BREAST CANCER – RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY, IMAGING AND THERAPEUTICS ppt

BREAST CANCER – RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY, IMAGING AND THERAPEUTICS Edited by Susan J. Done           Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics Edited by Susan J. Done Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright OtnaYdur, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics, Edited by Susan J. Done p. cm. 978-953-307-730-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Biology 1 Part 1 Chapter 1 Progestogens and Breast Cancer Risk – In Vitro Investigations with Human Benign and Malignant Epithelial Breast Cells 3 Alfred O. Mueck, Harald Seeger and Hans Neubauer Chapter 2 The Electronics of HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Cells 17 Jan Baumann, Christopher Karch, Antonis Kourtidis and Douglas S. Conklin Chapter 3 Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein: A Marker of Breast Tumor Progression and Outcome 37 Zhor Bouizar Chapter 4 Antioxidant Enzymes as New Biomarkers for Prediction of Tumor Progression in Breast Cancer 59 Becuwe Philippe Chapter 5 Adipokines – Toward the Molecular Dissection of Interactions Between Stromal Adipocytes and Breast Cancer Cells 79 Pengcheng Fan and Yu Wang Chapter 6 Regulation of the Functional Na + /I - Symporter (NIS) Expression in Breast Cancer Cells 103 Uygar Halis Tazebay Biology – High Throughput Approaches 123 Part 2 Chapter 7 Circulating Tumour Cells: Implications and Methods of Detection 125 Nisha Kanwar and Susan Done VI Contents Chapter 8 Comparison of Genome Aberrations Between Early-Onset and Late-Onset Breast Cancer 147 Ming-Ta Hsu, Ching Cheng, Chian-Feng, Chen, Yiin-Jeng Jong, Chien-Yi Tung, Yann-Jang Chen, Sheng Wang-Wuu, Ling-Hui Li, Shih-Feng Tsai, Mei-Hua Tsou, Skye H. Cheng, Chii-Ming Chen, Andrew T. Huang, Chi-Hung Lin and Ming-Ta Hsu Chapter 9 Genomic and Proteomic Pathway Mapping Reveals Signatures of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Plasticity in Inflammatory Breast Cancer 161 Fredika M. Robertson, Chu Khoi, Rita Circo, Julia Wulfkuhle, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Zaiming Ye, Annie Z. Luo, Kimberly M. Boley, Moishia C. Wright, Erik M. Freiter, Sanford H. Barsky, Massimo Cristofanilli, Emanuel F. Petricoin and Lance A. Liotta Chapter 10 Proteomic Analysis of Potential Breast Cancer Biomarkers 179 Hsiu-Chuan Chou and Hong-Lin Chan Chapter 11 Quantitative Organelle Proteomics of Protein Distribution in Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells 203 Amal T. Qattan and Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann Diagnosis and Imaging 221 Part 3 Chapter 12 Intraductal Breast Cytology and Biopsy to the Detection and Treatment of Intraductal Lesions of the Breast 223 Tadaharu Matsunaga Chapter 13 Diagnostic Optical Imaging of Breast Cancer: From Animal Models to First-in-Men Studies 239 Michel Eisenblätter, Thorsten Persigehl, Christoph Bremer and Carsten Höltke Chapter 14 Radiotracers for Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer 263 Fan-Lin Kong and David J. Yang Chapter 15 Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer Tissue via Site-Directed Radiopharmaceuticals 277 Andrew B. Jackson, Lauren B. Retzloff, Prasant K. Nanda and C. Jeffrey Smith Chapter 16 Imaging the Sigma-2 Receptor for Diagnosis and Prediction of Therapeutic Response 303 Chenbo Zeng, Jinbin Xu and Robert H. Mach Contents VII Chapter 17 Computer Aided System for Nuclear Stained Breast Cancer Cell Counting 319 Pornchai Phukpattaranont, Somchai Limsiroratana, Kanita Kayasut and Pleumjit Boonyaphiphat Therapeutics 335 Part 4 Chapter 18 Preclinical and Clinical Developments in Molecular Targeting Therapeutic Strategies for Breast Cancer 337 Teruhiko Fujii, Hiroki Takahashi, Yuka Inoue, Masayoshi Kage, Hideaki Yamana and Kazuo Shirouzu Chapter 19 Translational Research on Breast Cancer: miRNA, siRNA and Immunoconjugates in Conjugation with Nanotechnology for Clinical Studies 361 Arutselvan Natarajan and Senthil Kumar Venugopal Chapter 20 Validation of Growth Differentiation Factor (GDF-15) as a Radiation Response Gene and Radiosensitizing Target in Mammary Adenocarcinoma Model 381 Hargita Hegyesi, James R. Lambert, Nikolett Sándor, Boglárka Schilling-Tóth and Géza Sáfrány Chapter 21 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Actual Topics 397 L.G. Porto Pinheiro, P.H.D. Vasques, M. Maia, J.I.X. Rocha and D.S. Cruz  Preface  In recent years it has become clear that breast cancer is not a single disease but rather that the term encompasses a number of molecularly distinct tumors arising from the epithelial cells of the breast. There is an urgent need to better understand these distinct subtypes and develop treatments tailored to each. This book addresses this issue by approaching breast cancer from many new and exciting perspectives. Currently breast cancer is classified clinically according to hormone receptor (ER/PR) and HER2 status. In the future it may be that other biological factors will also be assessed and be relevant for diagnosis and treatment decisions. In the initial chapters several factors related to breast cancer risk and progression are explored. In recent years a number of high-throughput techniques that allow simultaneous evaluation of many genes or proteins have been developed and applied to learn more about breast cancer. These represent powerful tools that continue to evolve and a few are discussed