En15 lịch sử phát triển tiếng anh Đề số 2

EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh

BÀI KIỂM TRA TỰ LUẬN Môn: Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh

Đề 2: Basing on the knowledge you have studied, how was English formed?

Bài làm

1 Old English (450-1150 AD):

Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest form of the English language It developed from the languages spoken by the Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) who migrated to England in the 5th and 6th centuries

The epic poem "Beowulf" is an example of Old English literature

Germanic Origins:

Old English emerged from the languages spoken by Germanic tribes, specifically the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who arrived in England during the 5th and 6th centuries These tribes brought with them their Germanic languages, which served as the foundation for Old English

Influence of Other Languages:

While the Germanic languages were the primary contributors, Old English also absorbed elements from Latin (through contact with the Romans), Norse (due to Viking invasions), and Celtic languages

Runes and Latin Alphabet:

Early Old English was often written using runes, the writing system of the Germanic peoples However, with the spread of Christianity and the influence of Latin-speaking Christian monks, the Latin alphabet became the dominant script for writing Old English

Literature:

Notably, Old English literature is best exemplified by the epic poem "Beowulf." This literary masterpiece provides insights into the language, culture, and values of the time Other Old English works include religious texts, heroic poetry, and historical chronicles

Declension and Inflection:

Old English was a highly inflected language, meaning that the grammatical relationships between words were primarily indicated by changes in their forms (such as noun declensions and verb conjugations)

Vocabulary:

The vocabulary of Old English reflects the everyday life, social structure, and natural environment of the Germanic tribes in early medieval England Many words related to agriculture, family, and basic activities have Old English roots

Sound Changes:

Old English underwent several sound changes over time For instance, the Great Vowel Shift, which occurred later in the development of English, influenced the pronunciation of vowels

Norman Conquest and Transition to Middle English:

The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror marked a significant historical event that influenced the English language It led to the infusion of Norman French words and the gradual transition from Old English to Middle English

2 Viking and Norman Influence (8th-11th centuries):

Viking invasions and the Norman Conquest in 1066 had a significant impact on the English language Norse and Norman French words were introduced, enriching the vocabulary

Viking Invasions (8th-11th centuries):

Vikings, seafaring Norse people from Scandinavia, began raiding parts of England in the 8th century These raids intensified over the following centuries

The Vikings' impact was not only in terms of military conquest but also cultural and linguistic influence Norse (Old Norse), the language of the Vikings, left its mark on English vocabulary

Norse Vocabulary in English:

Many Norse words were integrated into Old English, enriching the English vocabulary Common words related to everyday life, the natural environment, and basic

activities have Norse origins Examples include "sky," "window," "knife," "husband," and "egg."

Norman Conquest (1066):

In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England and defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings This event is known as the Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest resulted in the establishment of Norman rule in England

As a consequence, Norman French became the language of the ruling class, including the nobility and the court

Norman French Influence on English:

Norman French significantly influenced English vocabulary, particularly in areas related to governance, law, and aristocracy Many legal, administrative, and military terms in English have Norman French origins

The linguistic impact extended beyond vocabulary to the structure of the language English grammar and syntax were influenced by the linguistic structures of Norman French

Bilingualism:

England became a bilingual society, with both English and Norman French coexisting The lower classes continued to speak English, while the upper classes used Norman French for official and administrative purposes

Integration and Evolution:

Over time, the languages began to merge, leading to the development of Middle English This period marked the gradual synthesis of Old English, Norse, and Norman French elements into a linguistic blend that would eventually evolve into Modern English

3 Middle English (1150-1500 AD):

The Norman Conquest led to a blending of Old English and Norman French, resulting in Middle English

During this period, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote "The Canterbury Tales," providing a glimpse into the evolving language

Blending of Old English and Norman French:

The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 had a profound impact on the English language The Normans, who spoke Norman French, became the ruling class This led to

a linguistic fusion, with Old English and Norman French blending to form Middle English

The integration of Norman French words and phrases into the English language contributed to the expansion and enrichment of the vocabulary

Changes in Grammar and Syntax:

Middle English witnessed changes in grammar and syntax The inflectional system of Old English, with its complex declensions and conjugations, gradually simplified Word order became more fixed, and the use of prepositions increased

"The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer:

Geoffrey Chaucer, a prominent poet and author, wrote "The Canterbury Tales" during the latter part of the 14th century This literary masterpiece provides a valuable insight into the linguistic landscape of Middle English

"The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories told by a diverse group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Chaucer skillfully used a variety of dialects and linguistic forms, reflecting the linguistic diversity of the time

Dialectal Variation:

Middle English was characterized by regional dialectal variations Different regions of England had distinct linguistic features, leading to variations in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar

Influence of Latin:

Latin continued to play a significant role in written texts, particularly in legal, scientific, and religious contexts Latin was the language of scholarship, and many educated individuals were proficient in Latin

Chancery Standard:

The Chancery Standard, a form of English used in official documents and legal writings, emerged during this period It contributed to the standardization of written English

Transition to Early Modern English:

The Middle English period marked a transitional phase that eventually led to the emergence of Early Modern English in the 16th century The linguistic changes observed

in Middle English laid the groundwork for the linguistic features of the Early Modern English period

4 The Great Vowel Shift (15th-18th centuries):

A major phonological change known as the Great Vowel Shift occurred during the 15th to 18th centuries It influenced pronunciation and contributed to the linguistic differences between Middle and Early Modern English

Nature of the Shift:

The Great Vowel Shift was a systematic and gradual change in the pronunciation

of long vowels in English It affected the quality and articulation of these vowels

Timing:

The shift began in the late 14th century and continued into the 18th century While the exact timeline and pace of the shift varied across different vowels and regions, the overall process spanned several centuries

Effect on Vowels:

Long vowels underwent changes in their articulation In general, the high vowels (those produced with the tongue in a higher position) became diphthongs, and the mid vowels (those produced with the tongue in a middle position) shifted to higher positions

Examples of Vowel Changes:

For instance, the Middle English long vowel /iː/ (as in "see") shifted to a diphthong /aɪ/ (as in "sigh") Similarly, the Middle English long vowel /oː/ (as in "go") shifted to a diphthong /əʊ/ (as in "go")

The exact changes varied for different vowels and in different dialects, contributing to regional linguistic diversity

Social and Linguistic Factors:

The reasons behind the Great Vowel Shift are not entirely clear, and multiple factors may have contributed Some linguistic scholars suggest that it could be influenced

by social factors, changes in social stratification, or even contact with other languages

Impact on Middle and Early Modern English:

The Great Vowel Shift marked a crucial transition between the pronunciation of Middle English and Early Modern English The linguistic changes introduced during this shift contributed to the distinctive phonological characteristics of Early Modern English

Diphthongization and Vowel Quality:

The shift led to increased diphthongization of vowels and alterations in vowel quality, setting the stage for the pronunciation patterns observed in Early Modern English

Continued Evolution:

While the Great Vowel Shift represents a significant historical phonological change, it did not mark the end of the evolution of the English language Subsequent shifts and changes continued to shape the pronunciation of English vowels in later periods

5 Early Modern English (1500-1700 AD):

The printing press, introduced by William Caxton in the late 15th century, played

a crucial role in standardizing English spelling and grammar

The works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible were written in Early Modern English

Introduction of the Printing Press:

William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in the late 15th century (1476) The printing press played a pivotal role in the standardization of English spelling and grammar

The mass production of printed materials facilitated greater consistency in language usage and contributed to the dissemination of written works

Standardization of English:

The printing press contributed to the establishment of a more standardized form

of English As printers set type, they made choices about spelling, punctuation, and grammar, which gradually led to greater uniformity in written English

Works of William Shakespeare:

William Shakespeare, a prominent playwright and poet of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, wrote his plays and sonnets in Early Modern English His works, such as

"Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "Macbeth," are celebrated for their linguistic richness and poetic expression

Shakespeare's plays are notable for their influence on the development of the English language, introducing new words and phrases to the lexicon

King James Bible:

The King James Bible, published in 1611, is a landmark work written in Early Modern English It is one of the most influential English translations of the Bible

The King James Bible played a crucial role in shaping the language and leaving a lasting impact on English literature and religious discourse

Renaissance Influence:

