En15 lịch sử phát triển tiếng anh Đề số 2

EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh EN15_Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh

BÀI KIỂM TRA TỰ LUẬNMôn: Lịch sử phát triển Tiếng Anh

Đề 2: Basing on the knowledge you have studied, how was English formed?

Bài làm

1 Old English (450-1150 AD):

Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest form of the Englishlanguage It developed from the languages spoken by the Germanic tribes (Angles,Saxons, and Jutes) who migrated to England in the 5th and 6th centuries.

The epic poem "Beowulf" is an example of Old English literature.Germanic Origins:

Old English emerged from the languages spoken by Germanic tribes, specificallythe Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who arrived in England during the 5th and 6th centuries.These tribes brought with them their Germanic languages, which served as the foundationfor Old English.

Influence of Other Languages:

While the Germanic languages were the primary contributors, Old English alsoabsorbed elements from Latin (through contact with the Romans), Norse (due to Vikinginvasions), and Celtic languages.

Runes and Latin Alphabet:

Early Old English was often written using runes, the writing system of theGermanic peoples However, with the spread of Christianity and the influence of Latin-speaking Christian monks, the Latin alphabet became the dominant script for writing OldEnglish.

Notably, Old English literature is best exemplified by the epic poem "Beowulf."This literary masterpiece provides insights into the language, culture, and values of thetime Other Old English works include religious texts, heroic poetry, and historicalchronicles.

Declension and Inflection:

Old English was a highly inflected language, meaning that the grammaticalrelationships between words were primarily indicated by changes in their forms (such asnoun declensions and verb conjugations).

The vocabulary of Old English reflects the everyday life, social structure, andnatural environment of the Germanic tribes in early medieval England Many wordsrelated to agriculture, family, and basic activities have Old English roots.

Sound Changes:

Old English underwent several sound changes over time For instance, the GreatVowel Shift, which occurred later in the development of English, influenced thepronunciation of vowels.

Norman Conquest and Transition to Middle English:

The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror marked asignificant historical event that influenced the English language It led to the infusion ofNorman French words and the gradual transition from Old English to Middle English.

2 Viking and Norman Influence (8th-11th centuries):

Viking invasions and the Norman Conquest in 1066 had a significant impact onthe English language Norse and Norman French words were introduced, enriching thevocabulary.

Viking Invasions (8th-11th centuries):

Vikings, seafaring Norse people from Scandinavia, began raiding parts ofEngland in the 8th century These raids intensified over the following centuries.

The Vikings' impact was not only in terms of military conquest but also culturaland linguistic influence Norse (Old Norse), the language of the Vikings, left its mark onEnglish vocabulary.

Norse Vocabulary in English:

Many Norse words were integrated into Old English, enriching the Englishvocabulary Common words related to everyday life, the natural environment, and basic

activities have Norse origins Examples include "sky," "window," "knife," "husband,"and "egg."

Norman Conquest (1066):

In 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England anddefeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings This event is known as the NormanConquest.

The Norman Conquest resulted in the establishment of Norman rule in England.As a consequence, Norman French became the language of the ruling class, including thenobility and the court.

Norman French Influence on English:

Norman French significantly influenced English vocabulary, particularly in areasrelated to governance, law, and aristocracy Many legal, administrative, and militaryterms in English have Norman French origins.

The linguistic impact extended beyond vocabulary to the structure of thelanguage English grammar and syntax were influenced by the linguistic structures ofNorman French.

England became a bilingual society, with both English and Norman Frenchcoexisting The lower classes continued to speak English, while the upper classes usedNorman French for official and administrative purposes.

Integration and Evolution:

Over time, the languages began to merge, leading to the development of MiddleEnglish This period marked the gradual synthesis of Old English, Norse, and NormanFrench elements into a linguistic blend that would eventually evolve into ModernEnglish.

3 Middle English (1150-1500 AD):

The Norman Conquest led to a blending of Old English and Norman French,resulting in Middle English.

During this period, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote "The Canterbury Tales," providing aglimpse into the evolving language.

Blending of Old English and Norman French:

The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 had a profound impact on the Englishlanguage The Normans, who spoke Norman French, became the ruling class This led toa linguistic fusion, with Old English and Norman French blending to form MiddleEnglish.

The integration of Norman French words and phrases into the English languagecontributed to the expansion and enrichment of the vocabulary.

Changes in Grammar and Syntax:

Middle English witnessed changes in grammar and syntax The inflectionalsystem of Old English, with its complex declensions and conjugations, graduallysimplified Word order became more fixed, and the use of prepositions increased.

"The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer:

Geoffrey Chaucer, a prominent poet and author, wrote "The Canterbury Tales"during the latter part of the 14th century This literary masterpiece provides a valuableinsight into the linguistic landscape of Middle English.

"The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories told by a diverse group ofpilgrims traveling to Canterbury Chaucer skillfully used a variety of dialects andlinguistic forms, reflecting the linguistic diversity of the time.

Dialectal Variation:

Middle English was characterized by regional dialectal variations Differentregions of England had distinct linguistic features, leading to variations in pronunciation,vocabulary, and grammar.

Influence of Latin:

Latin continued to play a significant role in written texts, particularly in legal,scientific, and religious contexts Latin was the language of scholarship, and manyeducated individuals were proficient in Latin.

Chancery Standard:

The Chancery Standard, a form of English used in official documents and legalwritings, emerged during this period It contributed to the standardization of writtenEnglish.

Transition to Early Modern English:

The Middle English period marked a transitional phase that eventually led to theemergence of Early Modern English in the 16th century The linguistic changes observedin Middle English laid the groundwork for the linguistic features of the Early ModernEnglish period.

4 The Great Vowel Shift (15th-18th centuries):

A major phonological change known as the Great Vowel Shift occurred duringthe 15th to 18th centuries It influenced pronunciation and contributed to the linguisticdifferences between Middle and Early Modern English.

Nature of the Shift:

The Great Vowel Shift was a systematic and gradual change in the pronunciationof long vowels in English It affected the quality and articulation of these vowels.

The shift began in the late 14th century and continued into the 18th century.While the exact timeline and pace of the shift varied across different vowels and regions,the overall process spanned several centuries.

Effect on Vowels:

Long vowels underwent changes in their articulation In general, the high vowels(those produced with the tongue in a higher position) became diphthongs, and the midvowels (those produced with the tongue in a middle position) shifted to higher positions.

Examples of Vowel Changes:

For instance, the Middle English long vowel /iː/ (as in "see") shifted to adiphthong /aɪ/ (as in "sigh") Similarly, the Middle English long vowel /oː/ (as in "go")shifted to a diphthong /əʊ/ (as in "go").

The exact changes varied for different vowels and in different dialects,contributing to regional linguistic diversity.

Social and Linguistic Factors:

The reasons behind the Great Vowel Shift are not entirely clear, and multiplefactors may have contributed Some linguistic scholars suggest that it could be influencedby social factors, changes in social stratification, or even contact with other languages.

Impact on Middle and Early Modern English:

The Great Vowel Shift marked a crucial transition between the pronunciation ofMiddle English and Early Modern English The linguistic changes introduced during thisshift contributed to the distinctive phonological characteristics of Early Modern English.

Diphthongization and Vowel Quality:

The shift led to increased diphthongization of vowels and alterations in vowelquality, setting the stage for the pronunciation patterns observed in Early ModernEnglish.

Continued Evolution:

While the Great Vowel Shift represents a significant historical phonologicalchange, it did not mark the end of the evolution of the English language Subsequentshifts and changes continued to shape the pronunciation of English vowels in laterperiods.

5 Early Modern English (1500-1700 AD):

The printing press, introduced by William Caxton in the late 15th century, playeda crucial role in standardizing English spelling and grammar.

The works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible were written inEarly Modern English.

Introduction of the Printing Press:

William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in the late 15th century(1476) The printing press played a pivotal role in the standardization of English spellingand grammar.

The mass production of printed materials facilitated greater consistency inlanguage usage and contributed to the dissemination of written works.

Standardization of English:

The printing press contributed to the establishment of a more standardized formof English As printers set type, they made choices about spelling, punctuation, andgrammar, which gradually led to greater uniformity in written English.

Works of William Shakespeare:

William Shakespeare, a prominent playwright and poet of the Elizabethan andJacobean eras, wrote his plays and sonnets in Early Modern English His works, such as"Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "Macbeth," are celebrated for their linguistic richnessand poetic expression.

Shakespeare's plays are notable for their influence on the development of theEnglish language, introducing new words and phrases to the lexicon.

King James Bible:

The King James Bible, published in 1611, is a landmark work written in EarlyModern English It is one of the most influential English translations of the Bible.

The King James Bible played a crucial role in shaping the language and leaving alasting impact on English literature and religious discourse.

Renaissance Influence:

The Renaissance, a period of cultural and intellectual revival, had a profoundimpact on Early Modern English The revival of interest in classical learning andliterature contributed to an enriched vocabulary and a more elaborate writing style.

Shifting Pronunciation:

Early Modern English saw the continuation of the Great Vowel Shift, which hadbegun in the preceding centuries Pronunciation continued to evolve, reflecting changesin vowel articulation.

Rise of Prose Literature:

The period witnessed the rise of prose literature The works of authors like SirThomas More ("Utopia") and Francis Bacon reflected the evolving prose style and theexploration of new literary forms.

Exploration and Expansion:

The Age of Exploration and the expansion of English influence globallycontributed to the incorporation of new words and phrases from different cultures andlanguages into English.

Culmination in the 17th Century:

The Early Modern English period reached its culmination in the 17th century,setting the stage for the subsequent development of the language into Modern English.

6 Colonial and Global Expansion (17th century onwards):

English spread globally through colonization and trade The language absorbedvocabulary from various regions, contributing to its richness and diversity.

Colonial Expansion:

English underwent extensive global expansion through the establishment ofcolonies by European powers, particularly during the Age of Exploration Britishcolonization, in particular, played a pivotal role in spreading the English language tovarious parts of the world.

Trade and Economic Influence:

English became a dominant language in international trade and commerce TheBritish Empire's economic influence facilitated the use of English as a lingua franca inbusiness and trade transactions.

Cultural and Linguistic Impact:

Colonial interactions led to the assimilation of vocabulary from diverse linguisticsources English absorbed words and expressions from indigenous languages, as well aslanguages spoken in regions of British colonization, contributing to the language'srichness and diversity.

Indigenous and Creole Languages:

In colonial regions, English interacted with indigenous languages, giving rise topidgin and creole languages These linguistic interactions influenced the development oflocal varieties of English, reflecting the multicultural and multilingual contexts of thecolonies.

Global Influence of British Literature:

British literature, including works from the Early Modern English period, playeda crucial role in shaping the global perception of the English language The literaryachievements of writers like Shakespeare and the authors of the Renaissance eracontinued to be influential.

Migration and Diaspora:

Migration patterns, including the movement of English-speaking populations,contributed to the global spread of the language English-speaking communitiesestablished diasporic connections, furthering the use of English in diverse culturalcontexts.

Modernization and Industrialization:

The period saw the emergence of modernization and industrialization, withEnglish serving as a medium for scientific, technological, and industrial advancements.Scientific publications and technological innovations were often communicated inEnglish.

Formation of World Englishes:

The global spread of English led to the development of World Englishes—varieties of English influenced by local linguistic, cultural, and social factors Regionssuch as North America, the Caribbean, Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific developeddistinctive forms of English.

Continued Evolution and Globalization:

English continued to evolve through ongoing interactions with other languagesand cultures The forces of globalization further solidified the global presence of English,making it a key language in diplomacy, international relations, and the digital age.

Language Standardization:

The standardization of English, promoted by institutions such as dictionaries,grammar guides, and language academies, contributed to the establishment of norms andconventions for the language's usage.

7 Modern English (18th century to the present):

Modern English continues to evolve with changes in society, technology, andculture The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements introduced new wordsand expressions.

The standardization of English grammar and spelling was further promoted bydictionaries, such as Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755).

Industrial Revolution and Technological Advancements:

The period of Modern English, from the 18th century to the present, haswitnessed significant societal and technological changes The Industrial Revolutionbrought about a transformation in manufacturing, leading to the creation of new wordsand expressions related to industry, machinery, and technological progress.

Expansion of Vocabulary:

The English language expanded its vocabulary to accommodate concepts andinnovations emerging from scientific, industrial, and technological developments Newterms were coined to describe inventions, processes, and discoveries.

Literary and Cultural Contributions:

Literary figures from the Modern English period, including the Romantic poets,Victorian novelists, and modernist writers, made substantial contributions to thelanguage Their works reflected and influenced the linguistic and cultural landscape oftheir respective eras.

Colonial and Global Influence:

English continued to spread globally through colonial expansion, trade, andcultural influence The British Empire's reach and the emergence of the United States as aglobal power contributed to the dissemination of English to diverse regions.

Language Standardization:

Efforts to standardize English grammar and spelling gained momentum duringthis period Dictionaries played a crucial role in codifying language norms SamuelJohnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755) was a landmark work thatcontributed to standardizing English.

British and American English: