RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – ETIOLOGY, CONSEQUENCES AND CO-MORBIDITIES pptx

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – ETIOLOGY, CONSEQUENCES AND CO-MORBIDITIES Edited by Andrew B. Lemmey Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities Edited by Andrew B. Lemmey Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Anja Filipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright Sebastian Kaulitzki, 2011. DepositPhotos First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities, Edited by Andrew B. Lemmey p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-847-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Etiology 1 Chapter 1 Cytokine Profile of T Cells in the Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Murine Models 3 Takashi Usui Chapter 2 Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Arthritides 19 Evin Sowden and Wan-Fai Ng Chapter 3 IL-12 Family Cytokines in Inflammation and Bone Erosion of Rheumatoid Arthritis 41 Ran Wei, Alastair J. Sloan and Xiao-Qing Wei Chapter 4 The Role of Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis – Experiments In Vitro: A Change of Conception? 59 Michal Gajewski, Przemyslaw Rzodkiewicz and Slawomir Maslinski Chapter 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Rheumatoid Arthritis Revealed by Categorizing Subtypes of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes 73 Katsuhiko Ishihara and Hideya Igarashi Chapter 6 Lysosomal Glycosidases in Degradation of Human Articular Cartilage 97 Janusz Popko, Tomasz Guszczyn, Sławomir Olszewski, Krzysztof Zwierz Chapter 7 Innate Mechanisms of Synovitis – Fibrin Deposits Contribute to Invasion 111 Olga Sánchez-Pernaute, Antonio Gabucio, Astrid Jüngel, Michel Neidhart, María Comazzi, Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont, Renate E. Gay and Steffen Gay VI Contents Chapter 8 Glycoproteomics of Lubricin-Implication of Important Biological Glyco- and Peptide-Epitopes in Synovial Fluid 131 Liaqat Ali, Chunsheng Jin and Niclas G. Karlsson Chapter 9 Profiling Inflammatory Genes and Signaling Pathways in Rheumatoid Synoviocytes for RA Light Therapy 153 Yasuko Shibata and Yoshimitsu Abiko Chapter 10 The Role of miRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis 171 Seiji Kawano and Yuji Nakamachi Part 2 Consequences and Co-Morbidities 187 Chapter 11 Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Historical and Biopsychosocial Perspective 189 Yulia Zyrianova Chapter 12 Sexual Health and Intimate Relationships in Rheumatoid Arthritis 215 Kristina Areskoug Josefsson and Ulrika Öberg Chapter 13 Association of Cardiovascular Disease with the Metabolic Syndrome in a Predominantly Male Cohort with Rheumatoid Arthritis 235 G.S. Kerr, I. Sabahi, J.S. Richards, T.R. Mikuls, B.V. Rangan, A. Reimold, G.W. Cannon, D. Johnson and L. Caplan Chapter 14 Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Infections in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients 245 Maiko Watanabe and Shogo Banno Chapter 15 Increased Mortality Rate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Neurological Symptoms or Signs Secondary to Cervical Spine Subluxations – Reduced Mortality if Postoperative Ankylosis is Achieved 265 Albert C. Paus, Harald Steen, Petter Mowinckel, Jo Røislien and Jens Teigland Chapter 16 Surgical Considerations of Rheumatoid Disease Involving the Craniocervical Junction and Atlantoaxial Vertebrae 275 T.M. Murphy, L. McEvoy and C. Bolger Preface Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory arthritis, which features destruction of synovial joints, systemic inflammation, functional disability, reduced quality of life, and increased morbidity and mortality. It is relatively common, having a world-wide prevalence of between 0.5-2%, and is associated with huge social and economic costs. Consequently, it is the most important of the inflammatory arthritides. The aim of Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities is not to provide a comprehensive commentary on RA (several of these are already in publication), but rather to provide interesting, thought-provoking, and up-to-date perspectives on a variety of aspects of current research into this condition. In taking this approach, Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities includes topics not usually covered by conventional publications. As such, it is an ideal reference and source of inspiration and direction for investigators, whatever their level, in the challenging and exciting field of rheumatology research. This book is broadly divided into: “Etiology” (chapters 1-10), and “Consequences and Co-Morbidities” (chapters 11-16). The editor would like to thank the chapter authors for their excellent contributions, and extend to them the wish that their current and future research endeavors are fruitful. Special thanks are also given to Anja Filipovic and other InTech staff for their expert editorial assistance in publishing this book. RA is an exciting condition to investigate. Hopefully, this book will help to advance research into the mechanisms and treatment of the disease. Dr. Andrew B. Lemmey School of Sport, Health & Exercise Sciences, College of Health & Behavioral Sciences, Bangor University, UK [...]... Nakamura, T & 18 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities Sakaguchi, S (2005) A role for fungal {beta}-glucans and their receptor Dectin-1 in the induction of autoimmune arthritis in genetically susceptible mice J Exp Med, Vol.201, No.6, pp.949-960, ISSN 0022-1007 2 Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Arthritides Evin Sowden and Wan-Fai... presentation and co-stimulation (Reilly et al., 2010) 2.4 iNKT cell activation and effector functions Stimulatory antigens such as α-GalCer rapidly activate iNKT cells within hours, upregulating surface markers such as CD25 and CD69 and producing cytokines through 22 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities constitutive expression of mRNA for IL-4 and IFN-γ iNKT cells proliferate and. .. (bottom row) were gated and plotted by their expression of gamma/delta TCR and CD4 The absolute number and the percentage of T cells among 6 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities them are indicated in the joint panels In panels of DLNs and spleens, the percentages of cells in each quadrant are noted B, Cells were recovered from swollen joints, immunized joints, and non-swollen joints... cells Fig 5 IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells were not detected in swollen joints of SKG mice 10 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities A, Cells were collected from an ankle with maximum arthritis and its DLNs of SKG mice treated with zymosan 7 weeks previously IL-17-producing cells and IFN-gamma-producing cells were detected by intracellular cytokine staining (left column) IL-17-producing... equally by CFA+CII and CFA (Roark, et al., 2007), the present data suggest that IL-17-producing 12 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities gamma/delta T cells do not recognize the specific antigen (CII) but rather proliferate in response to IL-23, which may be produced locally by synovial cells (Kim, et al., 2007) The ligands of gamma/delta T cells are largely unknown and further... the possible roles of iNKT cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory arthritis 3 iNKT cells in rheumatoid arthritis RA is an inflammatory arthritis affecting small and large synovial joints, mediated by a destructive interplay between T cells, B cells, macrophage-like synoviocytes and fibroblastlike synoviocytes, ending with synovial cartilage invasion and ultimately joint destruction... control PB iNKT cells, with smaller proportion of IL-4+ and higher proportion of IFN-γ+IL-4+ iNKT cells (5.3 and 28.4%, respectively), suggesting a Th0-profile in SF-derived iNKT cells No correlation with response to α-GalCer, or disease and treatment parameters was noted (Linsen et al., 2005) 26 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities 3.2.3 Clonal heterogeneity Linsen et al... inflammation and joint destruction during collagen-induced arthritis J Immunol, Vol.167, No.2, pp.1004-1013, ISSN 00221767 Lubberts, E., Koenders, M I., Oppers-Walgreen, B., van den Bersselaar, L., Coenen-de Roo, C J., Joosten, L A & van den Berg, W B (2004) Treatment with a neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17 antibody after the onset of collagen-induced arthritis 16 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences. .. cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages Annu Rev Immunol, Vol.25, pp.821-852, ISSN 0732-0582 Weiss, R J., Erlandsson Harris, H., Wick, M C., Wretenberg, P., Stark, A & Palmblad, K (2005) Morphological characterization of receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) and IL-1beta expression in rodent collagen-induced arthritis Scand J Immunol, Vol.62, No.1, pp.55-62, ISSN Weyand,... significantly larger in mice immunized with IFA+CII than those in mice treated with IFA+solution These data suggested that IL-17-producing 8 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities gamma/delta T cells do not specifically respond to CII and may just respond to adjuvant (IFA+solution) or adjuvant-induced IL-23 6 IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells did not induce but amplified . RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – ETIOLOGY, CONSEQUENCES AND CO-MORBIDITIES Edited by Andrew B. Lemmey Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities. were gated and plotted by their expression of gamma/delta TCR and CD4. The absolute number and the percentage of T cells among Rheumatoid Arthritis – Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities. Shibata and Yoshimitsu Abiko Chapter 10 The Role of miRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis 171 Seiji Kawano and Yuji Nakamachi Part 2 Consequences and Co-Morbidities 187 Chapter 11 Rheumatoid Arthritis: