báo cáo thí nghiệm mạch tuyến tính 1 ee3716

Kirchhoff''''s Current Law KCLKirchhoff''''s Current Law KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents leaving anynode or the algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero.. Kirchhoff''''s

ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘITRƯỜNG ĐIỆN - ĐIỆN TỬ

BÁO CÁO THÍ NGHIỆM

MẠCH TUYẾN TÍNH 1 (EE3716)Họ tên sinh viên: Hoàng Quang Hưng

MSSV: 20202749

Lớp: CTTT Kỹ thuật ĐK - TĐH 02 - K65Mã lớp TN: 742959

Hà Nội, tháng 5 năm 2024

Lab #1: Kirchhoff's Current and Voltage Laws

I OBJECTIVES

To learn and apply Kirchhoff's Current Law To learn and apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.To obtain further practice in electrical measurements

Compare experimental results with those using hand calculations.

II BACKGROUND AND THEORY1 Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents leaving anynode or the algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero KCL can be stated asthe sum of the currents entering a node must equal the sum of the currents leaving anode

Kirchhoff's Current Law can also be expressed as follows:

a) The algebraic sum of the currents entering a junction (node) equals zero b) The algebraic sum of the currents leaving a junction (node) equals zero.c) The algebraic sum of currents entering a node equal to the algebraic sum of

currents leaving a node.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of voltages around aclosed path is zero As you make a summation of voltages, it is suggested that youproceed around the closed path in a clockwise direction If you encounter a positive(+) sign as you first enter the circuit element, add that value On the contrary, if youfirst encounter a negative sign as you enter the circuit element, then subtract the valueof that voltage.

We can state Kirchhoff's Voltage Law in three ways which are all equivalent:

The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path of an electriccircuit equals zero.

The algebraic sum of the voltage rises around any closed path of an electriccircuit equal to zero

The algebraic sum of the voltage rises equals the algebraic sum of thevoltage drops around any closed path of an electric circuit.

III EQUIPMENT AND PARTS LIST● Digital Multimeter (DMM)

● DC power supply - Circuit breadboard● Resistors

IV PROCEDURE

1 Without substituting in numbers for R1, R2, R3, and R4 apply Kirchhoff's CurrentLaw at nodes 1 and 2 so as to obtain two equations in terms of the two unknown nodevoltages V1 and V2 Simplify these equations.

2 Let R1=100Ω, R2 = 500Ω, R3= 50Ω, and R4= 150Ω in the equations of Step 1.Solve these equations by hand for V1 and V2.

From V1 and V2 find Va, Vb, Vc, Ia, Ib, and lc

3 Measure the resistors Use these values to find V1, V2, Va, Vb, Vc, Ia, Ib, and Ic asin Step 2.

4 Construct the circuit shown in the Figure below.

5 Use the multimeter to measure the indicated three currents and five voltages6 Compare the results of Step 2 with those obtained from the theoretical calculationsof Steps 2 and 3 above.

7 Using the measured values of the three currents, check KCL at node 2

8 Use your measured values of the source voltage, Va Vb, and Vc to checkKirchhoff's Voltage Law for the outer loop of the circuit.

V CALCULATIONS AND COMPARISONS1 Experiment results

VR 1+R 2+RR 3.3+ 4RR4

100 500+ +50.15050 150+

Ib=−24+(Va Vb+ )R 3 =

−24 +Ia(R 1+R 2)R 3 =

−24 +22.59

50 =−28.20(mA)Ic Ia Ib= + =9.45(mA)

Experimental results (mA)Theoretical results (mA)Differences (%)

Vb=Ia R 2=37.65 ×10 × 500 18.825= (V )Vc=Ic R 4=9.45× 10−3

Experimental results (mA)Theoretical results (mA)Differences (%)

=> The difference between experimental and theoretical results is less than 1%, which is acceptable.

VI CONCLUSIONS

The measured value are reasonably accurate and are roughly the same as the nominalvalues.

Lab #2: Nodal Analysis

I OBJECTIVES

- To learn and apply Nodal analysis.

- To obtain further practice in electrical measurements.

- Compare experimental results with those using hand calculations.

II BACKGROUND AND THEORY

Analysis of electrical networks involves the determination of node voltages and loopor branch currents Nodal analysis refers to the technique of writing equations wherethe unknown quantities are the node voltages of the circuit Kirchhoff's current law isused to define the equations at each node in the circuit, using currents obtained byOhm's law.

III EQUIPMENT AND PARTS LIST- Digital Multimeter (DMM)- DC power supply- Circuit breadboard- Resistors

IV PROCEDURE

- Consider the bridge circuit shown in Figure below

- One useful property of the bridge circuit is the so-called balance condition thatoccurs when the relationship among the bridge resistors ("legs") is such that(R1/R2)-(R3/R4) Note that in the balance state the node voltages V2 and V3are equal, meaning that the current RS must be zero Also note that the balancecondition depends only upon the resistor ratios, not the applied voltage V.- The bridge circuit can be used to determine the value of an unknown resistor if

several known resistors are available For example, if the R3 leg was anunknown resistor we could use various combinations of known resistors for theR1, R2, and R4 legs until the balance condition was achieved We would thenknow that R3= R4*(R1/R2).

- Using the resistance and voltages given in the Figure, determine all nodevoltages and branch currents in the circuit Using the voltage and currentvalues, calculate the power dissipated by each resistor.

- Determine a new value for R4, leaving the other resistors unchanged, that willbalance the bridge circuit Assume an adjustable resistor is used so that anyresistance value can be obtained.

- Construct the circuit shown in the Figure.

- Measure and record the resistance of each resistor you use.

- Use the multimeter to adjust the power supply Measure and record all nodevoltages and branch currents.

V EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS1 Nominal values

V3−V2R5 +

V3−0R4 =

⟹{V2=5.56 VV3=7.98 V

The branch current:

500 =12.88(mA)I2=V2

150 =37.06 (mAI3=V1−V3

100 =40.20(mA)I4=V3

500 =15.96(mA )I5=V3−V2

P3=I3×R3=¿ P4=I4×R4=¿

Lab #4: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

I OBJECTIVES

- To understand the Thévenin's and Norton equivalent of a circuit.- To check the experimental values versus calculated values.- To find the conditions for maximum power delivered to a load.

- To build a Thévenin equivalent of the original circuit and check to see if itreally is equivalent

II BACKGROUND & THEORY1 Thévenin's theorem

Thévenin's theorem states that any two-terminal circuit with linear elements can berepresented with an equivalent circuit containing a single voltage source in series witha single resistor

The equivalent circuit consists of an independent voltage source Voc and a seriesresistor R The resistor Rt is determined by removing all independent sources (shortvoltage sources and open current sources) V is found by measuring the open circuitocvoltage across the output and i is found by measuring the current between the shortedscoutput connections.

Voc and R , are computed as follows: V = Vttoc

The load resistance that absorbs the maximum power from a two-terminal circuit isequal to the Thévenin resistance.

The maximum voltage at the output of a linear source is:

inThe maximum current at the output of a linear source is:

4 RT

4 =voc

III EQUIPMENT AND PARTS LIST- Digital Multimeter (DMM)- DC power supply- Circuit breadboard- Resistor

IV.PROCEDUREExperiment 2:

1 Construct the circuit below (using a 100 resistor with a large enough power rating toabsorb isc)-

Measure v and is at the output Remember to measure the resistance of each resistorocused Now imagine that you are unable to measure because a 100 resistor with a largeenough power rating is unavailable (or pretend the power supply might be damaged).

Take an additional measurement that will allow you to construct the Theveninequivalent.

2 Place the following "loads" across the output and record voltage across and currentthrough.

V EXPERIMENT RESULTSVopen = 10.05 (V)

Ishort = 26.02 (mA)

Equivalent Thevenin’s resistor: 380.64 (Ω)

When loads are placed:

With this additional measurement data, we can construct the Thevenin equivalentcircuit, which consists of a voltage source (Vth) in series with a resistor (Rth) TheThevenin voltage will be the open-circuit voltage measured earlier, and the Theveninresistance will be calculated based on the load measurements.

Lab #5: Power Relationship

II BACKGROUND AND THEORY

An arbitrary connection between a source and a load can be depicted in Fig 1 Notethat the voltage source and source resistance Rs could actually be the Theveninequivalent circuit for a more complicated network.

Case 1: Maximum voltage transfer

To maximize the load voltage Vload the relationship between Rs and Rload can beexpressed as:

Case 2: Maximum current transfer

If we need to supply the maximum available current from the source to the load, weneed a different relationship between RL and Rs Specifically:

Assuming the source resistance is fixed, the load current is maximized for RL << RS

Case 3: Maximum power transfer

To maximize the power delivered to the load, assuming the source resistance is fixed,we need to maximize the power expression with respect to RL

The maximum power transfer occurs for RL=RS This is in agreement with themaximum power transfer in the Thevenin equivalent lab.

III EQUIPMENT AND PARTS LISTDigital multimeter (DMM)

DC power supply

Circuit breadboardResistors

IV PROCEDURE4.1 Theoretical Calculations

Consider the circuit in Fig 2 Then use specific resistance values to calculate thepower dissipated in each of the resistors with the optimum load resistor attached Use aprogram to solve for the branch currents if you wish.

4.2 Laboratory experiment

1 Assemble the circuit in Fig 2 using the supply for Vsource, R =330Ω, and RSL=1Ω.Use the multimeter to set Vsource to 12V (DC), Measure and record the voltage acrossRL.

2 Now replace the 1Ω load resistors in turn with the nominal resistor values (resistorper value) in your lab kit (10Ω, 100Ω, 200Ω, etc.) and record the load voltage.Remember to record the actual values of the resistors you use 3 Construct the circuitshown in Fig 2 using the nominal resistor indicated (record the values used) Set thepower supply to 12V Using the symbolic expression you derived in the pre-lab andthe measured values of your resistors, calculate the value of R for the maximum powertransfer Construct a resistor of this value using a carefully adjusted 1kΩ potentiometerand/or resistors from your lab kit and attach it to your circuits Measure the voltageacross your load resistor and across each of the other resistors in the circuit Alsomeasure the current flowing in the power supply

4 Now replace the load resistor in tum with each of the nominal resistor values in yourlab kit (1kΩ, 100Ω, 200Ω, etc.) and record the load voltage in each case.

V CALCULATIONS AND COMPARISONSWe have

50 Ω 50 Ω 150 Ω 500 Ω 100 Ω

For this experiment, first we found the equivalent resistor of the circuit by Thevenin’stheorem and confirmed it with the actual measurement of open voltage and shortcircuit current The equivalent resistor is:

Req❑=145.74 Ω

Now with the circuit following Figure 2, we replace the load resistor with someavailable resistors in the lab and record the voltage and current at the load We cameup with the table:

R load (Ω) V load (V) V load/V source I load (A) P load (W)

V load/ V source and R load

I load and R load

P load and R load

R load

VI CONCLUSIONS- I load decreases with R load- V load/V source increases with R load

- P load reaches a maximum at the nearest value to the equivalent resistor.

Lab #8: Second Order Circuit

A convenient way to examine the characteristic equation is to compare a given order characteristic equation with a standard form expressed as

+2 ζωnS +ωn =0

ζ is called the damping factor: ω is called the undamped natural resonant frequency If

ζ < 1 the system response is underdampedζ = 1 the system response is criticallyζ > 1 the system response is overdamped

With (1) and (2), solving the equation we have:

ωn=√ 1LC2 ζωn=Rtotal

III EQUIPMENT AND PARTS LIST- Digital multimeter (DMM)- DC power supply

- Circuit breadboard- Resistors- Pulse generator- Oscilloscope- Capacitor- Inductor

IV EXPERIMENT RESULTS1 Circuit for experiment

- Actual experiment data:

2 Experiment results- Critically damped3 Calculation

ωn=√ 150 1 0−3

.20 1 0−6=100

2 ζωn=RtotalL = 5050 ×1 0−3=1 03=> ζ¿1