study on extraction process and development of products from orange essential oil

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

DUONG QUANG TRUNG

RESEARCH ON EXTRACTION PROCESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS FROM ORANGE ESSENTIAL OIL

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Thai Nguyen, 2021

ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Currently, there are many methods of extracting essential oils from plants, including the method of glass distillation which is simple, easy to implement, and gives a relatively high yield of essential oils Essential oils from the genus Citrus are commonly used because it has a pleasant aroma, has the effect of treating colds, reducing stress, and clearing heat Orange fruit belongs to the Rutaceae family, but there has been no in-depth research, and at the same time, taking advantage of cheap raw materials to produce essential oils of high economic value

In this topic, there are 5 main contents: introduction, overview, main content, results and discussion, conclusion, and recommendations With the goal of introducing orange essential oil, the composition, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of orange essential oil, as well as the process diagram of the method of extracting orange essential oil from orange peel by distillation method From there, better understand the advantages, characteristics, and applications of steam distillation and develop product lines from orange essential oil

Keywords: Essential oil, Orange, Hydrodistillation, Hand Sanitizer

Date of submission: 05/11/2021

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In fact, there is no success that is not associated with the support or help of more or less, directly or indirectly from others To complete this thesis, firstly, I would like to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to the University Administrators, the leaders of the Faculty of Biotechnology - Food Technology, the lecturers of the Advanced Education Program Office, TUAF helped and gave me useful advice during the course of my thesis And especially, I would like to sincerely thank Dr Pham Bang Phuong paid attention to helping and enthusiastically guiding me to successfully complete this thesis I would like to express my deep thanks to Institute of life sciences – Thai Nguyen university (Location: Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyet Thang commune, Thai Nguyen city, Thai Nguyen province), the staff working in the center paid attention and helped

Due to limited reasoning, practical experience, and limited time, the report cannot avoid shortcomings, I look forward to receiving your comments so that I can learn more and complete the report and achieve the best results

Once again, I would like to sincerely thank you and wish you all the best for your health and success in your noble career We wish our university achieved more success in education and more development

Sincerely,

Duong Quang Trung

1.3 The requirement of the research topic 4

1.4 The scientific and practical significance of the research topic 5

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 The origin of orange 6

2.2 Introduction to essential oils 7

2.3 The orange essential oil 10

2.4 Essential oil extraction methods 13

PART III METHOD 21

3.1 Material 21

3.2 Chemicals used for research 21

3.3 Equipment and tools used for research 21

3.4 Scope, place, and time of the research 22

3.5 Research content 22

3.6 The expected extraction process of orange essential oil by Hydrodistillation method 24 3.7 Experimental set-up method 25

PART IV RESULTS 32

4.1 Research on factors affecting the extraction process of essential oils and perfecting the extraction process 32

4.2 Complete the process of extracting essential oils from Sanh orange peels 39

4.3 Results of determining the chemical composition of orange essential oil 43

4.4 Research develops and completes some products from orange essential oil 43

PART V CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 46

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Sanh orange tree 6

Figure 2.2: Hydrodistillation equipment 17

Figure 3.1 Essential oil distillation equipment 23

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of the expected orange essential oil extraction process 24

Figure 4.1: The volume of essential oil obtained at different concentrations of NaCl 32

Figure 4.2: Graph of the volume of essential oil obtained at different concentrations of NaCl 33

Figure 4.3: The volume of essential oil obtained at different water/material ratio 35

Figure 4.4: Graph of the volume of essential oil obtained at different water/material ratio 35

Figure 4.5: The volume of essential oil obtained at different distillation duration 37

Figure 4.6: Graph of the volume of essential oil obtained at different distillation duration 37

Figure 4.7 Complete orange essential oil extraction process 39

Figure 4.8 Oragne essential oil hand sanitizer 44

LIST OF TALBES

Table 2.1: Physical parameters of orange peel essential oil 11

Table 2.2: The chemical composition of orange tree 11

Table 3.1: Chemicals used 21

Table 3.2: Equipments and tools used for research 21

Table 3.3: Expected results in the research on optimizing NaCl concentration in soaking water 27

Table 3.4: Expected results in research on optimizing the water/material ratio 28

Table 3.5: Expected results in the research on optimizing the distillation duration 30

Table 4.1: Effect of NaCl concentration in soaking water on the volume of essential oil obtained 32

Table 4.2: Effect of water/material ratio on the volume of obtained essential oil 34

Table 4.3 Effect of distillation duration on the volume of essential oil obtained 36

Table 4.4 Results of GC/MS analysis of Ham Yen orange peel essential oil 43

Table 4.5: Substances composition in orange essential oil hand sanitizer 44

However, in recent years, people arbitrarily expanded the area of culturing oranges, overcoming planning barriers has many potential risks When the planning is broken, the area is massively replicated, which will lead to the immediate consequences of a sudden increase in output, and the risk of products falling into stagnation, price pressure, unsolvability Not to mention many spontaneous growers lack experience in orange care and harvesting, leading to poor fruit quality and susceptibility to pests and diseases Meanwhile, the area of citrus crops such as pomelo and sweet tangerine has grown very strongly, consumers have more choices when buying fruit for food These causes make the market price of this fruit tree much lower, plus extreme weather, prolonged heavy rain at the time of harvest, which reduces yield due to broken and damaged oranges

Currently, there are many fruit jam products such as grapes, tangerines, pomelos, strawberries on the Vietnamese market, but the products from oranges grown in Vietnam are quite a few on the market We have an abundant source of domestic orange products, but we have not taken full advantage of it

From that situation, it is necessary to research and find solutions to increase the value of oranges by taking advantage of raw materials that are poorly designed and fallen

oranges to avoid waste Realizing that the orange fruit contains a lot of essential oils in the peel to open up a new consumption direction for this fruit, bringing higher economic efficiency to the people who grow it

On that basis, we propose to carry out the topic: "Research on extraction process and development of products from Orange essential oil"

- Research on optimizing the ratio of water to raw materials in the process of extracting essential oils

- Research on optimizing the distillation duration of essential oils in the extraction process

Developing and perfecting products prepared from essential oils: Orange essential oil hand sanitizer

1.3 The requirement of the research topic

- Researching and perfecting the process of extracting and preserving essential oils

- Analysis of essential oil composition after extraction

- Develop and perfect the product prepared from essential oils

1.4 The scientific and practical significance of the research topic

1.4.1 The scientific significance of the topic

- Research results of the topic will provide new scientific data on:

+ The influence of factors on the ability to extract the orange essential oil + Build the process of extracting essential oils with the most optimal conditions

1.4.2 The practical significance of the topic

- Help students improve their experience and skills in scientific research practice, consolidate theoretical knowledge, apply in practice to improve themselves

- From the research results of the topic, it will contribute a part to the study of the essential oil production process that brings values, health, and economic benefits to the community

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The origin of orange

Orange has the scientific name Citrus sinesis Osbeck, which belongs to the genus

Citrus, family Rutaceae Oranges are native to tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia

Oranges are widely grown in warm climates, and the taste can vary from sweet to sour

The scientific name is Citrus nobilis (Reticulata X Sinensis) mainly distributed

in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam The main harvest season is August to December In Vietnam, oranges are grown all over the country, mainly in the northern provinces of Vietnam such as Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai In the South of Vietnam oranges are also grown in Tam Binh (Vinh Long); Cai Be (Tien Giang), O Mon (Can Tho)…

Figure 2.1: Sanh orange tree

2.2 Introduction to essential oils

2.2.1 Definition of essential oils

Essential oils are aromatic substances or odorous substances present in certain parts of plants (such as seeds, roots, tubers, bark, flowers, leaves, fruits, oils, resins) or animals (bags of essential oils) The flora with essential oils is about 3000 species, of which 150-200 species are of industrial significance Essential oils are found in the above raw materials in very different concentrations, which can vary from parts per million to percent, and essential oils are relatively volatile

Essential oils are widely distributed in nature The amount of essential oil in the tree depends on climatic and soil conditions Plants growing in the tropics have more essential oils than in temperate regions Even within a plant, the composition and amount of essential oils in different parts are also different In addition, the amount of essential oil depends on the living environment of the plant, the method of harvesting, preservation, and extraction

Essential oils are distributed concentrated in a number of families such as Apiaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae), Burseraceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Laurenceae, Myrataceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae (Gramineae), Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae,… Essential oils are present in different parts of the plant, such as in flowers(pink, jasmine, orange, lemon, ), in leaves (eucalyptus, mint, basil, ), in the bark (cinnamon), in the roots (ginger, turmeric, incense, ) In plants, essential oils can be available or only formed under certain conditions At that time, essential oils are not normal parts of the plant but only appear under certain conditions when some parts are dead Essential oils are the end products of metabolism and cannot be used again for the plant’s vital activity Classification of essential oils: There are two types of pure essential oils and non-

pure essential oils Pure essential oils: absolutely no toxins, no chemical preservatives, so it is very safe for users and brings fast results when treated Non-pure essential oil: an essential oil is mixed from pure essential oil with other chemicals and still retains the aroma of the essential oil

2.2.2 The origin and development of essential oils

Essential oils have been known to mankind for a long time, since ancient times people have known and used plants with essential oils in dried form From the 17th to the 19th centuries, essential oils were used extensively for makeup, medicine, and industrial use to a larger extent From the 20th century to the early years of the 21st century, along with the progress of mankind and the progress of science and technology, the essential oil industry has gradually developed, essential oils have become a product It is an indispensable product in human life and is widely applied in industries such as flavoring, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals

2.2.3 The physical properties and chemical composition of essential oils

a The physical properties:

Essential oils usually exist in liquid form at room temperature, are fragrant, are rarely colored except for essential oils containing aluzen which are blue At room temperature, essential oils are usually liquid, with a density less than 1 (except for a few types such as cinnamon and clove essential oils, which have a density greater than

Essential oils can be evaporated., they are insoluble or very slightly soluble in water, but they make the water an auroma Essential oils are mixtures, so they do not have a certain boiling point (about 100oC to 200oC), essential oils are soluble in alcohol, ethers, organic solvents, and fats

To determine the physical properties of essential oils, it is common to determine

indexes such as density, refractive index, solubility in alcohol at 90o at 25oC, boiling point, polar rotational yield, and color

In terms of color, essential oils are usually colorless or pale yellow A small number of essential oils have color (e.g mugwort oil is blue, the cinnamon essential oil is dark brown) due to the presence of colored compounds that are attracted to the essential oil during extraction (e.g green due to chlorophyll, yellow due to carotenoids, etc.) The smell and taste of essential oils are mainly caused by oxidized components

b The chemical composition in essential oils

Essential oil is a liquid that is purified (most commonly by steam or water distillation) from the leaves, stems, flowers, bark, roots, or other components of plants Any essential oil has the following ingredients:

- Monoterpenes: Found in most essential oils, typically miaxene, ocimene, and laurel oil They are well air-filtered Monoterpenes are present in most essential oils

- Sesquiterpenes: Although not as volatile as monoterpenes, the typical linear and cyclic sesquiterpenes are farnesene, Zingiberene (ginger essential oil) And has a soothing effect, is anti-inflammatory, and is anti-infective

- Phenol: Some phenols are extracted from essential oils such as Thymol, Estragol, Eugenol, etc The disinfectants are mostly found in plants, stimulate the body, phenol is effective when used in small doses However, large doses can be a neurotoxin and may cause skin irritation

- Alcohols: Some important alcohols extracted from common essential oils such as Menthol, α-Terpineol, Geraniol Many alcohols are present in essential oils As an antiseptic, antibacterial, antibiotic, and tonic, it is very good for the nervous system and stimulates the immune response in the body

- Esters: The esters evaporate quickly and create a fragrance for the fragrance Some esters present in essential oils: ethyl anthranilate, benzyl, acetate, etc Esters have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties

- Aldehydes: There are many aldehydes in essential oils, but now all aldehydes are obtained through chemical synthesis Only aldehydes such as cuminic, citral, and citronellal aldehydes have been extracted from natural materials Aldehydes are anti- inflammatory, with properties similar to alcohols However, high amounts of aldehydes can cause major skin irritation

Other compounds: In addition to the compounds mentioned above, in essential oils, there are compounds of the oxide group such as (eucalyptus) and amino acids (anthranilic acid), lactones (coumarin, ambrette), compounds with such as (anlylisosulfocyannat), nitrogenous compounds (methyl anthranilate)

2.2.4 The role of essential oils in plants

The issue of the role of essential oils in the life of plants has been addressed in many studies According to the concept presented in different works, the role of essential oils is concentrated in the following contents (Ph X Tanaxienco, 1985): Protecting plants from the effects of pests and diseases, covering wounds in trees prevent fungal diseases, changing the surface tension of water in plants, promote water transport, increase the efficiency of enzymatic reactions

2.3 The orange essential oil

Orange essential oil is an essential oil produced by the cells inside the peel of an

orange (Citrus sinensis fruit) Orange essential oil is a liquid, pale yellow, with a slight

aroma of fresh orange, insoluble in water It is one of the most widely used essential oils in the world

2.3.1 The physical and chemical properties of orange essential oil

a The physical properties of orange essential oil

Orange essential oil on the market is light yellow in color, with a slight aroma of fresh oranges

Table 2.1: Physical parameters of orange peel essential oil

b The chemical properties of orange essential oil

Table 2.2: The chemical composition of orange tree

2.3.2 The role and application of orange essential oil

a The role of orange essential oil

Essential oils help remove dead skin cells, keep and make skin smooth, soft and help prevent acne Essential oils help treat colds, headaches, joint diseases, treat liver and kidney problems, insomnia, detoxify the body, relax, reduce stress Essential oils create a gentle fragrance, and are completely pure for the space Essential oils are also used in the manufacture of medicines

In addition, essential oils are now used by many people to replace conventional cosmetics, because of their safety in use and almost no side effects

b Applications of orange essential oil

In food technology: Essential oils play an important role in the production of confectionery and beverages Although used in extremely small amounts and in different forms, essential oils have contributed to flavoring foods and beverages, making them more appealing Recently, thanks to its superior antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity, in the food industry, there has also been a trend to use essential oils as a natural and safe food preservative instead of essential oils synthetic preservatives

In medicine: Essential oils are the most used pharmaceuticals in traditional medicine Each essential oil has a different chemical composition and main components, so the therapeutic activities are also different, some of which act on the central nervous system, some that stimulate digestive juices, gastric juices, and gastric juices intestines and bile Therefore, they are prepared into medicines to treat respiratory, circulatory, and digestive diseases, to treat abdominal pain, vomiting, to massage painful areas, to relieve fatigue, and to stimulate muscle activity

In the cosmetic manufacturing industry: Today, the cosmetic industry has

developed very strongly, essential oils are not only used directly in high-class spas, but they are also the main source of raw materials for the production of products such as Perfume, toothpaste, scented soap, shampoo, lotions, lipstick

2.4 Essential oil extraction methods

There are many methods for extracting essential oils, but regardless of the extraction method used, the production process has the following common points:

- The obtained essential oil must have the same natural aroma as the raw material - The extraction process must be suitable for the characteristics of the raw materials

- Essential oils must be thoroughly extracted from raw materials at the lowest cost

Essential oil extraction methods are based on the following properties of essential oils:

- Easy to evaporate

- Attracted to steam at temperatures below 100oC - Easily soluble in organic solvents

- Easily absorbed in the gaseous state

Here, we go to learn about some commonly used methods to extract essential oils from plants

2.4.1 Extraction method

a The basis of the method:

Based on the phenomenon of osmosis, diffusion, and dissolution of essential oils present in the raw tissues when exposed to organic solvents The extraction method is often used to separate volatile flavorings for which distillation has proven to be less

effective

In this method, the raw materials are soaked in a suitable organic solvent, then vacuum distilled to recover the solvent, the rest is a mixture of essential oils and waxes called essential oils (called “concrete oil”) Use absolute alcohol to dissolve the "concrete oil" and then let it cool, then the wax will solidify and be separated, the remaining liquid is steam-distilled to obtain pure essential oil (called "absolute oil") These are also the two main product forms of aromatic substances currently circulating on the market

b The factors affecting the method:

The most important factor for the success of this method is the quality and character of the solvent used, so the extraction solvent should meet the following requirements:

- Dissolve completely and quickly the aromatic components in the raw materials - Poor solubility of other compounds such as wax, oleoresin present in raw materials

- No chemical effect with essential oils - Do not degrade when reused many times

- Completely pure, without strange odors, non-toxic, non-corrosive to equipment, does not form explosive mixtures with air, and has poor viscosity

The boiling point is low because when distilling the extraction solution to recover the solvent, the high boiling point will affect the quality of the essential oil The boiling point of the solvent should be lower than the boiling point of the most volatile component in the essential oil In addition, there should be other additional factors such as low cost, easy-to-find supplies,

Usually, there is no solvent that satisfies all of the above conditions People use both water-insoluble solvents (such as Diethyl ether, Petroleum ether, Hexane, Chloroform ) and water-soluble solvents (such as Ethanol, Acetone ) In some specific cases, a solvent mixture is also used

2.4.2 Pressing method

This method is applicable to medicinal herbs with high essential oil content and essential oil-containing cells in the shell Extracted materials are extracted essential oils by pressing at normal temperature using endless screw presses or wedge presses The resulting part is a mixture of essential oils and pulp that can be easily separated by adding saturated brine, the essential oil will float to the top with some wax and resin involved Use 75-80o ethanol to dissolve the essential oil, then cool to remove the wax After evaporating under low pressure to remove the ethanol, we have an essential oil product with some resin mixed in This method can give over 90% efficiency compared to the quantified essential oil content in the laboratory

2.4.3 Marinade method

The basis of this method is based on the adsorption of aromatics by refined liquid or solid fats (vaseline, paraffin, olive oil, or tallow) People use trays 8cm deep, 60cm wide, 100cm long, the bottom is glass covered with fat to absorb aromatics The trays can be stacked on top of each other, on the surface of the tray, the ingredients are evenly arranged to extract the incense and leave it for about 12 - 72 hours depending on the type of ingredient, then change the layer of new ingredients and let them absorb 10-15 times Finally, aromatic fat is obtained Shake the fat with high ethanol to extract the essential oil, then cool to -1000C to remove all the fat that is dragged along, and then evaporate the ethanol under low pressure to collect the essential oil This technique is

often used to extract the fragrance of flowers to obtain the product as a concentrated essential oil (“essence concentrate”) used in cosmetics

2.4.4 Soak method

This method is based on the absorption of aromatics by fatty oils Raw materials are soaked in refined fatty oil in a device heated by steam at 45-600oC for 1-2 hours After each soak, take out the flowers and put them in a centrifuge to recover the oil and add new ingredients Each batch of solvent can be used to extract 10-15 times The aromatic saturated fatty oil is shaken with ethanol and then concentrated under low pressure to obtain a concentrated essential oil similar to that in the marinating method

2.4.5 Hydrodistillation method

a The principle of method

This was the first method used to separate essential oils from plant materials The basis of this method is that the boiling point of the mixture will be lower than the boiling point of the components Therefore, when hydro distillation, the essential oil components will be separated at a temperature lower than the boiling point of water, thus limiting the chemical denaturation of the components in the essential oil (oxidation, pyrolysis )

During the distillation process, the steam will be penetrated into the raw tissues, then it will dissolve, diffuse and attract the organic compounds in the essential oil The distillate will meet cold at the condenser tube and be condensed and separated into 2 layers (the oil layer above and the water layer below) in the condenser system Diffusion will be easy when the cell containing the essential oil swells because the material is exposed to saturated steam for a certain time

In the case of plant tissues with non-volatile compounds (such as waxes, resins,

long-chain fatty acids), distillation must be carried out over a long period of time, as these compounds reduce the overall vapor pressure of the system and make diffusion more difficult

Figure 2.2: Hydrodistillation equipment

b The main factors affecting distillation efficiency

State of raw materials: Extraction of essential oils by steam distillation method with ground materials gives much higher essential oil content than unground raw materials When grinding, the cells containing the essential oil are broken, the water easily penetrates into the oil bags, the essential oil easily escapes to the outside environment and the steam is responsible for drawing that essential oil out to the receiver In addition, the essential oil grinding materials obtained are transparent, colorless, and have a more natural smell than the non-ground essential oil materials, which are yellow due to prolonged heat exposure and the odor is no longer natural

Time: The longer the distillation duration, the more essential oil is obtained However, at some point, the amount of essential oil obtained does not increase over

time On the other hand, prolonging the distillation duration will affect the quality of the essential oil

