not encompass other aspects of the speech beyond conceptual metaphors, such as alternative rhetorical methods, socio-political contexts, or responses from different demographic groups like youth, elderly, or diverse cultural backgrounds. 1.4. Research questions The study addresses these following questions: --- Page 4 --- What are the key conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech at New York University? In what ways do the source domains map onto the target domains in the conceptual metaphors identified in Taylor Swift''''s speech, and what specific attributes are transferred from source to target? In what ways do the conceptual metaphors used by Taylor Swift in her speech enhance the effectiveness of her message and influence the audience''''s perception and emotional response? 1.5. Significance of the study Despite the existing body of research on conceptual metaphors across diverse fields such as politics, poetry, and music, including notable studies like Xiaowen''''s (2022) analysis of Taylor Swift''''s speech through a conceptual metaphor lens and Olii et al., (2023) exploration of illocutionary acts, this study stands out in its unique focus. Unlike broad studies on conceptual metaphors, this research zeroes in on Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech. This specific context offers a rare opportunity to examine how conceptual metaphors are employed in public discourse by a public figure. Xiaowen''''s (2022) study, while insightful, does not fully illuminate the power of Taylor Swift''''s use of metaphors to highlight her speech in aspects such as culture, society, or the direct impact of metaphors on the audience at that time. By analyzing Taylor Swift''''s speech, this study aims to uncover how conceptual metaphors contribute to contemporary cultural narratives. It delves into their role in shaping public discourse and societal awareness, especially among younger audiences influenced by Taylor Swift''''s cultural impact. Methodologically, the study enriches our understanding by applying linguistic analysis and conceptual metaphor theory within the context of speech. This approach deepens insights into how metaphors function in spoken communication, distinct from their use in written texts or lyrical compositions. In contrast to studies focused solely on written texts or lyrics, this research directly investigates how metaphors impact real-time audiences during public addresses. It explores how metaphors enhance audience engagement, evoke emotional responses, and facilitate message reception in public speaking contexts. 1.6. Research design 1.6.1. Qualitative Approach The study adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the intricate and multifaceted nature of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech. This approach is particularly suited for this research as it focuses on understanding the deeper meanings and contextual nuances of language use. Unlike quantitative methods that rely on numerical data and statistical analysis, the qualitative approach allows for a more detailed and interpretative exploration of how metaphors function and their impact on the audience. By employing a qualitative approach, the study can capture the subtleties and complexities of Taylor Swift''''s speech, providing insights into how her metaphors resonate with the audience and contribute to the overall narrative. This method facilitates an in-depth examination of the language, themes, and rhetorical strategies used by Taylor Swift, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of her speech''''s impact on cultural and social discourse. 1.6.2. Data Collection and Analysis 1.6.2.1. Data Collection The primary data for this study is Taylor Swift''''s commencement speech delivered at New York University in 2022. The speech was transcribed verbatim from the article of Pangambam (2024) to ensure an accurate and faithful representation of her language. This transcription process is crucial for capturing the exact words, phrases, and expressions used by Taylor Swift, which are essential for identifying and analyzing metaphors. Otherwise, her speech transcript will be categorized into 20 domains which reflect her meaning in terms of using metaphors. These domains include:

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

This study provides deep insights into how public figures like Taylor Swift use conceptual metaphors to shape contemporary discourse and influence social attitudes By analyzing Swift's rhetorical strategies in her speech, we can enhance communication skills while gaining a better understanding of the emotional and psychological impact of language This contributes to metaphor theory by demonstrating that metaphors are fundamental tools for cognitive processing and meaning-making Particularly in the context of a speech aimed at graduates, this analysis offers insights into how language supports personal development, resilience, and adaptability Furthermore, this research expands the scope of metaphor studies by examining a speech from a pop culture figure,highlighting the influence of celebrity culture and how they use their platform to shape public opinion In summary, this study not only provides theoretical frameworks but also practical applications for personal and professional development, clarifying the role of metaphors in shaping public discourse.

Study Objectives

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencement speech at New York University The objectives of this research are threefold, focusing on the identification of key conceptual metaphors, the analysis of source-target mappings and attribute transfer, and the exploration of the effectiveness of these metaphors in influencing the audience's perception and emotional response The research aims of this study are delineated as follows

1 Identify, categorize and quantify the types and distribution of conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencement speech using metaphor theory frameworks.

The first objective is to identify the key conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employs in her speech Conceptual metaphors are a fundamental aspect of human cognition,allowing abstract ideas to be understood through more concrete experiences In her speech, Taylor Swift uses various metaphors to convey complex emotions and ideas in a relatable manner By pinpointing these metaphors, we aim to uncover the underlying frameworks through which she communicates her ideas and messages to the audience. This involves a thorough examination of the speech to extract metaphorical expressions and determine the concepts they represent Identifying these metaphors will provide insight into the cognitive processes that shape Taylor Swift's rhetorical strategies and the thematic elements she emphasizes

2 Analyze the conceptual metaphor mappings and source-target relationships that underlie the metaphors identified in Taylor Swift's speech.

The second objective is to analyze how the source domains map onto the target domains within the identified conceptual metaphors This involves examining the specific attributes transferred from the source to the target domains In conceptual metaphor theory, a source domain is a concrete, familiar experience, while a target domain is a more abstract concept that we understand through the source domain For example, if Taylor Swift describes life as a journey, "journey" is the source domain and "life" is the target domain By analyzing these mappings, we seek to understand the cognitive mechanisms at play and how these mappings facilitate the audience's understanding of abstract concepts through more concrete imagery This analysis will involve breaking down each metaphor to identify the components of the source and target domains and examining how characteristics of the source domain are projected onto the target domain. Understanding these mappings will shed light on how Taylor Swift uses metaphorical language to create meaningful connections and enhance the clarity and impact of her message.

3 In what way Taylor Swift strategically deploys conceptual metaphors to achieve rhetorical resonance with the target graduation audience and effectively communicate inspirational life advice.

The third objective is to explore how the conceptual metaphors enhance the effectiveness of Taylor Swift's message and influence the audience's perception and emotional response Effective metaphors do more than just clarify—they resonate emotionally with the audience and reinforce the speaker's persuasive goals By evaluating the impact of these metaphors, we aim to determine their role in reinforcing the overall communicative goals of speech and how they contribute to its persuasive power and emotional resonance. This involves assessing the audience's reactions to the metaphors and considering the broader cultural and emotional contexts in which these metaphors operate For instance, a metaphor that frames challenges as battles may evoke a sense of determination and resilience, aligning with Taylor Swift's intended message of perseverance Exploring the effectiveness of these metaphors will also involve looking at how they align with the audience's experiences and values, making the speech more relatable and impactful

These objectives guide the study towards a nuanced understanding of the strategic use of metaphors in public speaking, specifically within the context of a high-profile commencement address By identifying the key conceptual metaphors, analyzing their source-target mappings, and exploring their effectiveness, we aim to provide a detailed account of how Taylor Swift employs metaphorical language to convey her message powerfully This study will contribute to the broader field of metaphor research by demonstrating how metaphors function not only as linguistic tools but as powerful cognitive and emotional instruments in effective communication Understanding metaphors in Taylor Swift's speech can offer insights into the broader strategies of successful public speaking and how speakers can connect with their audiences on both intellectual and emotional levels In summary, this study's objectives focus on identifying the key conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift's commencement speech, analyzing the source-target mappings and attribute transfers within these metaphors, and exploring the effectiveness of these metaphors in enhancing the speech's communicative goals and influencing the audience Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to uncover the cognitive and emotional mechanisms underlying Taylor Swift's metaphor use and to provide a deeper understanding of how metaphors can be strategically employed in public speaking to create powerful and resonant messages.

Scope of the study

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the conceptual metaphors present in TaylorSwift's commencement speech at New York University The scope of the study includes the following aspects:

- The study will focus on identifying the conceptual metaphors that Taylor Swift employs to convey ideas and messages in her speech These metaphors will be analyzed in detail to understand how they are applied and their impact on audience perception.

- Secondly, the study will consider the temporal and spatial context in which the speech was delivered, examining cultural and social factors influencing the use of metaphors in the speech

- Methodologically, the research will utilize language analysis and conceptual metaphor theory to explore and interpret the identified conceptual metaphors. Methods such as textual analysis and content analysis will be employed to dissect how Taylor Swift uses language to create impact.

- The study will concentrate on Taylor Swift's speech and its impact on the listening audience, including direct reactions and responses through various media channels.

However, the study will not encompass other aspects of the speech beyond conceptual metaphors, such as alternative rhetorical methods, socio-political contexts, or responses from different demographic groups like youth, elderly, or diverse cultural backgrounds.

Research questions

The study addresses these following questions:

1 What are the key conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencement speech at New York University?

2 In what ways do the source domains map onto the target domains in the conceptual metaphors identified in Taylor Swift's speech, and what specific attributes are transferred from source to target?

3 In what ways do the conceptual metaphors used by Taylor Swift in her speech enhance the effectiveness of her message and influence the audience's perception and emotional response?

