ADVANCES IN BRAIN IMAGING Edited by Vikas Chaudhary Advances in Brain Imaging Edited by Vikas Chaudhary Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Brain Imaging, Edited by Vikas Chaudhary p. cm. 978-953-307-955-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Automatic Vector Seeded Region Growing for Parenchyma Classification in Brain MRI 1 Chuin-Mu Wang and Ruey-Maw Chen Chapter 2 Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders 11 Angelica Staniloiu, Irina Vitcu and Hans J. Markowitsch Chapter 3 Neural Mechanisms for Dual-Process Reasoning: Evidence from the Belief-Bias Effect 35 Takeo Tsujii and Kaoru Sakatani Chapter 4 Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Diffuse Optical Tomography in Neuroscience 51 Matteo Caffini, Davide Contini, Rebecca Re, Lucia M. Zucchelli, Rinaldo Cubeddu, Alessandro Torricelli and Lorenzo Spinelli Chapter 5 Intraoperative Human Functional Brain Mapping Using Optical Intrinsic Signal Imaging 77 Sameer A. Sheth, Vijay Yanamadala and Emad N. Eskandar Chapter 6 Functional Holography and Cliques in Brain Activation Patterns 101 Yael Jacob, David Papo, Talma Hendler and Eshel Ben-Jacob Chapter 7 Hyperpolarized Xenon Brain MRI 127 Xin Zhou Chapter 8 Segmentation of Brain MRI 143 Rong Xu, Limin Luo and Jun Ohya VI Contents Chapter 9 Comparison of Granulometric Studies of Brain Slices from Normal and Dissociated Strabismus Subjects Through Morphological Transformations 169 Jorge D. Mendiola-Santibañez, Martín Gallegos-Duarte, Domingo J. Gómez-Meléndez and Angélica R. Jiménez-Sánchez Chapter 10 Intracerebral Communication Studied by Magnetoencephalography 195 Kuniharu Kishida Chapter 11 Pre-Attentive Processing of Sound Duration Changes: Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography Study 221 Wichian Sittiprapaporn Chapter 12 White Matter Changes in Cerebrovascular Disease: Leukoaraiosis 235 Anca Hâncu, Irene Răşanu and Gabriela Butoi Preface Remarkable advances in medical diagnostic imaging have been made during the past few decades. The development of new imaging techniques and continuous improvements in the display of digital images have opened new horizons in the study of brain anatomy and pathology. The field of brain imaging has now become a fast- moving, demanding, and exciting multidisciplinary activity. I hope that this textbook will be useful to students and clinicians in the field of neuroscience, in understanding the fundamentals of advances in brain imaging. We couldn't have produced the book in less than a year without the excellent team of authors. I am deeply indebted to all the authors. Their contribution and sacrifice made this a worthwhile and proud endeavour. Special thanks to Ms. Romana Vukelic, publishing process manager for this project, for her tireless and unwavering support of the project. We are greatly indebted to the production staff of InTech for their patience, valuable guidance and extreme professionalism. I would also like to thank my family, friends and colleagues for their understanding and encouragement throughout the project. Dr. Vikas Chaudhary Department of Radiodiagnosis, Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Model Hospital, India [...]... occur in the absence of significant brain damage as detected by conventional structural brain imaging techniques When some brain Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders 17 damage exists, the extent of amnesia cannot be accounted for by the locus and degree of brain damage and amnesia is often labeled as “disproportionate amnesia” (Piolino et al., 2005) In the last years, functional brain imaging was... for functional brain changes paralleling successful combined psychiatric treatment 18 Advances in Brain Imaging Fig 2 Example of reduced regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the anterior temporofrontal cortices in a patient with dissociative amnesia In likely the first paper on functional brain imaging in a variant of dissociative amnesia (dissociative fugue condition), Markowitsch, Fink et al (1997b)... we review neuroimaging data pertaining to dissociative (conversion) disorders, which were obtained with functional imaging methods performed during rest or various tasks, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), as well as structural imaging techniques, including newer structural imaging methods such... events.) Again no functional imaging paradigm was employed in this study 26 Advances in Brain Imaging Five main meditation practices are identified (Ospina et al., 2007) - Mantra meditation (Transcendental meditation, standardized meditation); Mindfulness meditation (Vipassana, Zen, MBSR); Yoga; Tai-chi and Qi Gong relaxation response, clinically In order to attain the “meditative” state two main approaches... and cortical (including prefrontal) regions are of importance, rendering this memory system more susceptible to environmental insults in comparison to the other systems 16 Advances in Brain Imaging Fig 1 The five long-term memory systems Procedural memory is largely motor-based, but includes also sensory and cognitive skills (“routines”) Priming refers to a higher likeliness of re-identifying previously... memory performance, an increase in brain activity was observed in several regions, including areas in the occipital, parietal and dorso-lateral frontal regions This result was interpreted (Bell et al., 2011) as being in the line with the advanced model of exaggerated inhibition in psychogenic (dissociative) amnesia (Kopelman, 2000; Anderson & Green, 2001) This model proposes that the inability to retrieve... evaluated mindfulness’ effects on well-being Imaging techniques were employed to unveil the neuronal circuitry underlying the neurobiological mechanism, as well as the structural changes occurring in the brain during mindfulness meditation or any derivates of this technique, however, their review is beyond our scope We will instead focus on available evidence from neuroimaging on identifying the neural... exhibited psychogenic urinary retention Their clinical presentation followed a chronic course that extended beyond two years, despite treatment Although in both cases of Ganser syndrome the structural brain imaging investigations were not indicative of organic impairment, in the patient where additional functional imaging (glucose PET) was performed, a global significant reduction in the brain metabolism was... hemisphere in a meditative state when compared with rest They also concluded based on their findings that the anterior cingulate and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex seem to play antagonist roles in the executive control of the attention setting during meditation task This in their opinion reconciled findings of transient hypofrontality in meditation with evidence of activation of executive brain areas during... activation of these regions In light of other data on brain activations during memory retrieval (e.g., Reinhold, Kühnel, Brand, & Markowitsch, 2006; LaBar & Cabeza, 2006), this finding was interpreted as suggesting that the patient perceived his own episodic-autobiographical episodes as if they were belonging to a third, neutral person Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders 19 In a paper in which glucose-PET . ADVANCES IN BRAIN IMAGING Edited by Vikas Chaudhary Advances in Brain Imaging Edited by Vikas Chaudhary Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000. have opened new horizons in the study of brain anatomy and pathology. The field of brain imaging has now become a fast- moving, demanding, and exciting multidisciplinary activity. I hope that. useful to students and clinicians in the field of neuroscience, in understanding the fundamentals of advances in brain imaging. We couldn't have produced the book in less than a year without