GLIOMA – EXPLORING ITS BIOLOGY AND PRACTICAL RELEVANCE pot

GLIOMA – EXPLORING ITS BIOLOGY AND PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Edited by Anirban Ghosh Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance Edited by Anirban Ghosh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Nenadic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Jason Adamson, 2011. First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance, Edited by Anirban Ghosh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-379-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Introduction 1 Epidemiology of Glioma 3 Chapter 1 Jimmy T. Efird Molecular Etiology of Glioblastomas: Chapter 2 Implication of Genomic Profiling From the Cancer Genome Atlas Project 25 Kimberly Ng, Santosh Kesari, Bob Carter and Clark C. Chen Biological Markers of Recurrence Chapter 3 and Survival of High-Grade Gliomas: The Role of Hepatocyte Growth Factor 37 Roberto García-Navarrete, Esperanza García Mendoza, Alfonso Marhx-Bracho and Julio Sotelo Biomarker Discovery, Validation and Clinical Chapter 4 Application for Patients Diagnosed with Glioma 49 Kerrie L. McDonald Part 2 Gliomagenesis 77 Genomic Abnormalities in Gliomas 79 Chapter 5 Giovanny Pinto, France Yoshioka, Fábio Motta, Renata Canalle, Rommel Burbano, Juan Rey, Aline Custódio and Cacilda Casartelli Genetic Diversity of Glioblastoma Chapter 6 Multiforme: Impact on Future Therapies 103 Franz-Josef Klinz, Sergej Telentschak, Roland Goldbrunner and Klaus Addicks VI Contents Role of the Centrosomal Chapter 7 MARK4 Protein in Gliomagenesis 131 Ivana Magnani, Chiara Novielli and Lidia Larizza New Insight on the Role of Transient Chapter 8 Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Driven Gliomagenesis Pathways 163 Giorgio Santoni, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Consuelo Amantini, Matteo Santoni and Massimo Nabissi The Role of Stem Cells in the Glioma Growth 189 Chapter 9 Sergio Garcia, Vinicius Kannen and Luciano Neder Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Support Chapter 10 Malignant Transformation of Low-Grade Glioma 201 Jeffrey P. Greenfield, William S. Cobb, Caitlin E. Hoffman, Xueying Chen, Prajwal Rajappa, Chioma Ihunnah, Yujie Huang and David Lyden Part 3 Glioma Progression 223 Migration and Invasion of Brain Tumors 225 Chapter 11 Richard A. Able, Jr., Veronica Dudu and Maribel Vazquez Extracellular Matrix Chapter 12 Microenvironment in Glioma Progression 257 Marzenna Wiranowska and Mumtaz V. Rojiani The Role of Chemoattractant Chapter 13 Receptors in the Progression of Glioma 285 Xiao-hong Yao,Ying Liu, Jian Huang, Ye Zhou, Keqiang Chen, Wanghua Gong, Mingyong Liu, Xiu-wu Bian and Ji Ming Wang Part 4 Glioma Immunology 303 Immune Connection in Chapter 14 Glioma: Fiction, Fact and Option 305 Anirban Ghosh Direct Antitumor Activity of Chapter 15 Interferon-Induced Dendritic Cells of Healthy Donors and Patients with Primary Brain Tumors 325 Olga Leplina, Tamara Tyrinova, Marina Tikhonova, Ekaterina Shevela, Vyacheslav Stupak, Sergey Mishinov, Ivan Pendyurin, Mikhail Sadovoy, Alexander Ostanin and Elena Chernykh Contents VII Part 5 Glioma Model and Culture Systems 343 Animal Models of Glioma 345 Chapter 16 Lijun Sun Three-Dimensional In Vitro Models Chapter 17 in Glioma Research - Focus on Spheroids 373 Stine Skov Jensen, Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen, Ida Pind Jakobsen, Simon Kjær Hermansen, Søren Kabell Nissen and Bjarne Winther Kristensen Endogenous Experimental Glioma Model, Chapter 18 Links Between Glioma Stem Cells and Angiogenesis 405 Susana Bulnes, Harkaitz Bengoetxea, Naiara Ortuzar, Enrike G. Argandoña and José Vicente Lafuente Copy Number Alterations in Glioma Cell Lines 429 Chapter 19 Bárbara Meléndez, Ainoha García-Claver, Yolanda Ruano, Yolanda Campos-Martín, Ángel Rodríguez de Lope, Elisa Pérez-Magán, Pilar Mur, Sofía Torres, Mar Lorente, Guillermo Velasco and Manuela Mollejo Part 6 Miscellaneous 449 Oxidative Stress and Chapter 20 Glutamate Release in Glioma 451 Robert Ungard and Gurmit Singh Improving the Efficiency of Chemotherapeutic Chapter 21 Drugs by the Action on Neuroepithelial Tumors 465 Vladimir A. Kulchitsky, Michael V. Talabaev, Alexander N. Chernov, Dmitry G. Grigoriev, Yuri E. Demidchik, Dmitry G. Shcharbin, Nicholas M. Chekan, Vladimir V.Kazbanov, Tatiana A. Gurinovich, Anatoly I. Gordienko Elena K. Sergeeva, Vladimir I. Potkin and Vladimir N. Kalunov Preface ‘Glioma’ is the term that hits the human psyche with absolute despair. All our efforts to cease glioma limits it to an average of maximum 18 – 21 months of life after diagnosis and notably, this life expectancy altered marginally despite constant research of last two decades. When I was working for my Ph.D thesis and allied projects, I had to encounter a number of glioma patients and patient parties. Many of them I found first diagnosed, started treatment with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy in various combinations and after few months they disappeared. Some of them reappeared within a year with recurrence and others never turned. Rarely, a trivial number of patients were traced after 3 or 5 years. Many of those gloomy faces, their eager questions, earnest appeals, anxiety are pertinent globally and the fate varies negligibly with economic or developmental status of the society. Such an issue always provoked me to know and contribute something which is larger than my focused thesis work. As a considerable section of my work was at the interface of medical practitioners and basic scientists, I was lucky enough to observe the pattern of proceedings and attitude of both the fields at least partially. Strangely, I also sensed a fissure between these two interdependent fields. Along with, the common question of common mass that “What is medical science exactly doing against it?” is always pertinent as the problem is still unmanageable. To face these questions and find their suitable answers, at least on the basis of current knowledge, a multitude of information from different facets of glioma research is needed to be analyzed. The fundamental biological nature of the problem, extent of its graveness as a disease, diagnostic efforts and shortcomings, level of efficiency and inefficiency of present medical interventions and therapeutics, current trends of medical research to combat glioma etc has to be scrutinized with extreme sincerity. This mammoth gathering of facts is possible if only the experts of different areas can share their expertise at the same platform. I also feel that, sometimes the gaps among medical scientists and doctors are due to the inability to build up an overview of this vast expanse as well as shortfall of awareness about this rapidly developing arena by either side. Therefore, a podium to cater the diverse problems and achievements in glioma is a much needed obligation. In this situation, I got the offer to be involved in the effort of the book project “Glioma” by the present publisher. That was a simple but superb coincidence of my X Preface thoughts and their offer. As the subject editor of the project I had to evaluate near about 90 chapter proposals submitted from nearly every corners of the world. These worldwide contributions were then categorized and distributed into three volumes. The approach was initially to understand glioma and its biology with experimental approaches to explore the basics of the disease (vol. 1); next to share the knowledge about present diagnostic and prognostic approaches as well as current developments in modern therapeutics (vol. 2); and finally, to accustom the readers about the cutting edge basic to experimental developments and trends of biomedical research to restrict glioma (vol. 3). As the book editor I have chosen to edit the first volume, partially because of my personal background as a biomedical researcher from basic life-sciences and mostly the chapters arranged in this volume are aimed to find out the basic nature of the disease. Next two volumes are much oriented with facts that are directly relevant to medical practice to deal glioma. The name of the first volume “Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance” is indicative of its content. This introducing first volume contains 21 chapters basically intended to explore glioma biology and discussing the experimental model systems for the purpose. Under the section “Introduction” first two chapters discuss general glioma epidemiology and etiology and the next two shows the relevance of biomarkers in glioma. Following six chapters under section “Gliomagenesis” deals with different genetic, molecular and cell biological aspects of origin and development of glioma. The next section “Glioma progression” contains three chapters which discusses about glioma invasiveness which is followed by the section “Glioma Immunology” that contains two chapters. A stretch of four chapters have been clustered next in the section “Glioma Model and Culture Systems” which are devoted to present different facets of experimental models and cell culture methods that are now utilized in glioma research. In the final section “Miscellaneous” the penultimate chapter deals with oxidative stress in glioma and the final chapter of this volume talks about a special experimental approach of glioma therapeutics. It is hoped that the present volume will provide supportive and relevant awareness and understanding on the fundamental advances of the subject to the professionals from any sphere interested about glioma and deliver the momentum to the audience for the following volumes of ‘Glioma’. In this enormous task I got support from many of which only few names can be mentioned here. First and foremost, I extend my thanks to the ‘InTech Open Access Publisher’ for offering me the exciting opportunity to act as the subject editor of the ‘Glioma’ project, book editor of the present volume as well as chapter author. I enjoyed my involvement in a forum where participants are the biomedical researchers sharing their experiences and knowledge from every continents except Antarctica. To shape this gigantic effort Ms. Ana Panter and Ms. Petra Ninadic extended their continuous cooperation by building the liaison between editors, authors and the publisher. I express my heartiest thanks to them in spite of failing many ‘deadline’s set by them, and still getting their nonstop support to make this teamwork a success. I also express my gratitude to Prof. Swapna Chaudhuri, School of Tropical Medicine, [...]... mutations, and LOH 10q (Louis et al 2007) 2 Incidence and death rates Gliomas comprise more than 80% of brain tumours (CBTRUS 2011), therefore, descriptive epidemiology about gliomas often is framed in the broader context of brain tumours as a whole 4 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance 2.1 Incidence Overall, brain tumors are relatively rare events Only 1 in 165 men and women will... Survival percent (whites) for cancers of the brain and other nervous system tumours (NCI-SEER 2011) 8 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance RSPs also vary by race and sex Black women (44%) have the highest 5-year RSPs for cancers of the brain and other nervous system tumours, when compared with white women (36.5%), black men (34.8%), and white men (32.6%) (Altekruse et al 2010) When... definition and the lack of objective measures of atopy should be considered when interpreting the above studies (Wang and Diepgen 2005; Schoemaker et al 2006) Furthermore, there is no definitive trend toward a decreasing risk for glioma with 14 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance younger ages at onset of the allergic condition, arguing against an immunologic cause for glioma (Schoemaker... Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) Standing 16 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance Committee on Epidemiology Epidemiology evidence on mobile phones and tumor risk – a review Epidemiology 2009;20:639-652 Ahlbom A, Navier I, Norell S, Olin R, Spännare R Nonoccupational risk indicators for astrocytomas in adults Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:334-337 Alavanja M, Sandler D, McMaster S, Zahm S, McDonnell... patients by age, behavior, and histology Neuroepidemiology 2011;36:230-239 Reif J, Pearce, N, Fraser J Occupational risks for brain cancer: a New Zealand cancer registry-based study J Occup Med 1989;31:863-867 22 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance Riedler J, Braun-Fahrländer C, Eder W, Schreuer M, Waser M, Maisch S, Carr D, Schierl R, Nowak D, von Mutius E, and the ALEX Study Team... with an increase in brain and nervous system tumours, they emphasize that there remains “significant uncertainties that can only be resolved by monitoring the health of a large cohort of phone users over a long period of 12 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance time (MTHR 2011).” Furthermore, the reactions of children to mobile phone emissions may be different and/ or stronger than those... van Hage M, Pershagen G, Brunekreef B, Riedler J, Lauener R, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E, and the PASIFAL Study team Not all farming environments protect against the development of asthma and wheeze in children J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119: 1140-1147 18 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance Eriksson N, Mikoczy Z, Hagmar L Cancer incidence in 13811 patients skin tested for allergy... 2005, CBTRUS 2011) In contrast, the standardized (age, sex, site, year at diagnosis) IR for brain tumours in Japan, a 6 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance country well known for accessible MR-imaging, is relatively low (2.5 per 100KP-Y personyears) (Matsuda et al 2011) Similarly low rates have been observed in Korea (Lee et al 2010) 2.2 Death rates and survival The annual number of... M, Sadetzki S, Salminen S, Sanchez M, Schlehofer B, Schüz J, Siemiatycki J, Tynes T, 24 Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance Woodward A, Yamaguchi N, Cardis E Quantifying the Impact of Selection Bias Caused by Nonparticipation in a Case–Control Study of Mobile Phone Use Ann Epidemiol 2009;19:3 3–4 2 Wainwright P Thermal effects of radiation from cellular telephones Phys Med Biol 2000;45:2363-2372... and tropism In: Ahsan N (ed), Polyomaviruses and Human Diseases (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 577) New York: Springer+Business Media; 2006 Bailar J, Gurian J Month of birth and cancer mortality J Natl Cancer Inst 1964;33:237-242 Berg-Berkhoff G, Schüz J, Blettner M, Münster E, Schlaefer K, Wahrendorf J, Schlehofer B History of allergic disease and epilepsy and risk of glioma and . GLIOMA – EXPLORING ITS BIOLOGY AND PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Edited by Anirban Ghosh Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance Edited by. directly relevant to medical practice to deal glioma. The name of the first volume Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance is indicative of its content. This introducing first volume. (whites) for cancers of the brain and other nervous system tumours (NCI-SEER 2011). Glioma – Exploring Its Biology and Practical Relevance 8 RSPs also vary by race and sex. Black women (44%)