The Renaissance, a period of cultural and intellectual revival, had a profound impact on Early Modern English The revival of interest in classical learning and literature contributed to an enriched vocabulary and a more elaborate writing style

Shifting Pronunciation:

Early Modern English saw the continuation of the Great Vowel Shift, which had begun in the preceding centuries Pronunciation continued to evolve, reflecting changes

in vowel articulation

Rise of Prose Literature:

The period witnessed the rise of prose literature The works of authors like Sir Thomas More ("Utopia") and Francis Bacon reflected the evolving prose style and the exploration of new literary forms

Exploration and Expansion:

The Age of Exploration and the expansion of English influence globally contributed to the incorporation of new words and phrases from different cultures and languages into English

Culmination in the 17th Century:

The Early Modern English period reached its culmination in the 17th century, setting the stage for the subsequent development of the language into Modern English

6 Colonial and Global Expansion (17th century onwards):

English spread globally through colonization and trade The language absorbed vocabulary from various regions, contributing to its richness and diversity

Colonial Expansion:

English underwent extensive global expansion through the establishment of colonies by European powers, particularly during the Age of Exploration British colonization, in particular, played a pivotal role in spreading the English language to various parts of the world

Trade and Economic Influence:

English became a dominant language in international trade and commerce The British Empire's economic influence facilitated the use of English as a lingua franca in business and trade transactions

Cultural and Linguistic Impact:

Colonial interactions led to the assimilation of vocabulary from diverse linguistic sources English absorbed words and expressions from indigenous languages, as well as languages spoken in regions of British colonization, contributing to the language's richness and diversity

Indigenous and Creole Languages:

In colonial regions, English interacted with indigenous languages, giving rise to pidgin and creole languages These linguistic interactions influenced the development of local varieties of English, reflecting the multicultural and multilingual contexts of the colonies

Global Influence of British Literature:

British literature, including works from the Early Modern English period, played

a crucial role in shaping the global perception of the English language The literary achievements of writers like Shakespeare and the authors of the Renaissance era continued to be influential

Migration and Diaspora:

Migration patterns, including the movement of English-speaking populations, contributed to the global spread of the language English-speaking communities established diasporic connections, furthering the use of English in diverse cultural contexts

Modernization and Industrialization:

The period saw the emergence of modernization and industrialization, with English serving as a medium for scientific, technological, and industrial advancements Scientific publications and technological innovations were often communicated in English

Formation of World Englishes:

The global spread of English led to the development of World Englishes— varieties of English influenced by local linguistic, cultural, and social factors Regions such as North America, the Caribbean, Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific developed distinctive forms of English

Continued Evolution and Globalization:

English continued to evolve through ongoing interactions with other languages and cultures The forces of globalization further solidified the global presence of English, making it a key language in diplomacy, international relations, and the digital age

Language Standardization:

The standardization of English, promoted by institutions such as dictionaries, grammar guides, and language academies, contributed to the establishment of norms and conventions for the language's usage

7 Modern English (18th century to the present):

Modern English continues to evolve with changes in society, technology, and culture The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements introduced new words and expressions

The standardization of English grammar and spelling was further promoted by dictionaries, such as Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755)

Industrial Revolution and Technological Advancements:

The period of Modern English, from the 18th century to the present, has witnessed significant societal and technological changes The Industrial Revolution brought about a transformation in manufacturing, leading to the creation of new words and expressions related to industry, machinery, and technological progress

Expansion of Vocabulary:

The English language expanded its vocabulary to accommodate concepts and innovations emerging from scientific, industrial, and technological developments New terms were coined to describe inventions, processes, and discoveries

Literary and Cultural Contributions:

Literary figures from the Modern English period, including the Romantic poets, Victorian novelists, and modernist writers, made substantial contributions to the language Their works reflected and influenced the linguistic and cultural landscape of their respective eras

Colonial and Global Influence:

English continued to spread globally through colonial expansion, trade, and cultural influence The British Empire's reach and the emergence of the United States as a global power contributed to the dissemination of English to diverse regions

Language Standardization:

Efforts to standardize English grammar and spelling gained momentum during this period Dictionaries played a crucial role in codifying language norms Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755) was a landmark work that contributed to standardizing English

British and American English: