final exam 20222 ee2023 technical writing and presentation

Because of their large surface area and nanoscale size, NPs havedistinct physical and chemical characteristics.. Their optical properties aresaid to be size dependant, imparting distinct

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department of Automation Engineering

Final Exam 20222

EE2023 Technical Writing and Presentation

Student name: Tran Dinh Hoan

Student ID: 20210362

Class ID: 140887

1

Hanoi, 7/2023

SUMMARY

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characteristics, and applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in various forms NPs are extremely tiny materials with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm They can

be divided into many classes based on their qualities, forms, and sizes Fullerenes, metal NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymeric NPs are the various groups Because of their large surface area and nanoscale size, NPs have distinct physical and chemical characteristics Their optical properties are said to be size dependant, imparting distinct hues due to absorption in the visible area Their distinctive size, shape, and structure also influence their reactivity, toughness, and other qualities They are good candidates for a variety of commercial and domestic applications, including catalysis, imaging, medicinal applications, energy-based research, and environmental applications, due to these features Heavy metal NPs of lead, mercury, and tin have been observed to be so stiff and stable that decomposition is difficult, which can lead to a variety of environmental toxicities.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY……….2

INTRODUCTION………4

CHAPTER 1 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES…………4

I Cacbon-based nanoparticles………4

II Metal NPs………6

III Ceramics NP………6

IV Semiconductor NPs……….6

V Polymeric NPs……….6

VI Lipid-based NPs……… 6

CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES……… 6

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES… 7

I Morphological characterization……….7

II Structural characterization……….9

III Particle size and surface area characterization……… 9

IV Optical characterization……….10

CHAPTER 4 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES………10

I Electronic and optical properties……… …10

II Magnetic properties……… …10

III Mechanical properties……… 11

IV Thermal properties………12

CHAPTER 5 APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES ………….12

I Applications in drugs and medications……….12

II Applications in manufacturing and materials……… 12

III Applications in the environment……… 13

IV Applications in electronics………13

V Applications in energy harvesting………13

VI Applications in mechanical industries……… 13

3

CHAPTER 6 TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES……… 14 CONCLUSION……… 15 REFERENCES ……… 16

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology has been studied since the last century Since Nobel laureate Richard P Feynman introduced the term "nanotechnology" in his well-known 1959 lecture "There's Plenty

of Room at the Bottom" (Feynman, 1960), there have been numerous significant developments

in the field of nanotechnology Nanotechnology created a wide range of materials at the nanoscale level Nanoparticles (NPs) are a broad class of materials that include particulate compounds with a maximum size of less than 100 nm These materials can be 0D, 1D, 2D, or 3D depending on the overall shape The significance of these materials was apparent when researchers discovered that size can influence a substance's physiochemical qualities, such as optical capabilities The hues of 20-nm gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd) NPs are wine red, yellowish gray, black, and dark black, respectively An example of this representation, in which Au NPs of varying sizes are synthesized These NPs displayed distinct colors and properties with varying size and shape, which can be used in bioimaging applications The hue of the solution changes due to variations in aspect ratio, nanoshell thickness, and % gold concentration, as scientists reveal A change in any of the factors mentioned above affects the NPs' ability to absorb light, leading to the observation of various absorption hues

Because NPs are not simple molecules, they have three layers: (a) the surface layer, which can

be functionalized with a range of small molecules, metal ions, surfactants, and polymers (b) The shell layer, which is chemically distinct from the core in all aspects, and (c) the core, which is the NP's central section and commonly refers to the NP itself Because of their extraordinary properties, these materials have piqued the curiosity of researchers across multiple disciplines The images of mesoporous and nonporous methacrylatefunctionalized silica (MA-SiO2) obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)[1] and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)[2] are incredible Mesoporousness gives NPs extra properties The nanoparticles can be used for medication administration, chemical and biological sensing, gas sensing, CO2 capture, and other applications We present a basic overview of the many types, synthesis methods, characterizations, characteristics, and uses of NPs in this review paper The final portion includes future implications and recommendations

We present a basic overview of the many types, synthesis methods, characterizations, characteristics, and uses of NPs in this review paper The final portion includes future implications and recommendations

