Advanced Gas Turbine CyclesCorn bined STlGS doc

Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Corn bined STlG Steam - Exhaust 4 1i li qL t Air Water PERGAMON ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES J. H. Horlock F.R.Eng., F.R.S. Whittle Laboratory Cambridge, U.K. 2003 An imprint of Elsevier Science AMSTERDAM * BOSTON . HEIDELBERG . LONDON . NEW YORK OXFORD . PARIS * SAN DEGO * SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY . TOKYO ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 lGB, UK 0 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK phone: (4) 1865 843830, fax: (4) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+1) (978) 7508400, fax: 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P OLP, UK phone: (4) 207 631 5555; fax: (4) 207 631 5500. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for external resale or distribution of such material. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any chapter or part of a chapter. Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department, at the phone, fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury andor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN 0-08-044273-0 @ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands To W.R.H. Preface Notation Chapter 1 . A brief review of power generation thermodynamics 1.1. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. Introduction Criteria for the performance of power plants Efficiency of a closed circuit gas turbine plant Efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine plant Heatrate Energy utilisation factor Ideal (Carnot) power plant performance Limitations of other cycles Modifications of gas turbine cycles to achieve higher thermalefficiency References Chapter 2 . Reversibility and availability 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. Introduction Reversibility. availability and exergy Flow in the presence of an environment at To (not involving chemical reaction) Flow with heat transfer at temperature T Exergy flux Application of the exergy flux equation to a closed cycle The relationships between 6. (+and ZCR. ZQ The maximum work output in a chemical reaction at To The adiabatic combustion process The work output and rational efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine A final comment on the use of exergy References Chapter 3 Basic gas turbine cycles 3.1. Introduction xiii xvii 1 9 11 13 13 14 14 16 19 20 20 22 23 24 26 26 27 27 vii [...]... the gas turbine for electric power generation, when many of the aircraft engineers involved in the turbojet work moved over to heavy gas turbine design But surprisingly it was to be the late twentieth century before the gas turbine became a major force in electrical generation through the big CCGTs (combined cycle gas turbines, using bottoming steam cycles) This book describes the thermodynamics of gas. .. combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant Exhaust gases I Controt ;/surface z ControI 1- - -water Fig 1.2 Closed circuit gas turbine plant (after Haywood [3]) Chapter 1 A brief review o power genemtion thermodynamics f 3 Control surface Reactants {~ 1 Combustion chamber ~(products) I Exhaust gases Generator ‘ 1- Compressor IW Turbine I - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 Fig 1.3 Open circuit gas turbine plant... irreversible gas turbine cycle (the irreversible Joule-Brayton (LTB) cycle of Fig 1.9), ffA > ffB (a less than unity) and 5 < 1 so that the thermal efficiency is is q = 1- 7 =1- T G (1.19) 15 Modifications of gas turbine cycles to achieve higher thermal efficiency There are several modifications to the basic gas turbine cycle that may be introduced to raise thermal efficiency Advanced gas turbine cycles... the cyclic gas turbine power plant, with steady flow of air (or gas) through a compressor, heater, turbine, cooler within a closed circuit (Fig 1.4) The turbine drives the compressor and a generator delivering the electrical power, heat is supplied at a constant pressure and is also rejected at constant pressure The temperature-entropy diagram for this cycle is also (a 1 2 Advanced gas turbine cycles... combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) 109 7.1 7.2 7.3 Introduction An ideal combination of cyclic plants A combined plant with heat loss between two cyclic plants in series The combined cycle gas turbine plant (QCGT) The exhaust heated (unfired) CCGT The integrated coal gasification... combined heat and power and on combined power plants respectively [10,11] They all range more widely than the basic thermodynamics of gas turbine cycles, and the recent flurry of activity in this field has encouraged me to devote this volume to cycles alone But the remaining breadth of gas turbine cycles proposed for power generation has led me to exclude from this volume the coupling of the gas turbine. .. Joule-Brayton cycle (after Ref [I]) Advonced gas turbine cycles 4 FUEL ENERGY SUPPLIED F 1 UPPER [HIGHER] POWER PLANT t WORK OUTPUT W H HEAT LOSS BOTTOMING [LOWER] POWER I WORK OUTPUT WL HEAT RWECTED Qr, Fig 1.5 Combined power plant 1.2 Criteria for the performance of power plants 1.2.1 Eficiency of a closed circuit gas turbine plant For a cyclic gas turbine plant in which fluid is circulated continuously... M,[CVlo Fig 1.7 Determination of calorific value [CV], (after Ref [2]) Po -To 6 Advanced gas turbine cycles where Qo is equal to Mf[CVl0 = [-AH0] = HR0- Hpo, the change in enthalpy from reactants to products, at the temperature of the environment The overall efficiency of the entire gas turbine plant, including the cyclic gas turbine power plant (within Y) and the heating device (within Z), is given by... first industrial gas turbine in 1939, with an electrical power xiii xiv Prefwe output of 4MW Here the objective of the engineering designer was to develop as much power as possible in the turbine, discharging the final gas at low temperature and velocity; as opposed to the objective in the Whittle patent of 1930, in which any excess energy in the gases at exhaust from the gas generator-the turbine driving... thoughts) or by the turbine itself if it was producing enough work Here lies the crux of the major problem in the early development of the gas turbine The compressor must be highly efficient-it must use the minimum power to compress the gas; the turbine must also be highly efficient-it must deliver the maximum power if it is to drive the compressor and have power over With low compressor and turbine efficiency, . Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Corn bined STlG Steam - Exhaust 4 1i li qL t Air Water PERGAMON ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES. on real gas effects 82 Other studies of gas turbine plants with turbine cooling 82 Exergy calculations 82 Conclusions 84 References 84 Chapter 6 . ‘Wet’ gas turbine. combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) Introduction A combined plant with heat loss between two cyclic plants in series An ideal combination of cyclic plants The combined cycle gas