Significance of the study

Despite the existing body of research on conceptual metaphors across diverse fields such as politics, poetry, and music, including notable studies like Xiaowen's (2022) analysis of Taylor Swift's speech through a conceptual metaphor lens and Olii et al., (2023) exploration of illocutionary acts, this study stands out in its unique focus Unlike broad studies on conceptual metaphors, this research zeroes in on Taylor Swift's commencement speech This specific context offers a rare opportunity to examine how conceptual metaphors are employed in public discourse by a public figure.

Xiaowen's (2022) study, while insightful, does not fully illuminate the power of TaylorSwift's use of metaphors to highlight her speech in aspects such as culture, society, or the direct impact of metaphors on the audience at that time By analyzing Taylor Swift's speech, this study aims to uncover how conceptual metaphors contribute to contemporary cultural narratives It delves into their role in shaping public discourse and societal awareness, especially among younger audiences influenced by Taylor Swift's cultural impact Methodologically, the study enriches our understanding by applying linguistic analysis and conceptual metaphor theory within the context of speech This approach deepens insights into how metaphors function in spoken communication, distinct from their use in written texts or lyrical compositions In contrast to studies focused solely on written texts or lyrics, this research directly investigates how metaphors impact real-time audiences during public addresses It explores how metaphors enhance audience engagement, evoke emotional responses, and facilitate message reception in public speaking contexts.

Research design

The study adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the intricate and multifaceted nature of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift's commencement speech This approach is particularly suited for this research as it focuses on understanding the deeper meanings and contextual nuances of language use Unlike quantitative methods that rely on numerical data and statistical analysis, the qualitative approach allows for a more detailed and interpretative exploration of how metaphors function and their impact on the audience.

By employing a qualitative approach, the study can capture the subtleties and complexities of Taylor Swift's speech, providing insights into how her metaphors resonate with the audience and contribute to the overall narrative This method facilitates an in-depth examination of the language, themes, and rhetorical strategies used by Taylor Swift, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of her speech's impact on cultural and social discourse.

The primary data for this study is Taylor Swift's commencement speech delivered at New York University in 2022 The speech was transcribed verbatim from the article of Pangambam (2024) to ensure an accurate and faithful representation of her language. This transcription process is crucial for capturing the exact words, phrases, and expressions used by Taylor Swift, which are essential for identifying and analyzing metaphors Otherwise, her speech transcript will be categorized into 20 domains which reflect her meaning in terms of using metaphors These domains include:

Protecting Privacy and Dealing with Public Scrutiny.

The Fun of Trends and Phases.

The Art of Writing Growing Up in the

The Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), developed by the Pragglejaz Group, was employed to systematically identify and analyze the metaphors within the speech The MIP involves several key steps:

- Reading the Text: The entire speech is read thoroughly to gain an overall understanding of its content and context This initial reading helps in identifying potential metaphorical expressions.

- Identifying Metaphor Candidates: Words and phrases likely to be metaphorical are identified This involves looking for expressions that describe one thing in terms of another, often more concrete, concept.

- Determining Metaphoricity: Each identified expression is analyzed to determine whether it is metaphorical This step involves assessing whether the expression has a more basic, concrete meaning that differs from its contextual use in the speech.

- Documenting Metaphors: All identified metaphors are documented, including their source domains (the concrete concepts) and target domains (the abstract concepts they describe) This documentation is essential for understanding the underlying metaphorical structures in speech.

After identifying the metaphors using the MIP, a contextual analysis is conducted to understand how these metaphors contribute to the overall message and impact of the speech This involves examining the metaphors in relation to the speech's themes, the intended audience, and the cultural context.

Finally, an interpretative analysis is performed to explore the deeper meanings and cognitive processes underlying the use of metaphors This analysis aims to uncover how

Taylor Swift's metaphors shape the audience's understanding and perception of the ideas she presents By interpreting the metaphors in this way, the study seeks to reveal the broader implications of Taylor Swift's rhetorical strategies and their influence on public discourse and social awareness.

Through this detailed and systematic approach to data collection and analysis, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the conceptual metaphors in TaylorSwift's commencement speech and their significance within the context of public speaking and cultural discourse.

LITERATURE REVIEW

About Taylor Swift and Her Career

Taylor Swift is a globally renowned singer-songwriter and actress, known for her narrative songwriting that often centers around her personal life and experiences Born on December 13, 1989, in Reading, Pennsylvania, Taylor Swift began her career in country music before transitioning to pop and, more recently, exploring genres like indie and alternative rock Her debut self-titled album was released in 2006, but it was her second album, Fearless (2008), that catapulted her to fame with hits like Love Story and You

Belong With Me Throughout her career, Taylor Swift has consistently evolved her musical style Albums such as Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), and 1989 (2014) showcased her transition from country to pop, with 1989 earning her a Grammy Award for Album of the Year Her later works, Reputation (2017), Lover (2019), Folklore (2020), and Evermore (2020), have been critically acclaimed for their introspective lyrics and innovative sound Folklore and Evermore, in particular, marked a significant shift to a more indie-folk and alternative style, further demonstrating her versatility as an artist. Taylor Swift is not only known for her musical achievements but also for her active engagement with her fanbase, philanthropy, and advocacy for artists' rights Her re- recording of her earlier albums, starting with Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red

(Taylor's Version), is a testament to her fight for control over her own music and intellectual property.

Taylor Swift’s songwriting is characterized by its vivid storytelling, emotional depth, and relatable themes Her lyrics often explore themes of love, heartbreak, self-discovery, and personal growth Taylor Swift's ability to use metaphors and imagery allows her to paint detailed pictures and evoke strong emotions in her listeners For instance, in her song

"Love Story," she uses the metaphor of Romeo and Juliet to describe a romantic relationship, while in "All Too Well," she recounts a past relationship with poignant details and vivid imagery Taylor Swift 's use of language is both personal and universal,making her songs resonate with a broad audience She often writes in the first person,which creates a sense of intimacy and connection with her listeners Her knack for capturing complex emotions in simple, yet powerful lyrics is a key factor in her widespread appeal.

In her commencement speech at New York University (NYU), Taylor Swift's use of language mirrors the qualities found in her songwriting Her speech is marked by personal anecdotes, metaphors, and motivational messages, all of which are designed to connect with and inspire the graduates.

Taylor Swift uses metaphors to make abstract concepts more relatable and understandable, like her songwriting approach For example, she likens life to a journey and discusses "planting seeds of kindness," which are metaphors that simplify complex life lessons and make them accessible to her audience These metaphors help graduates envision their future in manageable and relatable terms Her speech is also deeply personal, as she shares her own experiences and lessons learned throughout her career.This personal touch creates a sense of intimacy and authenticity, making her advice more impactful Just as in her songs, Taylor Swift's honesty and vulnerability in her speech allow her to connect with her audience on a deeper level Additionally, Taylor Swift’s ability to evoke emotions through her choice of words is evident in her speech She uses humor, candid reflections, and heartfelt advice to engage her audience emotionally This emotional engagement is crucial in a commencement speech, as it helps to inspire and motivate the graduates as they embark on the next chapter of their lives In general,Taylor Swift’s NYU commencement speech showcases the same strengths found in her songwriting: vivid storytelling, relatable metaphors, emotional depth, and a personal connection with her audience Her career and use of language in her songs provide a strong foundation for the motivational and inspirational messages she delivered to theNYU graduates, making her speech a memorable and impactful part of their graduation ceremony.

An overview about Metaphors

Metaphor, a fundamental cognitive and linguistic phenomenon, plays a pivotal role in shaping human thought and communication Rooted deeply in the traditions of rhetoric and philosophy, the study of metaphor has evolved considerably over time From

Aristotle's classical definitions to contemporary cognitive linguistic theories, metaphor remains a vital area of research in linguistics, psychology, and related fields This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of metaphor in language, highlighting key theories, methodologies, and findings from seminal studies.

Aristotle was one of the earliest scholars to provide a detailed account of metaphor In his

Poetics, Aristotle defined metaphor as the application of a word that belongs to something else, a definition that underscored the decorative and stylistic functions of metaphor in rhetoric (Aristotle, 1997) He emphasized the role of metaphor in enhancing the clarity and aesthetic appeal of language, suggesting that a well-crafted metaphor could convey meanings more vividly than literal language The early modern period saw the expansion of metaphor studies beyond rhetoric Scholars began to explore the cognitive dimensions of metaphor, recognizing its role in shaping thought processes The Romantic poets, for instance, utilized metaphors extensively to capture complex emotions and abstract concepts, suggesting that metaphor transcends mere linguistic decoration (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

A breakthrough in metaphor studies came with the advent of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), pioneered by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their seminal work

Metaphors We Live By (1980) CMT posits that metaphors are not just linguistic expressions but fundamental to human cognition According to CMT, metaphors structure our understanding of abstract concepts by mapping them onto more concrete experiences For instance, the conceptual metaphor "TIME IS MONEY" influences how we perceive and talk about time, using terms like "spend," "save," and "waste" (Lakoff &Johnson, 1980) Building on CMT, primary metaphor theory suggests that complex metaphors are constructed from more basic, primary metaphors rooted in bodily experiences Lakoff and Johnson argue that these primary metaphors arise from our sensorimotor experiences, forming the building blocks for more elaborate metaphorical constructs (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999) This approach underscores the embodied nature of metaphor, highlighting the interplay between physical experiences and abstract thought.