CHAPTER 1 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES

4

Nanoparticles are classified into several types based on their form, size, and chemical characteristics Some well-known classes of NPs are listed below based on physical and chemical properties

I Cacbon-based Nanoparticles

Fullerenes[3] and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)[4] are the two most common types of carbon-based NPs Fullerenes contain nanomaterials made of globular hollow cages, such as allotropic carbon forms They have sparked significant commercial interest in nanocomposites for a variety

of commercial uses, including fillers, effective gas adsorbents for environmental remediation, and support medium for various inorganic and organic catalysts

Model of the C fullerene (buckminsterfullerene).60

A fullerene[3] is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected

by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes Graphene (isolated atomic layers of graphite), which is a flat mesh regular hexagonal rings, can be seen as an extreme member of the family Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature and outer space The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such

as soot and charcoal They have been the subject of intense research, both for their chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and

nanotechnology

5

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)[4] are carbon tubes with diameters in the nanometer range (nanoscale) They are a type of carbon allotrope Because of their nanostructure and the strength

of the connections between carbon atoms, carbon nanotubes can display amazing features such

as exceptional tensile strength and thermal conductivity Some carbon nanotube formations are electrically conductive, whereas others are semiconductors They can also be chemically changed These features are projected to be useful in a wide range of technological applications, including electronics, optics, composite materials (replacing or supplementing carbon fibers), nanotechnology, and other materials science applications

II Metal NPs

Metal precursors make up the whole structure of metal NPs Due to their well-known localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)[5] characteristics, these NPs have unique optoelectrical characteristics Nanoparticles of Cu, Ag, and Au have a broad absorption band in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum Modern cutting-edge materials require the controlled synthesis of metal NPs by facet, size, and shape A wide range of scientific domains use metal NPs because of their exceptional optical properties For SEM[1] sampling, gold NPs coating is frequently used to enhance the electrical stream and produce SEM[1] images of greater quality The applications section of this evaluation covers a wide range of other uses in detail III Ceramics NPs

Inorganic nonmetallic solids called ceramic NPs are created through heating and cooling Amorphous, polycrystalline, dense, porous, and hollow variants are also available These NPs are gaining a lot of attention from scientists due to their applicability in processes like catalysis, photocatalysis, dye photodegradation, and imaging

IV Semiconductor NPs

Because semiconductor materials have properties that fall somewhere between those of metals and nonmetals, they are used in a variety of ways in the literature Large bandgaps in

semiconductor NPs led to drastic changes in their properties during bandgap tuning They are essential components of photocatalysis, photonics, and electrical devices as a result For instance,

a variety of semiconductor NPs have been shown to be highly effective in water splitting applications due to their ideal bandgap and bandedge positions

V Polymeric NPs

6

organic-based NPs They typically have the shape of nanospheres or nanocapsules The other molecules are adsorbed at the outside edge of the spherical surface, whereas the former are matrix particles with a typically solid total mass In the latter case, the particle completely encloses the solid mass PNPs are versatile and have many uses since they are simple to functionalize

VI Lipid-based NPs

These NPs include lipid moieties and have a wide range of biomedical uses A lipid NP typically has a diameter of 10 to 1000 nm and is spherical in shape Like polymeric NPs, lipid NPs feature a solid lipid core and a matrix made of soluble lipophilic substances The outer core

of these NPs was kept stable by the addition of surfactants or emulsifiers Lipid nanotechnology

is a sector of nanotechnology that focuses on the design and manufacturing of lipid nanoparticles for a range of functions, such as drug transporters and delivery systems and RNA release in cancer therapy

CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES

For the synthesis of NPs, a variety of techniques can be used, although these techniques can be broadly categorized into the Bottom-up [6] approach and the Top-down[6] approach, as illustrated in Scheme 1 Based on the operation, reaction situation, and accepted protocols, these techniques are further divided into numerous subclasses

Scheme 1 Typical synthetic methods for NPs for the (a) top-down and (b) bottom-up approaches.

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF NPS

Different characterization techniques have been practiced for the analysis of various physicochemical properties of NPs These include techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD),

7

(BET), and particle size analysis

I Morphological characterizations

Since morphology always determines the majority of the NPs' qualities, the morphological characteristics of NPs always garner significant interest There are various methods for characterizing morphological investigations, but the most crucial ones are microscopic methods like polarized optical microscopy (POM)[7], SEM[1], and TEM[2]

The SEM[1] approach, which is based on the electron scanning concept, gives all the information that is currently known about the NPs at the nanoscale level There is a large body of research using this technique to examine the dispersion of NPs in the bulk or matrix as well as the morphology of their nanomaterials Through the use of this approach, the dispersion of SWNTs[8] in the polymer matrix of nylon-6 and poly(butylene) terephthalate (PBT) was discovered In addition, the same group offers a POM analysis of their materials, which revealed star-like spherulites of the produced materials, whose size was reduced with the incremental filling of SWNTs.[8]

Figure 7 SEM images of ZnO modified MOFs at different temperatures

Similar to this, because TEM is based on the electron transmittance principle, it may provide information on the bulk material at magnifications ranging from extremely low to high This method is used to study the various morphologies of gold nanoparticles (NPs) Fig 8 shows some TEM micrographs of distinct gold NP morphologies made using various techniques Additionally, TEM offers crucial details regarding materials with two or more layers, such as the quadrupolar hollow shell structure of Co3O4 NPs These NPs were discovered to be incredibly active in Li-ion batteries as anodes (Fig 9) With sufficient pore space to buffer the volume

8

cycling performance, a higher rate capacity, and a higher specific capacity as well.

Figure 8 TEM images of different form of gold NPs, synthesized by different techniques

Figure 9 SEM (a–c, h), TEM (d–f), XRD patterns (g) and HRTEM (i) images of double, triple and quadruple Co3O4 hollow shells

II Structural characterizations

The structural characteristics are of the primary importance to study the composition and nature

of bonding materials It provides diverse information about the bulk properties of the subject material XRD[9], energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), XPS, IR, Raman, BET, and Zieta size analyzer are the common techniques used to study structural properties of NPs

9

III Particle size and surface area characterization

The size of the NPs can be estimated using a variety of ways These include dynamic light scattering (DLS), SEM, TEM, XRD, and AFM(atomic force microscopy) The particle size can

be better determined by SEM, TEM, XRD, and AFM, however the zeta potential size analyzer/DLS can be utilized to determine the NPs size at a very low level In one work, Sikora

et al employed the DLS technique to look into how the size of silica NPs changed as serum proteins were absorbed The findings demonstrated that size increased as protein layer was acquired However, DLS may not be able to detect agglomeration and hydrophilicity accurately, therefore in that case, we should rely on the high-resolution technique of differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) In addition to DSC, a more recent and unique technology called nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is useful when dealing with biological systems including proteins and DNA We can see and examine the NPs in liquid media using the NTA approach, which connects the velocity of Brownian motion to the size of the particles Using this method,

we can determine the size distribution profile of NPs in a liquid media with diameters ranging from 10 to 1000 nm When compared to DLS, this method produced some promising results and was discovered to be extremely accurate for sizing both monodisperse and polydisperse samples, with significantly higher peak resolution identified the concentration of various sized NPs and their particle sizes in suspensions of polymer and protein materials and gave a summary

Due to the importance of optical qualities in photocatalytic applications, photochemists have developed strong skills in this field to explain the mechanisms underlying their photochemical processes These descriptions are based on the well-known Beer-Lambert law and fundamental lighting concepts These methods provide details on the NPs' absorption, reflectance,

luminescence, and phosphorescence characteristics It is well known that NPs, particularly metallic and semiconductor NPs, have distinctive hues and are hence best suited for applications using light Therefore, it is always fascinating to learn how much these materials absorb and reflect light in order to comprehend the fundamental workings of each application The well-known optical equipment that can be used to investigate the optical characteristics of NPs materials are the UV-visible (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), and null ellipsometer

CHAPTER 4 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NPS

As discussed earlier, various physicochemical properties such as large surface area, mechanically strong, optically active and chemically reactive make NPs unique and suitable applicants for various applications Some of their important properties are discuss in the following section

I Electronic and optical properties

Nanomaterials have lower thermal and electrical conductivities than bulk materials The classical free electron theory of metals states that the movement of electrons within a metallic solid lead to electrical conductivity Nanomaterials have a high density of grain boundaries,

10