Temperature: High heat will decompose essential oils Therefore, when it is necessary to use superheated steam (above 1000C), it should be done in the final stage of distillation, after the volatile components have been absorbed In fact, most essential oils are less stable under heat, so the problem is to take the time to withstand high temperatures as short as possible because burning raw materials lose the natural aroma of the essential oils

Amount of water: If the amount of water is too much, some of the polar essential oil components will dissolve into the water If the amount of water is too small, it is not enough to dissolve the colloids and salts surrounding the essential oil bag

c Advantages and disadvantages of the distillation method

Advantages: The technical process is relatively simple Compact equipment, easy to manufacture During distillation, it is possible to separate the components in the mixture by condensing each part over time Does not require auxiliary materials such as impregnation and absorption methods Relatively fast time Distillation can be carried out with essential oil components that can withstand high temperatures Able to thoroughly separate essential oils in raw materials

Disadvantage: Not beneficial for materials with low essential oil content, because distillation durtaion will be long, it takes a lot of steam and condensate The quality of essential oils can be affected if there are components that are easily decomposed It is not possible to get the waxes and waxes contained in the raw materials In distilled water, there is a relatively large amount of essential oil It takes a considerable amount of water to condense the vapor mixture Essential oils with high boiling points often give poor

performance Materials that are easy to burn, stick to the wall of the device, and are difficult to clean

2.4.6 Harvest, preliminary processing, and preservation of raw materials for the production of essential oils

Raw materials containing essential oils need to be harvested at the time when the most essential oils are available and the essential oils are of the highest quality Depending on the type of raw materials, people determine the technical maturity to harvest, usually harvested in the early morning, at the time of dew (because during the day the essential oil content decreases gradually from morning to evening) When harvesting, avoid crushing and mixing impurities After harvesting, it should be brought back to the production facility immediately During transportation, care should be taken to avoid material damage The production facilities should not be too far from the raw material area (<20Km) Some raw materials after harvesting, if processed in a dry form, need to be dried or dried The purpose of drying is to evaporate the water for long-term preservation When collecting raw materials, it is necessary to pay attention to the freshness of the raw materials After harvesting, if not processed, it is necessary to thinly spread the materials, avoiding piles up to prevent self-heating

To prepare for a good production process, raw materials need to be pre- processed, this process includes:

Cleaning of impurities: usually using the method of sieving and sorting

Crushing: Essential oils in plants are usually located in the tissues of cells, so grinding aims to release the essential oil from the tissue so that when conducting production, the essential oil can escape, thereby shortening the process manufacture For crushing, people often use hammermill or shaft mill The smaller the grind, the

higher the efficiency of breaking down the cells, but it is easy to clog the steam pipes (essential oil + water) and the small porosity affects the distillation process The degree of crushing is expressed as density (weight of a unit volume of material) Each material has an appropriate density and is determined in the laboratory

PART III METHOD

3.1 Materials

- Sanh orange peel from Ham Yen, Tuyen Quang

3.2 Chemicals used for research

Table 3.1: Chemicals used

1 Distilled water

Penetrates into the tissues of the raw material, dissolving, diffusing, and attracting the organic compounds in the essential oil

2 NaCl Increases the permeability of water in the cell, increasing the polarity of the solution

3.3 Equipment and tools used for research

Table 3.2: Equipments and tools used for research

3.4 Scope, place, and time of the research

3.4.1 Research scope

- Research on the extraction process of essential oils and develop products from orange essential oil from oranges purchased in Sanh orange Ham Yen, Tuyen Quang orchards

Content 1: Research on optimizing conditions in the extraction process of essential oils

Experiment 1: Research on optimizing salt concentration in the essential oil extraction process

Experiment 2: Research on optimizing the ratio of water to raw materials in the process of extracting essential oils

Experiment 3: Research on optimizing the distillation duration of essential oils in the extraction process

Content 2: Analysis of the chemical composition of orange essential oil Content 3: Develop and perfect the product prepared from essential oil

- Using pure essential oils and some additives to develop orange essential oil hand sanitizer product

Figure 3.1: Essential oil distillation equipment

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of the expected orange essential oil extraction process

Natri Sulfate (Na₂SO₄) Dehydrate

Essential oil Decant Crude oil Dissociation

Condensate Soa

k