English Grammar For Toeic.pdf

English Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdfEnglish Grammar For Toeic.pdf

COLUMBIA PRESS

All inquiries should be addressed to:

Columbia Press International803-470 Granville Street Vancouver, BC  V6C 1V5

Email: richardleephd@hotmail.comISBN-13： 978-1-927647-05-9

  

To Nancy, Philip, and Christina 

      

     

TO THE STUDENT

CHAPTER 1  Verb Tenses

Lesson 1    Problems with Verb Tense Meanings    12

Lesson 2    Use Have + Past Participle and Had + Past Participle

Correctly    19

Lesson 3   Use Have + Past Participle with Since, For and By Now

Correctly    24

Lesson 4    Use the Correct Tense with Time Expressions    30

Lesson 5    Duration: Use Have + Been + Past Participle Correctly    36Lesson 6    Predictions: Will Have + Past Participle    41

Lesson 7    Use the Correct Tense with Will and Would    46Lesson 8   Use the Correct Tense with Had Hoped    51

CHAPTER 2  Noun Clauses 

Lesson 9    Problems with Noun Clauses    57

Lesson 10  Use Noun Clause Connector/Subject Correctly    64Lesson 11  Use Noun Clause Connector/Object Correctly    69

CHAPTER 4  Adverb Clauses

Lesson 15  Incomplete Adverb Clauses    95

Lesson 16  Use Adverb Time and Cause Markers Correctly    100

Lesson 17  Use Adverb Contrast, Condition, Manner, and Place

Markers Correctly    105

Lesson 18  Use Adverb Cause and Result Markers Correctly    111

 

CHAPTER 5  Subject-Verb Agreement

CHAPTER 11  Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 

Lesson 42  Use Prepositions Correctly    256

Lesson 43  Errors with Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases    263

CHAPTER 12  Articles 

Lesson 44  Use Articles Correctly    270

Lesson 45  Confusion of Articles: Distinguish between Specific andGeneral Ideas    275

     

TO THE STUDENT

COLUMBIA ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEIC is written for

students who need some extra help with English grammar and usage It

covers all the absolutely essential grammar points, such as subject-verb

agreement, dangling modifier, parallel structure, and others that are most

often tested on the TOEIC It is the only self-study reference and practicebook that you will ever need to raise your score on the test.

2.      GRAMMAR POINTS: teach you all the English grammar and

usage you need to know for the test; 

3.       PRACTICE TESTS: Use sample Sentence Correction andSentence Completion questions to test your grammar power andreadiness for the real TOEIC;

4.       ANSWER KEYS: provide answers and explanations to help youavoid the mistakes forever.

COLUMBIA ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEIC gives you an

English professor’s proven method, guaranteed to help you master all theessential grammar and usage for the test It is a must-have English

grammar book that will help you to ace the TOEIC.

 

CHAPTER 1 VERB TENSES

 

LESSON 1 

PROBLEMS WITH VERBTENSE MEANINGS 

ERROR EXAMPLE

WRONG: Americans found themselves with less free timeover the past few decades even though they are earningmore money.

RIGHT:    Americans have found themselves with less free

time over the past few decades even though they are earningmore money.

We use the Simple Past Tense toexpress an event or situation thatbegan

and ended in the past. 

In 1992, Bi11 Clinton became President of the United

States, beating

his opponent by a wide margin.

Jennifer spent all her savings to buy a 1988 Buick Century.

After winning the Nobel Prize, the famous novelist began teaching

Creative Writing in a famous university.

WRONG: We have moved to New York City in 1989.

RIGHT:    We moved to New York City in 1989.

2 THE PRESENTPERFECT TENSE 

We use the Present PerfectTense to give the idea thatthe action started in

the past and still relates tothe present In other words,the action in the past

has a result now. 

Mr Obama said that the military has completed hundreds of flights to

bring food and water to Japan.

Social psychologists have found a second key predictor of mutual

attraction: similarity.

I haven’t seen Dr Edward Johnson for a long time.

WRONG: I lived in San Francisco since 1987.

RIGHT:    I have lived in San Francisco since 1987.

3 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE 

We use the Past Perfect Tense to refer to a past situation or activity that had

happened before another past situation or activity, or before a particulartime in the past.

Joyce had just eaten dinner before her parents arrived at 7:30 last

The skytrain had left by the time we got to the waterfront station.

By 2011, the United States had already become the No 1

for international students.

WRONG: Philip have lived in Denver for ten years before

he moved to the Silicon Valley to start his own company.

RIGHT:    Philip had lived in Denver for ten years before

he moved to the Silicon Valley to start his own company. 

The meaning of a verb tense in a sentence must agree with thetime

meaning of the rest of the sentence The time meaning of asentence is

often determined by words or expressions which we call time

Because National statistics on crime have only been kept since 1930,

it is impossible to make judgments about crime during the early yearsof the nation.

She has been in the U.S for six months.

I have just got my acceptance letter from Yale University Have you

heard from Harvard University yet ？

4 ALREADY 

We use already with the perfect tenses in affirmative meanings.

I have already finished all my term papers.

5 DURING

We use during with the simple and continuous tenses to show a duration of

time It is not usually used with the perfect tenses. 

Everybody is having a hard time during the recession.

B have graduated from Harvard Law School.

2 In 2012, Clarissa Chairman of the Women’s RightsInternational.

A had become 

B became 

3 These kinds of clothes very popular in thecountryside during the depression.

A wereB have been

4 When you called me last night, I dinner with myparents.

A was having 

B had had 

5 They .five skyscrapers in Star City by the end of2011.

A already built.B had already built

3 The ground is wet It must rained.

4 I took a shower when Helen called me last night.

5 By the end of 2005 I have already finished my bachelor’s degreein computer science at the University of Rochester.

 

2 B (Here simple past tense should be used: became; for it refers

to the action that began and ended in the past.)3 A

4 A5 B 

Test 2: 

1 By the time I got to the airport, the plane had already taken off.2 I have traveled to five major cities since I cam to the United

States last year.

3 The ground is wet It must have rained.

4 I was taking a shower when Helen called me last night.

5 By the end of 2005 I had already finished my bachelor’s degree

in computer science at the University of Rochester.

    

LESSON 2 

USE HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE AND HAD

+PAST PARTICIPLE CORRECTLY 

ERROR EXAMPLE

WRONG: After the votes were counted, it had beendetermined that Obama was the winner.

RIGHT:   After the votes had been counted, it was

determined that Obama was the winner. 

Nowadays, Apple’s iPhones have become a fashion among

people in every part of the world

Because her proposal has been rejected, she is very

She has worked very hard lately.

WRONG: By the time we got to the party, the guests havealready left.

RIGHT:    By the time we got to the party, the guests hadalready left.

Mary had already gone to sleep when we arrived at midnight.

By the end of the nineteenth century, Thomas Madison had

become one of the few billionaires in the country.

WRONG: I had taken five courses in computer sciencesince I came to New York University last year.

RIGHT:    I have taken five courses in computer science

since I came to New York University last year. 

B had gone to sleep

2 I don’t know If you _from University ofWashington yet.

A had heard 

B have heard 

3 The train the station for Atlantic City.A has just left

B had just left

4 By two o’clock this morning, Mary eighteen hourscontinuously without any stop.

A workedB had worked 

5 Great changes _in the rural area since the neweconomic reform.

A had taken place

B have taken place

ANSWER KEY

Test 1:

 1 B

2 B (Here present perfect tense should be used: have heard; for the

action still relates to the present.)3 A

4 B

5 B 

Test 2: 

1 After I have completed my studies in America, I will return to

5 By the end of 1988, the number of international students in the

country had risen to two million.

LESSON 3 

USE HAVE +PAST PARTICIPLEWITH SINCE, FOR, AND

RIGHT:    Monica was elected in 2010 and has been the

student president of our school ever since.

1 SINCE + TIME

 

The English language has changed greatly since

RIGHT:    The dollar has fallen more than 20 per cent

since 2002.

In this example, the phrase since + time indicates that the situation still

refers to the present Therefore, the Present Perfect Tense form of the verb:

has fallen should be used.

become undrinkable by now.

By now, several bridges have been built over the river.

ERROR EXAMPLE 

WRONG: By now, 14 years after the last batch of prisoners

was herded naked into the gas chambers by dogs and guards,the story of Auschwitz was told a great many times.

RIGHT:   By now, 14 years after the last batch of prisoners

was herded naked into the gas chambers by dogs and guards,

the story of Auschwitz has been told a great many times. 

In this example, the phrase by now indicates that the situation still refers tothe present Therefore, the Present Perfect Tense form of the verb: has been

told should be used. 

3 FOR + TIME

Michael Dickens has waited for his whole life to have a

of his own However, it turned out just to be a dream.

I have been away from Paris for two weeks.

ERROR EXAMPLE 

WRONG: For thousands of years men had dreamed aboutfame and fortune without any reason.

RIGHT:   For thousands of years men have dreamed about

fame and fortune without any reason.

In this example, the phrase for + time indicates that the situation still refersto the present Therefore, the Present Perfect Tense form of the verb: have

dreamed should be used.

2 You may by now not to mix socially with

economists – if you had not made that decision already.A have resolved

B be resolved 

3 We _for two hours, but nobody came.A waited

B have waited

4 Since the dawn of civilization, humans every meansto conquer nature, but failed.

A had tried 

B have tried

5 It is almost midnight; Mary should to Paris bynow.

A getB have got

Test 2 SENTENCE CORRECTION: Choose theINCORRECT word or phrase and CORRECT it. 

1 We have live in Seattle for five years.2 He ought to arrive there by now.

3 Ray gave us a lot of help since we arrived.4 I have took this medication since 1985. 

5 We been friends since we were children. 

Test 2:

1 We have lived in Seattle for five years.2 He ought to have arrived there by now.

3 Ray has given us a lot of help since we arrived.4 I have taken this medication since 1985.

5 We have been friends since we were children.

LESSON 4 

USE THE CORRECT TENSE

WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS

To be able to use TIME EXPRESSIONS correctly is fairly important; for a

TIME EXPRESSION clearly indicates what kind of verb tense is needed in

the sentence. 

Howard Jones left Microsoft for IBM two years ago.

Samuel Jackson started blogging for Asia Daily last week.

WRONG: Joy is very busy lately.

RIGHT:    Joy has been very busy lately.

 

In the first example, the time expression two years ago indicates that the

verb should be in the Simple Past Tense In the second example, the time

expression last week indicates that the verb should be in the Simple PastTense In the third example, the time expression lately indicates that the

verb should be in the Present Perfect Tense. 

COMMONLY USED TIME EXPRESSIONS：

b)      recently, in the last few days, so far: We use recently, in the

last few days, so far etc to indicate a period that continues until

I have not seen Bill recently.

She has met with a lot of people in the last few days.George has completed two novels so far this year.

c)      today, this morning/week/month/year: We use time adverbs

that refer to the present, such as today, this morning/ week/ month/

year etc.

We have not received the newspaper today.

The city has built a new stadium this year.

d)      just, already, yet: We normally use just, already, yet with

Present Perfect Tense.

Have you had your dinner yet?

She has already made a lot of new friends in America

since she came last month.

WRONG: We had just seen the new movie.

RIGHT:    We have just seen the new movie.

2.      by + time (past): We use by + time (past) with Past Perfect

By 2005, many American companies had had business

cooperation with those in the developing countries.

By ten clock this morning, we had already had two sales

WRONG: By the turn of the century, computers havebecome very popular in the developing countries.

RIGHT:    By the turn of the century, computers had

become very popular in the developing countries.

PRACTICE TEST 

Test 1 SENTENCE COMPLETION: Choose the CORRECT answer.

1 People’s lives better and better ever since thecountry won its independence.

A have becomeB had become

2 Forks and spoons by the people in the West forcenturies.

A are used 

B have been used 

3 He _to more than fifty countries in the last few years.A has traveled

5 We more than twenty-five new employees so far.A have recruited

B recruited

Test 2 SENTENCE CORRECTION: Choose theINCORRECT word or phrase and CORRECT it. 

1 Have you talked to the Department Chair already?

2 Jenny had never had lobsters before.3 He is waiting for you for a long time. 

4 Since 1979 great changes took place in my hometown. 

5 By 2006 our city has built more than thirty public libraries. 

Test 2:

1 Have you talked to the Department Chair jet?2 Jenny has never had lobsters before.

3 He has waited for you for a long time.

4 Since 1979 great changes have taken place in

my hometown.

5 By 2006 our city had built more than thirty public libraries.

     

LESSON 5 

+ PAST PARTICIPLE CORRECTLY

RIGHT:    Many books have been written about success,

but one of the best is How to Win Friends and InfluencePeople by Dale Carnegie.

Jenny Jones has been accepted to Harvard Law School.

It has been reported that most of the American millionaires are

unhappy about their lifestyle.

In just over ten years, more than a hundred skyscrapers have beenbuilt in the coastal City of Dalian.

In the examples above, the completed activities do extend over a period oftime and the actors are unknown Therefore, we have to use HAVE + been+ Past Participle in the passive form.

To use this structure correctly, we must avoid using HAVE + Past Participle(active form) instead of HAVE + been + Past Participle in the passive form: 

WRONG: A new skytrain station has constructed in Lougheed Mall.

RIGHT:    A new skytrain station has been constructed in Lougheed Mall.

(It is the skytrain station, not the people who built it, that is

WRONG: The sick have been cured, the lost have been found,and the dead have revived.

RIGHT:    The sick have been cured, the lost have been found,

and the dead have been revived.

        (It is the dead, not the people who saved them, that is

  

A have blownB have been blown

2 For it might for more than three hundred pence,

and have been given to the poor And they murmured against her.A have been sold

B have sold 

3 Many useful compilations _of these various

chemical compounds that have been studied, and of their practicalapplications.

A has made

B have been made

4 Officials say four militants have been killed in the fighting so farwhile two troops and a special police officer have

also .A been killed 

B killed 

5 The meeting is not over until the minutes _(withintwo working days) and all action items have been accomplished.A have been distributed

B have distributed 

Test 2 SENTENCE CORRECTION: Choose theINCORRECT word or phrase and CORRECT it.

1 The party has planned for two weeks.

2 Your typewriter been fixed and you can pick it up any time.3 Wayne has elected to the student government.

4 We been taught how to cook.

5 The class been changed to room 10. 

Test 2:

1 The party has been planned for two weeks.

(It is the party, not the people who planned it, that is important.)

2 Your typewriter has been fixed and you can pick it up any time.

(It is your typewriter, not the people who fixed it, that is important.)

3 Wayne has been elected to the student government.

(It is Wayne, not the people who elected him, that is important.)