Corpus linguistics has become a prominent methodology in metaphor research, allowing scholars to analyze large datasets of authentic language use Through corpus analysis, researchers can identify patterns and frequencies of metaphorical expressions, providing empirical evidence for theoretical claims Studies using corpus linguistics have revealed insights into the prevalence of certain metaphors across genres, registers, and cultural contexts (Charteris-Black, 2004) Experimental approaches in metaphor research often involve psycholinguistic experiments to investigate how metaphors are processed and understood by individuals These experiments can include tasks such as reaction time measurements, eye-tracking, and brain imaging techniques Findings from experimental studies have contributed to our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying metaphor comprehension and the neural correlates of metaphorical thinking (Gibbs & Colston, 2012).

Metaphors play a crucial role in shaping our conceptual framework, enabling us to understand abstract concepts through more concrete experiences Cognitive linguists argue that metaphors are essential for structuring our thoughts and perceptions, influencing how we reason about the world For example, the "ARGUMENT IS WAR" metaphor shapes our understanding of arguments in terms of conflict, with terms like

"defend," "attack," and "win" (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) In communication, metaphors serve to convey complex ideas more effectively and persuasively They can enhance the clarity and impact of messages, making abstract or unfamiliar concepts more relatable to the audience Political discourse, advertising, and literature are replete with metaphors that resonate with audiences by drawing on shared cultural and experiential knowledge (Lakoff, 2004) Metaphors also fulfill an aesthetic function, enriching the expressive power of language Poets, novelists, and other creative writers employ metaphors to evoke emotions, create imagery, and convey nuanced meanings The aesthetic appeal of metaphors lies in their ability to surprise, delight, and provoke thought, making them a central feature of literary art (Lakoff & Turner, 1989).

Literary scholars have long recognized the centrality of metaphor in literature Metaphors in literary texts often function on multiple levels, contributing to character development,thematic exploration, and narrative structure For instance, in Shakespeare's plays, metaphors are used to reveal characters' inner thoughts and to explore themes such as love, power, and mortality (Cameron & Low, 1999) Political discourse frequently relies on metaphor to frame issues, shape public perception, and persuade audiences George Lakoff's work on political metaphors highlights how different metaphorical frames can influence political thought and policy preferences For example, the metaphor of the nation as a "family" can evoke notions of care and protection, guiding political decisions and rhetoric (Lakoff, 2004) In scientific discourse, metaphors are instrumental in explaining complex phenomena and advancing theoretical frameworks Thomas Kuhn's concept of "paradigm shifts" and Richard Dawkins' notion of the "selfish gene" are notable examples of how metaphors can encapsulate and communicate scientific ideas. Metaphors in science not only aid in public understanding but also drive scientific innovation by fostering new ways of thinking (Kuhn, 1962; Dawkins, 1976).

Metaphors are deeply embedded in cultural contexts, reflecting and shaping cultural values, beliefs, and practices Cross-cultural studies of metaphor reveal both universal patterns and cultural specificities in metaphorical expressions While some metaphors, such as those related to basic bodily experiences, are common across cultures, others are unique to specific cultural contexts For instance, the metaphor "TIME IS MONEY" may be prevalent in Western cultures but less so in cultures with different attitudes toward time and economics (Kửvecses, 2002).

One of the ongoing challenges in metaphor research is the identification and analysis of metaphors, particularly in large and diverse datasets Automated metaphor detection tools and machine learning algorithms are being developed to address this challenge, offering new possibilities for large-scale metaphor analysis However, these tools must be refined to account for the subtleties and nuances of metaphorical language (Steen, 2007) The study of metaphor increasingly benefits from interdisciplinary approaches, drawing on insights from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, and other fields. Integrating these perspectives can enhance our understanding of the multifaceted nature of metaphor, from cognitive processes to cultural practices Collaborative research that bridges disciplinary boundaries holds promise for advancing metaphor theory and application (Steen et al., 2010).

Metaphor remains a dynamic and influential area of research in linguistics and beyond.From classical rhetoric to contemporary cognitive theories, the study of metaphor has evolved to encompass a wide range of perspectives and methodologies Metaphors are not only linguistic expressions but also fundamental to human thought, communication,and creativity As research continues to advance, new insights into the cognitive,communicative, and cultural dimensions of metaphor will further illuminate its central role in shaping our understanding of the world.

Foundations of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) represents a pivotal shift in the understanding of metaphors from mere linguistic ornaments to essential components of human cognition. The theory, introduced by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their seminal work

Metaphors We Live By (1980), has significantly influenced various fields, including cognitive linguistics, psychology, and beyond This section delves into the origins and development of CMT, highlighting its transformative impact on the study of language and thought The origins of CMT can be traced back to the cognitive revolution of the 20th century, which emphasized the role of mental processes in understanding language and thought Before CMT, metaphors were studied in literature and rhetoric, viewed as decorative language used to embellish speech or writing However, Lakoff and Johnson revolutionized this understanding by arguing that metaphors are central to human cognition In Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson introduced the idea that metaphors shape the way we think, act, and perceive the world They proposed that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, meaning that we understand abstract concepts through more concrete experiences This ground-breaking perspective shifted the study of metaphors from a purely linguistic phenomenon to a cognitive one.

Before CMT, metaphors were studied in literature and rhetoric, where they were viewed as decorative elements used to embellishment Traditional approaches, such as those fromAristotle's Poetics, considered metaphors as stylistic devices rather than cognitive tools.However, the cognitive revolution of the mid-20th century laid the groundwork for a new understanding of metaphors, emphasizing the role of mental processes in language and cognition The study of metaphors has a long history, deeply rooted in classical literature and rhetoric Traditionally, metaphors were considered ornamental elements that embellished language, enhancing its aesthetic and expressive qualities Aristotle, in his

"Poetics," epitomized this view by categorizing metaphors as stylistic devices used to add flair and vividness to poetic and rhetorical discourse He regarded metaphor as a form of linguistic artistry that involved transferring the meaning of one term to another to achieve a figurative comparison, enriching the text and engaging the audience's imagination.

This classical approach maintained that metaphors were non-essential, peripheral features of language, primarily serving the purpose of artistic and rhetorical flourish The emphasis was on the decorative function of metaphors, seen as a tool for writers and orators to make their language more engaging and persuasive Consequently, the cognitive dimension of metaphors—their role in shaping thought and understanding— was largely overlooked The mid-20th century brought about a cognitive revolution that transformed the landscape of linguistics and psychology This movement shifted the focus from external language forms to the internal mental processes involved in language use and comprehension Researchers began to investigate how humans perceive, process,and produce language, leading to ground-breaking insights into the cognitive aspects of linguistic phenomena This cognitive turn challenged the traditional view of metaphors,proposing that they are not merely ornamental but integral to human thought processes.Scholars such as Noam Chomsky highlighted the deep structures of language, suggesting that linguistic expressions are rooted in innate cognitive mechanisms This laid the foundation for a new understanding of metaphors, emphasizing their role in cognition rather than just decoration The cognitive revolution set the stage for the emergence ofConceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in the 1980s, primarily through the work of GeorgeLakoff and Mark Johnson In their seminal book "Metaphors We Live By" (1980),Lakoff and Johnson argued that metaphors are pervasive in everyday language and are essential to human cognition They proposed that metaphors are not just linguistic expressions but conceptual structures that shape how we understand and interact with the world.

CMT posits that our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical, meaning that we comprehend abstract concepts through concrete experiences For example, the metaphor

"time is money" reflects how we understand the abstract concept of time in terms of the more tangible concept of money, influencing how we perceive and value time This metaphorical structuring extends to a wide range of domains, affecting how we think about emotions, relationships, morality, and more Lakoff and Johnson's work revealed that metaphors are deeply embedded in our cognitive system, influencing both abstract and concrete thinking They demonstrated that metaphors are not random or purely artistic choices but systematic and grounded in our embodied experiences This cognitive perspective redefined metaphors as essential cognitive tools that enable us to make sense of the world, rather than mere linguistic embellishments The implications of CMT are far-reaching, challenging long-held assumptions about the nature of language and thought It suggests that our cognitive processes are inherently metaphorical, with metaphors playing a crucial role in shaping our perceptions, actions, and interactions.This perspective has influenced various fields, including cognitive linguistics,psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence, fostering a more integrated understanding of language and cognition The historical context of metaphor studies has evolved significantly From being viewed as purely literary and rhetorical devices,metaphors are now recognized as fundamental to human cognition, thanks to the cognitive revolution and the development of Conceptual Metaphor Theory This shift has redefined the role of metaphors, highlighting their importance in shaping thought,language, and understanding.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in Speech

In the context of public speech, CMT reveals how metaphors are not merely decorative elements but essential tools for framing concepts, influencing perceptions, and facilitating understanding This literature review delves into the use of metaphors in public speech,specifically in political, religious, motivational, and educational contexts It also examines empirical studies on metaphor usage and the cultural influences on metaphorical expressions in public discourse Public speeches serve as a critical medium for conveying ideas, emotions, and persuasive messages One of the most effective rhetorical devices used in public speeches is the metaphor Metaphors allow speakers to frame abstract concepts in more relatable and concrete terms, facilitating a deeper connection with the audience This literature review explores the use of metaphors in public speech, focusing on their role in enhancing comprehension, evoking emotions, and persuading audiences The study of metaphors in public speech is rooted in the cognitive linguistic theory of metaphor, particularly the work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in

"Metaphors We Live By." They argue that metaphors are not just linguistic expressions but are fundamental to human thought processes Metaphors help structure our perceptions and understanding of the world, making them a powerful tool in public communication.

Metaphors play a crucial role in making complex or abstract ideas more accessible. Charteris-Black (2004) highlights that metaphors bridge the gap between the speaker's message and the audience's pre-existing knowledge By relating unfamiliar concepts to everyday experiences, metaphors enhance the audience's comprehension and retention of the information For instance, when a politician uses the metaphor of "building a bridge" to describe policies aimed at connecting communities, the audience can easily grasp the intended message through the familiar image of a bridge One of the primary functions of metaphors in public speech is to evoke emotions According to Mio (1997), metaphors can trigger emotional responses by tapping into the audience's personal experiences and cultural narratives Emotional engagement is crucial for effective public speaking, as it can motivate audiences to act or change their attitudes For example, Martin Luther KingJr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech is replete with metaphors that evoke a sense of hope and justice, stirring the emotions of his listeners and inspiring social change Metaphors are also instrumental in persuasion, a key objective of many public speeches Perelman andOlbrechts-Tyteca (1969) in "The New Rhetoric" discuss how metaphors can shape the audience's perception and influence their beliefs and attitudes By framing arguments in a metaphorical context, speakers can subtly guide the audience towards a particular viewpoint For instance, framing climate change as a "war" on the environment can mobilize public support for environmental policies by invoking a sense of urgency and collective responsibility Several case studies illustrate the impact of metaphors in public speech Obama's speeches often employ metaphors to simplify policy discussions and connect with diverse audiences For instance, his use of the "American Dream" metaphor resonates with the cultural values of aspiration and success Similarly, metaphors in TED Talks have been analyzed to demonstrate how speakers effectively use this device to communicate complex scientific ideas to a general audience, making the content more engaging and memorable Metaphors are a vital component of effective public speaking, enabling speakers to convey complex ideas, evoke emotions, and persuade audiences. The cognitive linguistic theory underscores the significance of metaphors in shaping thought and communication By examining the role of metaphors in public speeches, we gain insight into the mechanisms of effective communication and the power of language influencing public perception and behavior.

In motivational speeches, metaphors are used to clarify complex or abstract ideas, making them more accessible to the audience Charteris-Black (2005) suggests that metaphors in motivational speeches often draw from familiar, everyday experiences, thereby bridging the gap between the speaker's message and the audience's understanding For instance, using the metaphor of "climbing a mountain" to describe overcoming challenges provides a vivid and relatable image that enhances comprehension This ability to simplify complex ideas is crucial in motivational contexts, where clarity and relatability are key to effective communication One of the most significant functions of metaphors in motivational speeches is their ability to evoke emotions Mio (1997) highlights that metaphors can tap into the audience's personal and cultural experiences, triggering emotional responses that resonate deeply Emotional engagement is vital in motivational speeches as it fosters a connection between the speaker and the audience, inspiring and energizing listeners For example, metaphors such as "lighting a fire within" or

"unlocking potential" can evoke powerful feelings of enthusiasm, determination, and hope Metaphors in motivational speeches also drive action by compellingly framing goals and challenges According to Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969), metaphors can influence the audience's attitudes and motivate behavior change by presenting a vision that is both appealing and attainable By framing a journey towards success as a

"hero's quest," speakers can inspire their audience to embark on their personal or professional endeavors with a sense of purpose and determination This persuasive power of metaphors is essential in motivating audiences to take concrete steps towards their goals.

Numerous case studies illustrate the effectiveness of metaphors in motivational speeches. Tony Robbins, a renowned motivational speaker, frequently uses metaphors to connect with his audience and drive his messages home For instance, he often refers to life as a

"game" that requires strategy and perseverance, making his advice more engaging and memorable Similarly, in the corporate world, leaders like Steve Jobs have used metaphors to inspire innovation and creativity among their teams, framing challenges as opportunities to "think differently." Conceptual Metaphor Theory provides a robust framework for understanding the role of metaphors in motivational speeches By enhancing comprehension, evoking emotions, and driving action, metaphors serve as a vital tool for speakers aiming to inspire and influence their audiences The cognitive and emotional impact of metaphors underscores their significance in effective communication, particularly in the context of motivation Future research could further explore the nuances of metaphor use in diverse motivational settings, providing deeper insights into their transformative power.

Graduation ceremonies are pivotal events in the academic calendar, marking the culmination of students' educational journeys and serving as significant platforms for imparting final words of wisdom and motivation These ceremonies, steeped in tradition and symbolism, represent rites of passage that signify the end of an academic journey and the beginning of a new chapter According to Clark (1996), such ceremonies provide moments for reflection, celebration, and anticipation of future endeavors, bringing together students, faculty, families, and the broader community to acknowledge and celebrate academic accomplishments The speeches delivered during these occasions are meticulously crafted rhetorical artifacts designed to influence and inspire the audience.Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969) argue that these speeches are deeply rhetorical,aimed at shaping the audience's mindset and motivating them for the challenges ahead by employing various rhetorical strategies, including ethos, pathos, and logos Ethos, or the appeal to the speaker's credibility, is fundamental, as distinguished individuals such as university officials, alumni, or notable public figures draw on their own experiences and achievements to establish credibility, lending weight to their words Pathos, or the appeal to emotion, is crucial for creating a personal connection with the audience, evoking feelings of pride, hope, and excitement through personal anecdotes and stories Logos, or the appeal to logic and reason, ground the emotional appeals, giving graduates practical advice and insights These speeches revolve around key themes, including reflection, celebration, and future aspirations, which help to structure the speech and provide a coherent message that resonates with the audience Reflection encourages graduates to look back on their academic journey, acknowledging the hard work and dedication that brought them to this point Celebration emphasizes the importance of recognizing and celebrating academic achievements, fostering a sense of community and shared success. Future aspirations provide guidance and advice for the next steps, inspiring confidence and optimism for the future The impact of graduation speeches on students is profound, shaping their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as they transition from the academic world to the professional realm Research by Hulleman et al (2010) suggests that motivational messages significantly influence individuals' sense of purpose and engagement. Graduation speeches shape graduates' attitudes and beliefs by highlighting values such as perseverance, resilience, and lifelong learning, encouraging continuous personal and professional growth They also foster a sense of community by celebrating shared achievements and emphasizing the collective effort required to reach this milestone In conclusion, graduation ceremonies represent more than just formalities; they embody moments of reflection, celebration, and inspiration Through their rhetorical richness and motivational intent, graduation speeches play a crucial role in shaping graduates' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, providing a guiding light as they navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

Taylor Swift’s commencement speech at New York University (NYU) graduation ceremony is intricately linked to the concept of motivational speeches in educational contexts due to several key reasons Commencement speeches are a hallmark of graduation ceremonies, serving as a bridge between the academic achievements of students and their future endeavors These speeches are designed to inspire, motivate, and provide guidance to graduates as they step into new phases of their lives Taylor Swift’s speech embodies these elements, making it a quintessential example of a motivational speech in an educational context.

Firstly, motivational speeches in educational settings aim to celebrate achievements and offer encouragement Taylor Swift’s speech does precisely this by acknowledging the hard work and accomplishments of the graduates while also sharing personal anecdotes and life lessons that resonate with the audience Her speech is structured to motivate graduates to embrace their future with confidence and determination, a core objective of motivational discourse Secondly, educational contexts often involve the use of metaphors and relatable language to make complex ideas accessible and engaging Taylor Swift’s speech employs various metaphors, such as life being a journey and planting seeds of kindness, which align with the principles of Conceptual Metaphor Theory These metaphors help to simplify abstract concepts, making her advice more tangible and memorable for the graduates By drawing from everyday experiences, Taylor Swift’s speech bridges the gap between academic knowledge and real-world application, a crucial aspect of motivational speeches in educational contexts Furthermore, Taylor Swift’s speech taps into the emotional and psychological needs of the graduates. Motivational speeches aim to evoke emotions that inspire and energize the audience. Taylor Swift’s use of personal stories, humor, and candid reflections fosters an emotional connection with the graduates, making her messages more impactful This emotional engagement is essential in motivational speeches as it helps to reinforce the speaker’s messages and inspire action Lastly, motivational speeches in educational contexts are designed to influence attitudes and encourage proactive behavior Taylor Swift’s speech encourages graduates to view challenges as opportunities, embrace failure as a learning experience, and pursue their passions with resilience This aligns with the broader goals of motivational speeches, which are to instill a sense of purpose and drive in the audience By framing her advice within the context of her own experiences, Taylor Swift provides a relatable and aspirational model for graduates to follow Taylor Swift’s commencement speech at NYU is a prime example of how motivational speeches function within educational contexts It celebrates academic achievements, uses metaphors to enhance understanding, engages emotions, and inspires proactive attitudes.These elements collectively demonstrate the profound connection between motivational speeches and educational settings, highlighting the importance of such speeches in guiding and inspiring graduates as they transition to new chapters in their lives.

Previous studies

Seminal research by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) revealed metaphor’s ubiquity in everyday thought and language They found abstract concepts become unconsciously structured and understood through concrete source domain mappings grounded in bodily experience like health, money, food, buildings, and especially journeys These conceptual metaphors persist as framing devices across genres from politics to music For instance, in his analysis of speeches, Charteris-Black (2019) uncovered distinct ideologies among major leaders based on policy metaphors positioning competitions as journeys and wars. Meanwhile Balkwill and Thompson (1999) analyzed pop lyrics, finding musical genre dictated preferred metaphors, like country’s framing of life as gambling Across domains, metaphor analysis yields cultural insights Metaphor analysis involves identifying metaphorical expressions, interpreting the conceptual mappings implied between physical

“source” topics (journeys, buildings, plants) and intangible “target” concepts (relationships, morality, emotions) Analysts categorize recurrent patterns in these cross- domain associations, explaining their significance considering context and goals (Charteris-Black, 2019) For example, Steen (2010) outlined a Metaphor Identification Procedure for linguistically coding metaphor units in text and transcripts Yet Charteris- Black (2005) argues human discernment still exceeds computers in judging meaning- making dynamics Multimodal analyses also demonstrate metaphor’s distribution across rhetorical channels, although few studies have examined burgeoning digital celebrity commencement speeches.

Ultimately rhetorical metaphors only succeed if audiences decode intended meanings, so scholars emphasize assessing reception perceptions (Cameron, 2007) Surveys gauging interpretation can reveal metaphors culturally effective for conveying both shared and provocative views Koeller’s (2003) production-reception analysis exposed discrepancies between nuanced original metaphors and listeners’ simpler “increase/decrease” decodings, affirming this methodology’s value Few contemporary pop culture figures can rival Taylor Swift in cultural omnipresence and resonance Her lyrical style drawing on rich poetic metaphors prompts some exploration of interpersonal and societal conceptual systems (Hubbard, 2020) However, Taylor Swift also consciously penetrates impactful mediums beyond music, including film (Conor, 2022), poetry (Sklar, 2020), and keynote speeches, texts she produces as an influential celebrity offer rich data for analysis While awards acceptance speeches have been examined from entertainment figures, few studies have systematically analyzed the burgeoning genre of “celebrity commencement addresses” — now widely digitally broadcasted — as graduates embark on new life journeys Taylor Swift’s address at New York University’s 2022 graduation provides one such artifact warranting analysis Taylor Swift's 2022 New York University commencement speech, which resonated widely, offers a culturally significant yet understudied site of contemporary metaphor Analysis can build conceptual and communications knowledge surrounding creatively framed advice offered by celebrities during profound life transitions Examining metaphors conveying perspectives on uncertainty and growth will enrich understanding of this noteworthy genre.

Following Lakoff and Johnson (1980), over the decades, numerous studies have explored and expanded upon CMT, investigating its implications across various fields such as linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science Scholars like Kovecses (2002) provided a comprehensive analysis of cultural variations in metaphor use, demonstrating that while some metaphors are universal due to shared human experiences, others are culture- specific, emphasizing the importance of cultural context in shaping metaphorical thought.Research methodologies in CMT have included corpus analysis, experimental studies,and cognitive linguistic approaches Deignan (2005) employed corpus analysis to examine large text corpora, identifying and analyzing metaphorical expressions in natural language use Boroditsky (2000) conducted experiments showing that spatial metaphors influence how people perceive and think about time, supporting the idea that metaphorical thought is not just a linguistic phenomenon but also a cognitive one Gibbs(1994) integrated linguistic analysis with cognitive psychology to investigate how metaphors shape our understanding of abstract concepts, demonstrating that metaphorical thinking facilitates problem-solving and abstract reasoning CMT has significantly influenced cognitive science by challenging the objectivist view of meaning, which posited that meaning exists independently of human experience Johnson's (1987) work on image schemas demonstrated that recurring patterns of bodily experience underlie our understanding of abstract concepts, aligning with the embodied cognition framework. Research on metaphorical framing, such as that by Thibodeau and Boroditsky (2011), has shown that metaphors can influence decision-making and problem-solving, highlighting the persuasive power of metaphors In education, CMT has been applied to enhance teaching and learning, as shown by Cameron and Low (1999), who demonstrated that metaphors can help students understand complex concepts by relating them to familiar experiences In health communication, metaphors like "fighting cancer" have been used to improve patient understanding and engagement, as demonstrated by Hauser and Schwarz (2015) In psychotherapy, metaphors are used to facilitate emotional healing and cognitive restructuring Despite its contributions, CMT has faced criticisms and challenges Some scholars argue that CMT overemphasizes the role of metaphors in cognition, neglecting other cognitive processes and structures, as McGlone (2007) contended Cross-linguistic studies, such as those by Yu (1998), have shown significant cultural variations in metaphor use, suggesting that cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping metaphorical thought Future research on CMT can address these challenges by adopting more integrative and cross-disciplinary approaches, investigating the neural and developmental aspects of metaphorical thinking, and exploring practical applications in various fields Through these efforts, CMT can continue to enhance our understanding of the fundamental role of metaphors in human cognition and communication.

Public speaking and rhetoric are integral components of effective communication,influencing how messages are crafted, delivered, and received by audiences Research in this field has explored various dimensions, including linguistic strategies, psychological impacts, cross-cultural influences, technological advancements, educational applications,and challenges faced in studying public speaking Effective public speakers utilize rhetorical devices such as metaphors and anecdotes to engage and persuade their audience (Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969) These strategies enhance comprehension, evoke emotions, and establish a connection with listeners, underscoring the pivotal role of language in shaping speaker effectiveness Psychological research has delved into the cognitive and emotional aspects of public speaking, addressing issues like stage fright and anxiety management (Beck & Fernandez, 1998) Understanding these psychological barriers is crucial for developing techniques to enhance speaker confidence and performance, essential for delivering impactful speeches Cross-cultural studies have examined how cultural norms influence public speaking practices and audience expectations (Scollon & Scollon, 2001) These studies emphasize the importance of cultural sensitivity and adaptation in effective communication across diverse contexts, highlighting the need for speakers to tailor their messages accordingly Technological advancements, such as speech analysis software and virtual reality simulations, have transformed the study of public speaking (Derrick & Samuel, 2017) These tools enable real-time analysis of speech patterns, nonverbal cues, and audience responses, providing insights into effective communication strategies and enhancing training methodologies.

In education and professional development, research on public speaking informs curriculum design and training programs (Brady & Jorgensen, 2003) Evidence-based approaches derived from research findings contribute to cultivating confident and articulate speakers, essential in academic and professional settings.

Public discourse, encompassing various forms of communication such as speeches,debates, and media presentations, plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and influencing societal outcomes The rhetorical and persuasive power inherent in public discourse has been extensively studied, revealing how effective communication strategies can impact audience perceptions and behaviors Rhetorical analysis has shown that speakers use ethos, pathos, and logos to establish credibility, evoke emotions, and present logical arguments, respectively (Aristotle, trans 2004) These rhetorical appeals are fundamental in crafting messages that resonate with audiences and persuade them towards specific viewpoints or actions Persuasion in public discourse often involves the strategic use of language and framing to highlight aspects of an issue while downplaying others (Entman, 1993) This framing effect can significantly influence how audiences interpret information and form opinions Studies have also highlighted the role of metaphors and analogies in simplifying complex ideas and making them more relatable to the audience (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) For instance, political speeches frequently use metaphors to create vivid imagery that helps the audience visualize abstract concepts, thereby enhancing understanding and retention Additionally, research has emphasized the importance of context in public discourse The effectiveness of rhetorical strategies can vary depending on the cultural, social, and political context in which they are employed (Bitzer, 1968) Understanding the audience's values, beliefs, and prior knowledge is crucial for tailoring messages that are not only persuasive but also culturally sensitive and appropriate The advent of digital media has further transformed public discourse, introducing new platforms and channels for communication Social media has amplified the reach and immediacy of public messages, allowing for real-time engagement and feedback (Benkler, 2006) However, this has also posed challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and the need for critical media literacy Overall, the study of rhetorical and persuasive power in public discourse highlights the intricate interplay between language, context, and audience, demonstrating how effective communication can drive societal change and influence public opinion.

Xiaowen's (2022) study focuses on analyzing Taylor Swift’s commencement speech atNew York University from a conceptual metaphor perspective Utilizing Lakoff andJohnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory (1980), Xiaowen examines the metaphors employed by Taylor Swift to convey complex ideas and emotions The study employs a qualitative methodology, analyzing the transcript of the speech to identify and categorize the metaphors used Key findings of Xiaowen’s study highlight how Taylor Swift uses metaphors to make abstract concepts relatable and to connect with her audience on a personal level For instance, Taylor Swift frequently employs journey metaphors, such as describing life and career as a path or road, which resonates with the graduates' experiences of transitioning from academia to professional life Additionally, the study finds that Taylor Swift uses metaphors of war and struggle to emphasize perseverance and resilience, framing challenges as battles to be fought and overcome.

One of the notable contributions of Xiaowen’s research is the detailed mapping of the conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift’s speech, providing insights into how these metaphors function to enhance the rhetorical impact of her message However, the study also acknowledges certain limitations The analysis is based solely on the speech’s transcript, potentially overlooking the paralinguistic features such as tone, pitch, and delivery style that could further influence the speech’s effectiveness Additionally, the study focuses primarily on metaphor identification and categorization, with less emphasis on the broader socio-cultural implications of the metaphors used.

2.5.2 Olii et al (2023): Illocutionary Acts in Taylor Swift’s Speech

Olii and colleagues’ (2023) research investigates the illocutionary acts in Taylor Swift’s commencement speech, exploring the different types of speech acts and their rhetorical significance Drawing on Austin’s (1962) theory of speech acts and Searle’s (1969) categorization of illocutionary acts, the study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative content analysis with quantitative frequency analysis to examine the speech The study identifies several key illocutionary acts in Taylor Swift’s speech, including assertive, directives, commissive, expressive, and declarations For example, Taylor Swift’s use of assertive, where she shares her personal experiences and beliefs, serves to build credibility and establish a connection with the audience Directives are used to motivate and inspire the graduates to take specific actions, such as embracing their individuality and pursuing their passions Commissive in the speech, where Taylor Swift makes promises or commitments, further reinforce her supportive and encouraging stance Olii et al highlight the importance of expression in Taylor Swift’s speech, which conveys her emotions and attitudes, fostering an empathetic and engaging tone. Declarations, although less frequent, are also identified, marking significant moments in the speech where Taylor Swift makes impactful statements about the graduates’ new roles and responsibilities The research contributes to understanding Taylor Swift’s rhetorical strategies by illustrating how different types of illocutionary acts work together to achieve her communicative goals It underscores the multifaceted nature of her speech,where various speech acts combine to create a cohesive and persuasive message.However, the study notes the challenge of distinguishing between overlapping speech acts and the subjective nature of interpreting illocutionary force, which could affect the reliability of the findings Additionally, while the study provides a comprehensive analysis of speech acts, it could benefit from a deeper exploration of the contextual factors influencing their use and effectiveness.

Key concepts

Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), examines how abstract concepts are understood and communicated through metaphorical mappings between a "source domain" (a concrete, familiar domain) and a "target domain" (an abstract, less familiar domain) This theory suggests that our understanding of complex or abstract ideas often relies on mapping them onto more tangible experiences In scholarly literature, the application of Conceptual Metaphor Theory spans various domains For instance, metaphors derived from physical experiences such as "up" and "down" are often used to conceptualize power dynamics ("up" for authority, "down" for subordination).This metaphorical framing not only shapes our understanding of social hierarchies but also influences how we discuss and perceive relationships of dominance and submission.Education is another domain extensively explored through Conceptual Metaphor Theory.Metaphors like "building knowledge" (source) and "acquiring knowledge" (target) illustrate how learning processes are conceptualized as constructing or accumulating knowledge Such metaphors not only inform educational practices but also shape educational policies and pedagogical approaches Furthermore, studies in psychology and cognitive science have utilized Conceptual Metaphor Theory to investigate how metaphor's structure is thought and influence decision-making processes For example,metaphors related to health and illness ("fighting a disease") influence perceptions of medical treatments and patient empowerment Overall, Conceptual Metaphor Theory provides a foundational framework for understanding how metaphorical mappings between source and target domains structure our cognition, communication, and interaction with the world By mapping abstract concepts onto more concrete experiences, metaphors enrich our understanding and facilitate the expression of complex ideas across diverse domains of human experience.

Conceptual mappings refer to the cognitive process by which abstract or complex ideas (the "target domain") are understood and articulated through metaphorical connections with more concrete, familiar concepts (the "source domain") This concept is central to Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), which posits that our understanding of abstract concepts often relies on mapping them onto more perceptible experiences In essence, conceptual mappings involve the transfer of cognitive structure from one domain (source) to another (target), facilitating comprehension and communication For example, the metaphor "love is a journey" maps the abstract concept of love (target domain) onto the concrete experience of a journey (source domain) This mapping helps individuals grasp the dynamics, challenges, and transformative aspects of romantic relationships through the framework of a journey. Conceptual mappings are not limited to individual metaphors but encompass a network of related metaphors that collectively shape our conceptualization of various domains For instance, metaphors like "time are money" or "arguments are war" structure our understanding of time management and conflict resolution by borrowing concepts from economic transactions and military strategies, respectively Moreover, Conceptual Metaphor Theory highlights that these mappings are not arbitrary but culturally and linguistically grounded Different cultures may employ different metaphors to understand and express similar concepts, reflecting diverse cultural perspectives and values In summary, conceptual mappings elucidate how metaphorical thinking facilitates the comprehension and communication of abstract ideas by grounding them in concrete, experiential domains This cognitive process underpins our everyday reasoning, language use, and cultural expressions, illustrating the pervasive influence of metaphorical mappings in shaping human thought and communication.

The relationship and correlation between Conceptual Mapping and Source-TargetDomains in Conceptual Metaphor Theory are central to understanding how human language and cognition operate in representing and comprehending complex concepts.it also forms the foundation for a deeper understanding of how human language and thought operate in representing and comprehending complex concepts Conceptual Mapping plays a crucial role in executing the mapping process from the source domain to the target domain, highlighting the connections between specific and abstract domains It enables humans to represent and articulate complex ideas by using specific and familiar concepts from the source domain, thereby clarifying and enriching the understanding of abstract concepts in the target domain Thus, the relationship between Conceptual Mapping and Source-Target Domains not only concerns how they work together in representing and understanding ideas but also provides a comprehensive framework for how language and thought interact to create effective understanding and communication of complex and abstract concepts in human.

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Research question 1: What are the key conceptual metaphors present in Taylor Swift's commencement speech at New York University?

Taylor Swift’s commencement speech at New York University is rich with conceptual metaphors that convey deeper meanings and connect with her audience on an emotional level Below is a comprehensive analysis of these metaphors along with their detailed implications.

"You leave New York University and then go out into the world searching what’s next And so will I."

This metaphor implies that life is a continuous path with various phases and destinations,highlighting its transitional nature It emphasizes movement, progression, and exploration By using this metaphor, Taylor Swift aligns herself with the graduates,fostering a sense of shared experience and camaraderie It encourages the audience to view their future as an exciting adventure, full of opportunities for discovery and growth.The metaphor effectively communicates the idea that life is not a static state but a dynamic process that involves navigating through different stages and challenges It underscores the importance of perseverance, adaptability, and the pursuit of new horizons By framing life as a journey, Taylor Swift inspires graduates to embrace change, remain curious, and take proactive steps toward their goals The journey metaphor conveys a sense of purpose and direction It suggests that everyone has a unique path to follow, marked by personal milestones and achievements This perspective can be empowering for graduates, as it encourages them to take ownership of their life trajectory and make intentional choices that align with their aspirations Overall, the metaphor "Life is a Journey" serves as a powerful rhetorical device in Taylor Swift's speech, resonating with the audience's experiences and aspirations while offering a hopeful and motivating outlook on the future.

"Part of growing up and moving into new chapters of your life is about catch and release."

This metaphor suggests that identity is a dynamic construct shaped by experiences and decisions It conveys that personal development involves actively choosing what to hold onto and what to let go of Taylor Swift’s advice encourages graduates to be intentional about their personal growth, recognizing that they have the power to shape their identities through their choices and actions This metaphor resonates with the idea of continuous self-improvement and adaptability The construction metaphor emphasizes the active role individuals play in building their own identity Just as constructing a building requires selecting materials and making decisions about design and structure, personal growth involves evaluating experiences and determining what contributes positively to one's development This process of "catch and release" implies that not everything encountered in life should be retained; some things must be let go to make room for new, beneficial elements Furthermore, this metaphor highlights the importance of adaptability and resilience As individuals grow and encounter new chapters in their lives, they must be willing to reassess and adjust their identity to align with their evolving goals and circumstances This approach fosters a mindset of continuous learning and self-reflection, essential for navigating the complexities of life By using this metaphor, Taylor Swift communicates to the graduates that they are architects of their own lives She empowers them to take control of their personal development, encouraging them to be discerning about the influences they accept and the values they uphold This proactive stance on identity construction aligns with the broader theme of self-determination and lifelong growth Overall, the "Building/Construction of Identity" metaphor serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing process of self-discovery and transformation, reinforcing the message that individuals have the agency to shape their own destinies through mindful choices and actions.

"Getting back up, dusting yourself off, and seeing who still wants to hang out with you afterward and laugh about it, that’s a gift."

This metaphor transforms difficulties into opportunities for proving one’s resilience and strength By framing challenges as battles, Taylor Swift empowers her audience, suggesting that overcoming obstacles is akin to heroic feats Drawing from her own experiences of facing industry rejection and public scrutiny, Taylor Swift illustrates how setbacks can be transformative moments of growth and self-discovery The implication of this metaphor is profound It encourages graduates to embrace challenges as essential components of their personal and professional development journey By portraying challenges as battles, Taylor Swift shifts the perspective from mere adversity to opportunities for demonstrating courage and perseverance This mindset fosters resilience and determination among the audience, emphasizing the importance of resilience in navigating life's inevitable ups and downs Moreover, the metaphor underscores the idea that setbacks are not defeats but rather integral parts of the journey toward success and personal fulfillment By reframing setbacks as battles, Taylor Swift encourages her audience to see these experiences as opportunities to learn, grow, and ultimately emerge stronger In general, the "Challenges as Battles" metaphor serves to inspire and motivate graduates, highlighting the transformative power of resilience and the value of perseverance in overcoming obstacles It aligns with Taylor Swift's overarching message of embracing life's challenges as opportunities for personal growth and self-discovery, resonating deeply with the audience through its relatability and motivational tone.