in detail in the second section. Methods used to identify breast cancer are also changing rapidly and many innovative and novel approaches to both diagnosis and imaging are addressed in the third section. The final section is concerned with emerging therapeutic and clinical issues. It is hoped that the reader will be intrigued and stimulated to further discovery by the various perspectives that are explored in this book. Thanks are given to all those who gladly contributed their time and expertise to prepare the outstanding chapters included in this volume. Thanks also to Dr. Felding- Habermann, Mr Zeljko Spalj and Ms. Viktorija Zgela who began the process of developing this book. Ms Silvia Vlase is acknowledged for her expert assistance. Many thanks are also due to my family; Sean, John, Lottie and Isabelle, for their patience and support during the process of working on this book.  Susan J. Done Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research University Health Network Toronto, Canada [...]... improper methylation pattern begins in the primary tumor and increases upon metastasis, leading to alterations in gene expression (Feng et al 2010) This change occurs in concert with an alteration in histone methylation, leading to a decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor genes in breast 26 Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics cancer (Sharma et al 2010) It appears... etradiol in postmenopausal women Contraception, 56, pp 379-85 Lyytinen H, Pukkala E & Ylikorkala O (2009) Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estradiol-progestogen therapy Obstetrics and Gynecology, 113, pp 65-73 14 Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics Magnusson C, Baron JA, Correia N, Bergstrom R, Adami H-O & Persson I (1999) Breastcancer risk following long-term... Research, 61, pp 676 8–6 776 16 Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee (2004) Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy JAMA, 291, pp 17011712 Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women... heterodimers to the cell surface (Lenferink et al 1998) 18 Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics This indicates that a disregulation of HER2 levels will lead to increased receptor dimerization and thus increased signaling The expression levels of HER2 in malignant cells can be increased up to 100-fold compared to normal cells, resulting in as many as two million HER2 molecules... receptor-positive breast cancer by cross-talk with the steroid-receptor and are mainly responsible for the progression of estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer Among 10 Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics the growth factors which are important for cell growth are the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), fibroblast... of breast cancer in the climacteric and postmenopause (Million Women Study collaborators, 2003; Writing Group, 2002) The Women’s Health Initiative study was terminated early after five years, due to an increased incidence of breast cancer in the group treated with combined estrogen and progestogen therapy (EPT) The MWS concluded that breast cancer risk was increased two-fold in current users of combined... further investigated 4 Cancerous breast epithelial cells cells overexpressing PGRMC1 Since the results of the WHI mono arm were published, indicating a negative effect of progestins on breast cancer risk, the molecular pathway responsible for this effect and the many questions on the extrapolation of the WHI results to all synthetic progestins and to Progestogens and Breast Cancer Risk – In Vitro Investigations... of Clinical and Endocrinololgical Metabolism, 93, pp 159 2–1 599 Peluso JJ, Pappalardo A, Losel R & Wehling M (2006) Progesterone membrane receptor component 1 expression in the immature rat ovary and its role in mediating progesterone’s antiapoptotic action Endocrinology, 147, pp 313 3–3 140 Progestogens and Breast Cancer Risk – In Vitro Investigations with Human Benign and Malignant Epithelial Breast. .. results of the combination of the steroids and E2 on the estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) HCC1500 cells showed that the progestins CMA, MPA, NET, LNG, DNG, GSD and P4 significantly increased the ratio of apoptosis to proliferation towards an anti-proliferative 6 Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics effect to varying degrees compared to E2 alone, with MPA having the greatest... estradiol-induced effect on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells Menopause,8,845-50 Nielsen M, Thomsen JL, Primdahl S, Dyreborg U & Andersen JA (1987) Breast cancer and atypia among young and middle-aged women: a study of 110 medico-legal autopsies Br J Cancer, 56, pp.81 4–8 19 Nischan P & Ebeling K (1984) Oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate and cancer incidence at selected sites in . BREAST CANCER – RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY, IMAGING AND THERAPEUTICS Edited by Susan J. Done           Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics. (Catherino et al., 1995; Franke & Vermes, 2003). Thus the mechanisms by which progestogens act on human breast cells remain unclear. Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics. towards an anti-proliferative Breast Cancer – Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics 6 effect to varying degrees compared to E2 alone, with MPA having the greatest effect, followed