STEROIDS – CLINICAL ASPECT pot

STEROIDS – CLINICAL ASPECT Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Steroids – Clinical Aspect Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojan Rafaj Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Alexander Raths, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Steroids – Clinical Aspect, Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-705-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Steroid in the Body 1 Chapter 1 The Concentration of Steroid Hormones in Blood and Peritoneal Fluid Depends on the Site of Sampling 3 N. Einer-Jensen, R.H.F. Hunter and E. Cicinelli Chapter 2 Steroid Prohormones: Effects on Body Composition in Athletes 11 Sergej M. Ostojic, Julio Calleja-Gonzalez and Marko Stojanovic Chapter 3 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and the Metabolic Syndrome 25 Cidália D. Pereira, Maria J. Martins, Isabel Azevedo and Rosário Monteiro Chapter 4 Antiandrogenic and Estrogenic Compounds: Effect on Development and Function of Male Reproductive System 51 Anna Hejmej, Małgorzata Kotula-Balak and Barbara Bilińska Part 2 Steroid Clinical Correlation 83 Chapter 5 Relationship Between Steroid Hormones and Helicobacter pylori 85 Hirofumi Shimomura Chapter 6 Steroid Hormones and Ovarian Cancer 111 Erin R. King and Kwong-Kwok Wong Chapter 7 Salivary Cortisol Can Reflect Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes 141 Yoko Matsuzawa, Kenichi Sakurai, Jun Saito, Masao Omura and Tetsuo Nishikawa Chapter 8 Music and Steroids – Music Facilitates Steroid–Induced Synaptic Plasticity 151 Hajime Fukui and Kumiko Toyoshima Preface The history of steroids is richly immersed and runs long and deep. The modern history of steroids started in the early 20th century, but its use has been traced back to ancient Greece where athletes ingested animal testicles to boost their energy and performance. This book covers the modern understanding and clinical use of steroids. We divided the book into two sections. The first section contains information about steroids in the human body. The second section will cover the relationship of steroids. Topics covered in the first section include the concentration of the steroids in various parts of the body, effects of steroids on body composition of athletes, the metabolic syndromes, and the effect of steroids on the development of the male reproductive system. The second section contains various clinical scenarios that involve steroids. We hope that this book will contribute further to the literature available about steroids and enables the reader to further understand this interesting and rapidly evolving science. Hassan Abduljabbar Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Part 1 Steroid in the Body [...]... elevations in clinically relevant tissue enzymes (e.g alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, aspartate 18 Steroids – Clinical Aspect aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) have been observed (Brown et al 2000; Ziegenfuss et al 2002) However, due to the lack of efficacy of oral prosteroids supplementation in athletes, its theoretical risks seem to fat outweight any potential... receptor, potential hormonal interconversions at the paracrine level) (Nestler et al 1991) Whether the increase of testosterone after intake of prohormones translates into a meaningful change in body composition or rates of muscle protein synthesis is debatable Studies must be evaluated in terms of the relative potency of various testosterone enhancers with varying effects on 16 Steroids – Clinical Aspect. .. The Effect of Six Months Treatment with a 100 mg Daily Dose of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on Circulating Sex Steroids, Body Composition and Muscle Strength in AgeAdvanced Men and Women Clinical Endocrinology, Vol.49, No.4, (October 1998), pp 421-432, ISSN 0300-0664 22 Steroids – Clinical Aspect Mulcahey, M.K., Schiller, J.R & Hulstyn, M.J (2010) Anabolic Steroid Use in Adolescents: Identification... testicular extracts even in 1890s (Yesalis 1999) Despite educational and 14 Steroids – Clinical Aspect preventive measures, steroid use increases (Windsor & Dumitru 1988) The prevalence of AAS abuse has been reported in several populations The highest estimates have come from male bodybuilders with even more than 50% regularly using steroids (Tricker et al 1989; Lindstrom et al 1990) Lower rates have been... musculotrophic effect of steroids is dose-dependent Therefore, the effects of prosteroids on muscle size and/or strength is highly influenced by its potential to increase serum testosterone after administration Existing data on testosterone-boosting effects of prosteroids are equivocal; it seems that age and basal serum testosterone concentration may influence the response to prosteroids intake (Brown... few per cent 6 Steroids – Clinical Aspect Fig 2 Many of the first experiments evaluating the transfer were performed with radioactive gases (133Xenon and 85Krypton) The efficacy of the transfer is similar to that of tritiated water The advantage of using gas was the lack of recirculation since more than 95% of the gas is cleared during the first passage Even a limited transfer of steroids may have... physical training following drug cessation remains to be studied (Yesalis & Bahrke 2000) 6 Known and potential health risks of prosteroids administration During the past 20 years, researches suggested that potential risk factors associated with prosteroids use were similar to those observed with anabolic steroids (Broeder 2002) The altered hormonal milieu caused by prohormone intake is similar to the... during 8 Steroids – Clinical Aspect abdominal surgery by means of cotton swaps in nine women all with an active corpus luteum Several samples were collected during the same operation (over the active corpus luteum, over the opposite ovary, at the right left and right paracolic gutter and at the pouch of Douglas) Progesterone concentrations close to the corpus luteum were 4 times (range 1.4 – 9.2) higher... Bhasin, S (1996) Androgen Effects on Body Composition and Muscle Performance In: Pharmacology, Biology, and Clinical Applications of Androgens, S Bhasin, H Gabelnick, J Spieler, R Swerdloff, C Wang, & C Kelly, (Eds.), pp 487-491, Wiley-Liss, Inc., ISBN 978-047-1133-20-9, New York 20 Steroids – Clinical Aspect Chang, S.S., Ivey, B., Smith, A., Roth, B.J & Cookson, M.S (2005) Performance-Enhancing Supplement... conversion to estradiol and activation of estrogen receptors (Wilson 1988) Free testosterone 12 Steroids – Clinical Aspect Fig 1 Androgens biosynthesis from cholesterol to testosterone/dihydrotestosterone and estrogens (estrone and estradiol) via prohormone precursors (e.g DHEA, androstenedione, androstenediol) Abb DHEA – dehydroepiandrosterone is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where . STEROIDS – CLINICAL ASPECT Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Steroids – Clinical Aspect Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar Published. www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Steroids – Clinical Aspect, Edited by Hassan Abduljabbar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-705-5 free online editions. Nishikawa Chapter 8 Music and Steroids – Music Facilitates Steroid–Induced Synaptic Plasticity 151 Hajime Fukui and Kumiko Toyoshima Preface The history of steroids is richly immersed