"Hard things will happen to us We will recover We will learn from it."

This metaphorical comparison likens emotions to natural phenomena, specifically to weather conditions By framing emotions in this way, Taylor Swift normalizes the experience of emotional ups and downs, suggesting that just as weather changes are a natural part of life, so too are fluctuations in our emotional states This normalization promotes acceptance of these emotional experiences as integral aspects of the human condition.

The implication of this metaphor is multifaceted It suggests that emotions, like weather patterns, are temporary and transient—they come and go This perspective reinforces the idea of resilience and recovery, implying that individuals have the capacity to bounce back from difficult emotional experiences and learn from them By encouraging the audience to view emotions as natural occurrences, Taylor Swift fosters a sense of emotional maturity and self-awareness among her listeners The metaphor underscores the idea that experiencing challenging emotions is not a sign of weakness but rather a normal part of life It promotes a healthier perspective on emotional well-being, emphasizing the importance of self-acceptance and self-care in navigating life's emotional complexities Lastly, the "Emotions as Natural Phenomena" metaphor in Taylor Swift's speech serves to destigmatize emotional vulnerability and promote a more positive attitude towards emotional experiences It encourages the audience to embrace their emotions with resilience and understanding, recognizing them as essential elements of the human experience This metaphorical approach resonates with Taylor Swift's overarching message of empowerment and personal growth, urging listeners to navigate life's challenges with strength and self-assurance.

"Having the world treat my love life like a spectator sport in which I lose every single game was not a great way to date in my teens and twenties, but it taught me to protect my private life fiercely."

This metaphorical comparison likens relationships to mirrors, highlighting their reflective and revealing nature By framing relationships in this way, Taylor Swift suggests that interactions with others serve as mirrors that reflect back insights into one's own character, values, and behavior This metaphor implies that through relationships,individuals can gain valuable self-awareness and personal growth by seeing themselves more clearly The implication of the "Relationships as Mirrors" metaphor is profound It underscores the idea that our interactions with others, whether positive or negative, provide opportunities for self-reflection and introspection Taylor Swift's personal anecdote about her public and private life experiences illustrates how scrutiny and criticism in her love life taught her the importance of guarding her privacy This experience reflects the metaphor's implication that relationships can reveal aspects of ourselves that we may not have been fully aware of, prompting us to protect and nurture our personal boundaries In addition, the metaphor suggests that learning from relationships involves not only understanding others but also understanding ourselves better It encourages the audience to approach relationships with a sense of mindfulness and self-awareness, recognizing them as vehicles for personal growth and emotional maturity The "Relationships as Mirrors" metaphor in Taylor Swift's speech highlights the transformative power of interpersonal connections It advocates for viewing relationships not only as social interactions but also as opportunities for deeper self-discovery and self- understanding This metaphorical approach resonates with Taylor Swift's overarching message of resilience and personal empowerment, urging listeners to navigate their relationships with introspection and empathy.

"Last time I was in a stadium this size, I was dancing in heels and wearing a glittery leotard."

This metaphorical comparison likens life to a performance or stage, highlighting the idea that individuals take on various roles and personas throughout their lives, much like actors on stage By framing life in this way, Taylor Swift suggests that life involves preparation, presentation, and interaction with an audience This metaphor implies that individuals, like performers, must prepare themselves for different roles and situations, presenting themselves authentically while engaging with others The implication of the

"Life as Performance/Stage" metaphor is multi-faceted It underscores the idea that individuals have agency in how they present themselves to the world, much like performers choosing their costumes and rehearsing their lines Taylor Swift's reference to her experience performing in a stadium reinforces this metaphor, emphasizing the importance of confidence and authenticity in one's public and private roles Moreover, the metaphor encourages the audience, particularly the graduates, to view their transition into new phases of life as opportunities to embrace their individuality and showcase their talents It suggests that everyone's journey is unique and requires them to perform their roles with courage and conviction The "Life as Performance/Stage" metaphor in Taylor Swift's speech empowers listeners by framing life's challenges and transitions as opportunities for personal expression and growth It aligns with Taylor Swift's overarching message of self-confidence and resilience, urging the audience to approach their future roles with creativity, authenticity, and a sense of adventure.

"We are each a patchwork quilt of those who have loved us, those who have believed in our futures, those who showed us empathy and kindness, or told us the truth even when it wasn’t easy to hear."

This metaphorical comparison likens individuals to patchwork quilts, emphasizing that each person's identity is composed of diverse influences, experiences, and relationships.Like a quilt made up of different fabric patches, individuals are shaped by the love,support, empathy, and honesty they receive from others throughout their lives This metaphor implies that these elements come together to form a cohesive and meaningful whole, reflecting the interconnectedness of human relationships and the cumulative impact they have on personal growth and identity The implication of the "Life as aPatchwork Quilt" metaphor is profound It underscores the idea that individuals are not isolated entities but rather interconnected with those around them It encourages graduates to recognize and appreciate the contributions of others—family, friends,mentors, and community—in shaping who they are and what they have achieved This recognition fosters a sense of gratitude and humility, acknowledging that personal accomplishments are often supported and enabled by the collective efforts of others.Furthermore, the metaphor emphasizes the richness and diversity of human experience.Just as a quilt is composed of various fabrics, each with its own texture and color,individuals are shaped by a diversity of experiences and influences This diversity is celebrated as a source of strength and resilience, highlighting the unique journey of each individual while also emphasizing the common threads that connect us all Overall, the

"Life as a Patchwork Quilt" metaphor in Taylor Swift's speech highlights the interconnectedness of human experiences and relationships It encourages listeners to appreciate the mosaic of influences that contribute to their personal growth and to approach their future with a sense of gratitude, humility, and community-mindedness.

 Life as a Series of Phases

"I had a phase where for the entirety of 2012, I dressed like a 1950s housewife."

This metaphorical comparison suggests that life is characterized by distinct periods or phases, much like different fashion trends or styles people adopt Each phase represents a temporary stage in personal development and self-expression Taylor Swift's anecdote about her 1950s housewife phase normalizes the concept of change and evolution over time, emphasizing that these phases are natural and contribute to one's journey of self- discovery and growth The implication of the "Life as a Series of Phases" metaphor encourages graduates to embrace the diversity of experiences and stages they will encounter in their lives It suggests that each phase, whether it involves personal style,career choices, or relationships, contributes uniquely to their development By sharing her own phases, Taylor Swift highlights the importance of experimentation, adaptation, and the acceptance of change as integral parts of personal and professional growth Secondly,this metaphor promotes a positive outlook on transitions and transformations It encourages graduates to view their journey as a continuous process of learning and evolving, where each phase offers opportunities for self-expression and discovery By recognizing the transient nature of phases, individuals can approach new experiences with openness and resilience, knowing that each phase contributes to their overall narrative and identity In short, the "Life as a Series of Phases" metaphor underscores the dynamic and evolving nature of life's experiences It invites listeners to appreciate the richness of their personal journeys, embracing each phase as an opportunity for growth,self-expression, and the exploration of new possibilities.

 Life as a Bag of Choices

"You don’t always get all the things in the bag that you selected from the menu in the delivery service that is life."

This metaphorical comparison portrays life as akin to receiving a delivery where one chooses items from a menu but doesn’t always receive everything as expected It underscores the idea that life presents a series of choices that individuals make, but outcomes may vary unexpectedly Taylor Swift employs this metaphor to emphasize the unpredictability of life and the necessity of adapting to unforeseen circumstances The implication of "Life as a Bag of Choices" encourages graduates to approach life with flexibility and resilience It suggests that while individuals can make plans and decisions based on their preferences and desires ("selecting items from the menu"), external factors and random events ("delivery service that is life") can influence outcomes This metaphor urges listeners to embrace uncertainty and be prepared to adjust their expectations and plans accordingly Furthermore, the metaphor highlights the importance of decision- making and the acceptance of outcomes, whether expected or not It promotes a mindset that acknowledges both the agency individuals have in shaping their lives through choices and the reality that not everything will go as planned By acknowledging life as a collection of choices with varying outcomes, Taylor Swift encourages graduates to cultivate adaptability, resilience, and a positive outlook in navigating life’s journey In summary, "Life as a Bag of Choices" underscores the dynamic nature of decision-making and adaptation in life It invites listeners to recognize the balance between making intentional choices and embracing the uncertainties that shape personal growth and experiences.

"We’re doing this together, so let’s just keep dancing like we’re the class of 22."

This metaphor emphasizes the following key points:

CONCLUSION

Impact on Audience

The metaphors used in Taylor Swift's commencement speech significantly shape audience perception by transforming abstract ideas into relatable, vivid imagery For instance, when she uses the metaphor "Life is a Journey," it evokes the sense of movement, progression, and exploration This resonates deeply with graduates who are at the cusp of a significant transition, helping them envision their futures as a path filled with new phases and opportunities This metaphor not only makes the abstract concept of life’s progression tangible but also aligns her experiences with those of the graduates, fostering a sense of shared experience and camaraderie.

Similarly, the metaphor "Challenges as Battles" reframes difficulties as opportunities for resilience and strength This framing empowers the audience, suggesting that overcoming obstacles is a heroic act It instills a sense of courage and determination in the graduates,encouraging them to face future challenges with a mindset geared towards overcoming and growth By sharing her personal anecdotes of facing industry rejection and public scrutiny, Taylor Swift makes this metaphor relatable and inspiring, further enhancing its impact.

Rhetorical Effectiveness

Taylor Swift’s metaphor usage is highly effective in delivering her messages due to its ability to simplify complex ideas and evoke emotional responses The metaphor

"Building/Construction of Identity," for example, illustrates the dynamic process of personal development It conveys that identity is continuously shaped by experiences and decisions, much like a building constructed over time This metaphor helps graduates understand that their identity is not fixed but rather something they actively shape,reinforcing the importance of intentionality in personal growth The metaphor "Life as aDance" is particularly effective in encouraging graduates to approach life with enthusiasm and joy It suggests that life should be embraced with a sense of celebration,promoting a positive outlook This metaphor resonates with the audience, as it ties into the celebratory nature of a graduation ceremony, encouraging graduates to maintain this celebratory spirit as they move forward in life.

The variety of metaphors Taylor Swift employs adds depth and breadth to her speech.Each metaphor addresses different facets of life and personal growth, ensuring her speech appeals to a wide range of experiences and perspectives For instance, the "PatchworkQuilt" metaphor emphasizes the influence of community and relationships in shaping one’s identity, highlighting the interconnectedness and diversity of influences On the other hand, the "Bag of Choices" metaphor underscores the unpredictability of life and the necessity of adaptability, resonating with graduates' uncertainties about the future.

Celebrity Influence

Celebrity speeches, especially those by Taylor Swift, wield considerable influence on public discourse due to their widespread reach and the public's interest in their words. Taylor Swift’s speech is likely to be shared, discussed, and quoted extensively, amplifying its impact Her status as a celebrity means that her messages reach a broad and diverse audience, beyond just the graduates present at the ceremony Taylor Swift’s ability to articulate universal themes through relatable metaphors enhances her credibility and relatability Her personal anecdotes, interwoven with metaphorical language, make her advice feel authentic and grounded in real experience This authenticity is crucial in influencing public discourse, as it encourages individuals to engage with and reflect on her messages By normalizing emotions and challenges through metaphors, Taylor Swift’s speech can foster a broader cultural acceptance of these experiences, promoting resilience and self-awareness In addition, the rhetorical style Taylor Swift employs can set trends in public speaking Her effective use of metaphors may inspire other speakers to adopt similar techniques, thereby elevating the overall quality of public discourse The ripple effect of her speech can encourage more speakers to use vivid, relatable language to convey complex ideas, making public communication more engaging and impactful.

In conclusion, Taylor Swift’s metaphors in her commencement speech profoundly impact audience perception, enhance rhetorical power, and exemplify the influential role of celebrity speeches in public discourse Her metaphors not only make abstract concepts tangible and relatable but also inspire and empower her audience Taylor Swift’s speech highlights the importance of resilience, self-awareness, and personal growth, setting a powerful example for effective communication.

FURTHER RESEARCHES SUGGESTIONS

Proposing a comparative study of metaphors in graduation speeches delivered by prominent speakers can provide deeper insights into how metaphors shape and influence the delivery of messages in these significant occasions The primary goal is to better understand how speakers use metaphors to connect with their audience and enhance the effectiveness of their speeches Analyzing metaphors in speeches from notable figures such as Barack Obama, Oprah Winfrey, Steve Jobs, and Malala Yousafzai will clarify how they employ metaphors to convey their messages effectively, offering valuable insights into metaphor selection and application Comparing the use of metaphors across these speeches will shed light on how they impact audience emotions and perceptions.For example, metaphors can be used to create strong emotional connections or encourage specific actions from listeners Findings from this research can assist speakers and speechwriters in improving their skills By applying effective metaphor techniques, they can enhance their ability to convey messages and create a more positive impact on their audiences A comparative study of metaphors in graduation speeches by prominent figures will provide insights into communication techniques and the influence of metaphors on audiences, helping to understand how metaphors shape and develop messages and improving writing and speaking skills for future speakers.

APPENDIX

TRANSCRIPT: TAYLOR SWIFT’S COMMENCEMENT SPEECH AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY GRADUATION CEREMONY IN MOTIVATIONAL SPEECHES

“Hi, I’m Taylor Last time I was in a stadium this size, I was dancing in heels and wearing a glittery leotard This outfit is much more comfortable I would like to say a huge thank you to NYU’s Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Bill Berkley, and all the trustees and members of the board, NYU’s President Andrew Hamilton, Provost Katherine Fleming, and the faculty and alumni here today who have made this day possible.

I feel so proud to share this day with my fellow honorees, Susan Hockfield and Félix Matos Rodriguez, who humble me with the ways they improve our world with their work.

As for me, I’m 90% sure the main reason I’m here is because I have a song called “22.” And let me just say, I am elated to be here with you today as we celebrate and graduate New York University’s Class of 2022 Not a single one of us here today has done it alone.

We are each a patchwork quilt of those who have loved us, those who have believed in our futures, those who showed us empathy and kindness, or told us the truth even when it wasn’t easy to hear Those who told us we could do it when there was absolutely no proof of that Someone read stories to you and taught you to dream and offered up some moral code of right and wrong for you to try and live by Someone tried their best to explain every concept in this insanely complex world to the child that was you as you asked a bazillion questions like, how does the moon work and why can we eat salad but not grass?

And maybe they didn’t do it perfectly No one ever can Maybe they aren’t with us anymore In that case, I hope you’ll remember them today.

If they are in this stadium, I hope you’ll find your own way to express your gratitude for all the steps and missteps that have led us to this common destination I know that words are supposed to be my thing, but I will never be able to find the words to thank my mom and dad, my brother Austin, for the sacrifices they made every day so I could go from singing in coffee houses to standing up here with you all today because no words would ever be enough To all the incredible parents, family members, mentors, teachers, allies, friends, and loved ones here today who have supported these students in their pursuit of educational enrichment, let me say to you now, welcome to New York It’s been waiting for you.

A Humorous Take on Being a “Doctor”

I’d like to thank NYU for making me, technically, on paper at least, a doctor Not the type of doctor you would want around in case of an emergency Unless your specific emergency was that you desperately needed to hear a song with a catchy hook and an intensely cathartic bridge section Or if your emergency was that you needed a person who can name over 50 breeds of cats in one minute.

I never got to have a normal college experience per se I went to public high school until 10th grade and then finished my education doing homeschool work on the floors of airport terminals Then I went out on the road for radio tour, which sounds incredibly glamorous, but in reality it consisted of a rental car, motels, and my mom and I pretending to have loud mother-daughter fights with each other during boarding, so no one would want the empty seat between us on Southwest As a kid, I always thought I would go away to college, imagining the posters I would hang on the wall of my freshman dorm.

I even set the ending of my music video for my song “Love Story” at my fantasy imaginary college, where I meet a male model reading a book on the grass, and with one single glance, we realize we had been in love in our past lives Which is exactly what you guys all experienced at some point in the last four years, right? But I really can’t complain about not having a normal college experience to you, because you went to NYU during a global pandemic, being essentially locked into your dorms and having to do classes over Zoom Everyone in college during normal times stresses about test scores, but on top of that, you also had to pass like a thousand COVID tests.

I imagine the idea of a normal college experience was all you wanted too But in this case, you and I both learned that you don’t always get all the things in the bag that you selected from the menu in the delivery service that is life You get what you get And as I would like to say to you wholeheartedly, you should be very proud of what you’ve done with it.

Today, you leave New York University and then go out into the world searching what’s next And so will I So as a rule, I try not to give anyone unsolicited advice unless they ask for it I’ll go into this more later.

I guess I have been officially solicited in this situation to impart whatever wisdom I might have to tell you things that have helped me so far in my life Please bear in mind that I in no way feel qualified to tell you what to do You’ve worked and struggled and sacrificed and studied and dreamed your way here today And so you know what you’re doing.

You’ll do things differently than I did them and for different reasons So I won’t tell you what to do because no one likes that I will, however, give you some life hacks I wish I knew when I was starting out my dreams of a career and navigating life, love, pressure, choices, shame, hope, and friendship The first of which is life can be heavy, especially if you try to carry it all at once

Part of growing up and moving into new chapters of your life is about catch and release.What I mean by that is knowing what things to keep and what things to release You can’t carry all things, all grudges, all updates on your ex, all enviable promotions your school bully got at the hedge fund his uncle started Decide what is yours to hold and let the rest go.

Oftentimes the good things in your life are lighter anyway, so there’s more room for them One toxic relationship can outweigh so many wonderful, simple joys You get to pick what your life has time and room for Be discerning.

Secondly, learn to live alongside cringe No matter how hard you try to avoid being cringe, you will look back on your life and cringe retrospectively Cringe is unavoidable over a lifetime Even the term cringe might someday be deemed cringe.