SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Edited by Xiaoming Li Squamous Cell Carcinoma Edited by Xiaoming Li Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Edited by Xiaoming Li p cm ISBN 978-953-51-0024-9 Contents Preface IX Part Features and Managment of Some Specific Squamous Cell Carcinomas Chapter Metastasis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xiaoming Li, Yupeng Shen, Bin Di and Qi Song Chapter Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin Vinicius Vazquez, Sergio Serrano and Renato Capuzzo Chapter Sarcomatoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Charmaine C Anderson, Brian H Le and Bernice Robinson-Bennett Chapter Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma 67 Jasim Radhi Part 33 53 Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategies for Squamous Cell Carcinoma 77 Chapter Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Using Platinum-Based Regimens for Stage Ib2-II Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Non-Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix 79 Tadahiro Shoji, Eriko Takatori, Hideo Omi, Masahiro Kagabu, Tastuya Honda, Yuichi Morohara, Seisuke Kumagai, Fumiharu Miura, Satoshi Takeuchi, Akira Yoshizaki and Toru Sugiyama Chapter Combined Therapy For Squamous Carcinoma Cells: Application of Porphyrin-Alkaloid Modified Gold Nanoparticles 93 Jarmila Králová, Kamil Záruba, Pavel Řezanka, Pavla Poučková, Lenka Veverková and Vladimír Král VI Contents Part Molecular Aspects of Tumor Invasion and Progression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma 119 Chapter Cadherin Expression and Progression of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity 121 Kazushi Imai, Genta Maeda and Tadashige Chiba Chapter The Role of EphB4 and EphrinB2 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma 137 Eric J Yavrouian, Uttam K Sinha and Rizwan Masood Chapter Involvement of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen in Invasion and Metastasis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix 153 Akihiro Murakami, Keiko Yoshidomi and Norihiro Sugino Part Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma 161 Chapter 10 The Cellular Microenvironment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Maya Mathew and Sufi Mary Thomas 163 Chapter 11 Role of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Induced Bone Destruction 175 Tsuyoshi Shimo and Akira Sasaki Chapter 12 Role of Inflammation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Kvanỗ Bekta-Kayhan 195 Part Cancer Stem Cells in Squamous Cell Carcinoma 213 Chapter 13 Molecular Mechanisms Involving Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) – Roles of Hypoxic Microenvironment and Cancer Stem Cell 215 Xiaoming Li, Qingjia Sun and Yupeng Shen Chapter 14 New Therapeutic Strategies in Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Stem Cell Target 233 Guadalupe Aparicio Gallego, Vanessa Medina Villaamil, Guillermo Alonso Curbera and L Antón Aparicio Contents Part Genetic Manipulation and Its Possible Clinical Implications for Squamous Cell Carcinoma 253 Chapter 15 MicroRNA Dysregulation in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck 255 Thian-Sze Wong, Wei Gao, Wai-Kuen Ho, Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan, William Ignace Wei and Raymond King-Yin Tsang Chapter 16 Structural Features, Biological Functions of the Alpha-1 Antitrypsin and Contribution to Esophageal Cancer 281 Shahla Mohammad Ganji, Ferdous Rastgar Jazii and Abbas Sahebghadam-Lotfi Part Chapter 17 Miscellaneous 291 Vitamin D3 and Its Role in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma 293 M Rita I Young and David D Walker VII Preface Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents a common malignancy of mankind It originates in the squamous epithelia covering the external surface of the body or lining the inner surface of lumen of different body systems Because of the diversity in the location of the primary tumors, patients may present with distinct clinicopathologic manifestations, making it necessary to manage them individually and multidisciplinarily Even with marked advances in the understanding of the disease and treatment modalities, there are still many difficult problems to solve and unclear questions to address This book is unique in that it supplies an in-depth discussion of a series of interesting topics on SCC Firstly, the features and management of some specific SCC is discussed to give the readers the general principles in dealing with these uncommon and sophisticated conditions Some new concepts in adjuvant therapy including neoadjuvant therapy and gold nanoparticle-based photo dynamic therapy are introduced, the latter of which shows a great promise in the treatment of SCC Secondly, a detailed discussion of molecular aspects of tumor invasion and progression in SCC is provided with the emphasis on the roles of some important factors The role of tumor microenvironment in head and neck SCC is specifically discussed, which is comprised of cellular and non-cellular components Thirdly, as a relatively new concept, the roles of cancer stem cells (CSC) in cancer therapy of SCC are described Molecular mechanisms involving therapeutic resistance and new therapeutic strategies targeting CSC are discussed in detail Finally, other aspects concerning SCC are also included, which involve the assessment, genetic manipulation and its possible clinical implications for the treatment of SCC It is really our hope that the book can point to some new areas deserved for further investigation on SCC, and much progress in the understanding and treatment of the disease be made in the near future To be frank, it is really such an extensive topic to discuss about SCC Moreover, within a book containing limited chapters, we are definitely unable to cover nearly all related issues on SCC Our intent in writing the book “Squamous Cell Carcinoma” is to provide the readers with not very comprehensive but exclusive presentations on some special issues in the recent advances in the study of SCC Perhaps, many important parts concerning diagnosis and treatment of SCC have been missed, which seems to be our regret for this book X Preface I wish to give special thanks to all contributors of the book around the world Without the great efforts and excellent work they made, the publication of the book would not have been realized I finally express my love and thanks to my wife and other family members for their constant understanding, support, love and patience in helping such a project to a final success Professor and Director Xiaoming Li Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital China 288 Squamous Cell Carcinoma controls Measurement of AAT indicated higher level of AAT in patients’ serum that was in accordance to what previously reported with regard to patho-physiological status and malignancies (as described in detail above) However, and as a significant finding we found that the augmented AAT is non-functional which accounts for further dysfunction as well as reduction of AAT proper protease inhibitor activity in SCCE patients Moreover, 97.3% of SCCE patients were homozygote for MM (PiMM) (normal genotype), and only 2.7% were MS heterozygous Neither of the PiZ and PiS genotypes were identified in the patients (P