SYPHILIS – RECOGNITION, DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS Edited by Neuza S. Sato Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis Edited by Neuza S. Sato Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis, Edited by Neuza S. Sato p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-554-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Part 1 Treponema pallidum 1 Chapter 1 Recognition of Treponema pallidum and Other Spirochetes by the Innate Immune System 3 Gunthard Stübs and Ralf R. Schumann Chapter 2 Whole Genome Analyses of Treponemes: New Targets for Strain- and Subspecies-Specific Molecular Diagnostics 19 David Šmajs, Lenka Mikalová, Darina Čejková, Michal Strouhal, Marie Zobaníková, Petra Pospíšilová, Steven J. Norris and George M. Weinstock Part 2 Syphilis Disease 35 Chapter 3 History of Different Therapeutics of Venereal Disease Before the Discovery of Penicillin 37 Judit Forrai Chapter 4 Psychiatric Manifestations of Neurosyphilis 59 Fabian Friedrich and Martin Aigner Chapter 5 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Primary Syphilis and Secondary Syphilis in Shenzhen, China 71 Tiejian Feng, Yufeng Hu, Xiaobing Wu and Fuchang Hong Part 3 Syphilis – Laboratorial Diagnosis 85 Chapter 6 Laboratorial Diagnosis of Syphilis 87 Neuza Satomi Sato Chapter 7 Serologic Response to Treatment in Syphilis 109 Neuza Satomi Sato Chapter 8 Syphilis and Blood Safety in Developing Countries 123 Claude Tayou Tagny Preface Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease was first described in 15 th century. It is caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, it occurs worldwide and it remains an important health problem. This book collects chapters which present novel knowledge about the T. pallidum, some historical aspects of venereal disease and up to date information about syphilis disease. First section includes chapters 1 and 2, which deal with novel knowledge of T. pallidum: The immunologic recognition of the etiologic agent of syphilis (T. pallidum) by the pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system, and the identification of new targets for molecular diagnosis of T.pallidum by analysis of treponeme whole genome. Second section includes chapters 3, 4 and 5, which present some information about Syphilis Disease: A historical aspects of venereal diseases treatment, a clinical aspects dealing with psychiatric manifestations of neurosyphilis and spatial and temporal patterns of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis described by the spatial and space-time scan statistics. Finally, the last section includes chapters 6, 7 and 8, which mainly deal with laboratorial diagnosis of syphilis. A review of methods commonly used for laboratorial diagnosis, the serological response to treatment of syphilis and safety in blood transfusion. I would like to thank each of the authors of the chapters, who took their great efforts in writing the articles, and sharing their knowledge, expertise and ideas for this book. I wish to express my gratitude to Ms. Mirna Cvijic, InTech Publishing Process Manager, for her constant assistance and support during all phases of preparation of this book. I would also like to thank very much to Ms. Viktorija Zgela, editorial consultant at InTech, who contacted me to take over the editorial task of this project. I am also indebted to InTech and its staff for the accomplishment of this book project. Dr. Neuza Satomi Sato Center of Immunology, Institute Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP Brazil Part 1 Treponema pallidum [...]... (1999) Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2, Science 285(5428): 73 6–9 12 10 Syphilis – Recognition, DescriptionWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH and Diagnosis Asai, Y., Jinno, T & Ogawa, T (2003) Oral treponemes and their outer membrane extracts activate human gingival epithelial cells through toll-like receptor 2, Infect Immun 71(2): 71 7–2 5 Azuma, I., Taniyama,... that the TPA strains subcluster into two groups, one associated with the Nichols and the second associated with the SS14 strain 26 Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis In addition to TP0136, TP0548, TP0326 and TP0488 loci, we also tested other candidate chromosomal regions including TP0346, TP0515, TP0558, and TP0868 genes The observed nucleotide diversity of these loci is shown in Table... tlr7 and tlr9 induces a type i ifn response by human immune cells, J Immunol 183(8): 527 9–9 2 Poltorak, A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M Y., Van Huffel, C., Du, X., Birdwell, D., Alejos, E., Silva, M., Galanos, C., Freudenberg, M., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P., Layton, B & Beutler, 16 14 Syphilis – Recognition, DescriptionWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH and Diagnosis B (1998) Defective lps signaling in c3h/hej and. .. detection and typing of treponemes Data for 13 selected samples isolated between the 2004 and 2010 from patients in Czech Republic are shown 28 Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis The data shown in Table 5 indicate numbers of different genotypes identified by sequencing analysis of several treponemal chromosomal loci The greatest numbers of genotypes were found for the locus TP0548 (5) and. .. toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial dna, Nature 408(6813): 74 0–5 Hoebe, K., Georgel, P., Rutschmann, S., Du, X., Mudd, S., Crozat, K., Sovath, S., Shamel, L., Hartung, T., Zähringer, U & Beutler, B (2005) Cd36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides, Nature 433(7025): 52 3–7 14 12 Syphilis – Recognition, DescriptionWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH and Diagnosis Hovind-Hougen, K (1976) Determination by means of electron... phosphorylated disaccharide with 4-6 attached fatty acids including hydroxy fatty acids, and the core region, an oligosaccharide with the characteristic carbohydrate 6 4 Syphilis – Recognition, DescriptionWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH and Diagnosis 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) The active principle for binding to MD-2 and initiating signalling is lipid A (Viriyakosol et al., 2000) Spirochetes share the... disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, Infect Immun 55(9): 231 1–3 Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Muhlradt, P F., Morr, M., Radolf, J D., Zychlinsky, A., Takeda, K & Akira, S (2001) Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by toll-like receptor 6, Int Immunol 13(7): 93 3–4 0 18 16 Syphilis – Recognition, DescriptionWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH and Diagnosis Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Horiuchi, T., Hoshino, K., Takeda,... clinical use 20 Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis because of high costs and delayed test results Microscopic identification of treponemes in clinical samples, particularly in combination with direct fluorescent antibody tests using anti-T pallidum antibodies, is highly specific for treponemal infections; however, it does not distinguish between pathogenic treponemal species and requires... tprK-like sequence inserted between the TP0126 and TP0127 genes was found in three different versions (Mikalová et al., 2010) In the Nichols genome, this insertion was found only in part of the treponemal population (Šmajs et al., 2002) With regard to the arp gene 22 Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis (Pillay et al., 1998), a variable number of tandem repetitions were found in the tested... genes in both TPE and TPA strains Compared to TPA strains, 70.4% of TPE genes encoded either identical proteins or identical proteins with strain specific differences; 194 (19.7%) genes encoded proteins with 1 amino acid substitution found in all tested TPE strains, 63 (6.4%) genes 24 Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis encoded proteins with 2 to 5 amino acid changes, and only 34 (3.5%) . SYPHILIS – RECOGNITION, DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS Edited by Neuza S. Sato Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis Edited by Neuza. outer and a cytoplasmic (inner) membrane enclosing the protoplasmic cylinder (Johnson et al., 1973). 4 Syphilis – Recognition, Description and Diagnosis Recognition of Treponema Pallidum and Other. Xiaobing Wu and Fuchang Hong Part 3 Syphilis – Laboratorial Diagnosis 85 Chapter 6 Laboratorial Diagnosis of Syphilis 87 Neuza Satomi Sato Chapter 7 Serologic Response to Treatment in Syphilis