NOVEL STRATEGIES IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease, Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0184-0 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease 3 Umashankar Lakshmanadoss Part 2 Diagnostics of Ischemic Heart Disease 15 Chapter 2 Cardiac Biomarkers 17 Sadip Pant, Abhishek Deshmukh, Pritam Neupane, M.P. Kavin Kumar and C.S. Vijayashankar Chapter 3 Inflammatory Biomarkers in Ischemic Heart Disease 43 Mette Bjerre Chapter 4 Measurement of Myocardial Contractility in the Ischemic Heart – A Disease Immanent Uncertainty 63 Jens Broscheit Chapter 5 Electrical Heart Instability Evaluation in Conditions of Diastolic Heart Failure Suffered by Coronary Heart Disease Patients 81 E.P. Tatarchenko, N.V. Pozdnyakova, O.E. Morozova and E.A. Petrushin Part 3 Pharmacotherapy of Ischemic Heart Disease 99 Chapter 6 Prehospital Thrombolysis: It’s All About Time 101 Raveen Naidoo and Nicholas Castle Chapter 7 Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 123 Ajay Suri, Sophia Tincey, Syed Ahsan and Pascal Meier Chapter 8 Platelet Activation in Ischemic Heart Disease: Role of Modulators and New Therapies 135 Mahdi Garelnabi, Javier E. Horta and Emir Veledar VI Contents Chapter 9 Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion/Injury 163 Nermine Saleh and Magda Youssef Part 4 Novel Treatment Strategies 187 Chapter 10 Connexin 43 Hemichannels and Pharmacotherapy of Myocardial Ischemia Injury 189 Ghayda Hawat and Ghayath Baroudi Chapter 11 Myocardial Ischemia: Alterations in Myocardial Cellular Energy and Diastolic Function, a Potential Role for D-Ribose 219 Linda M. Shecterle and J. A. St. Cyr Chapter 12 Two Novel Approaches Providing Cardiac Protection Against Oxidative Stress 229 Howard Prentice and Herbert Weissbach Chapter 13 Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by High Cholesterol Diet is Inhibited by the Low Dose Fish Oil in Male C57BL/6J Mice 247 Satoshi Hirako, Miki Harada, Hyoun-Ju Kim, Hiroshige Chiba and Akiyo Matsumoto Chapter 14 Cardiac Protection with Targeted Drug Delivery to Ischemic-Reperfused Myocardium 253 Michael Galagudza Chapter 15 Topical Negative Pressure, Applied onto the Myocardium, a Potential Alternative Treatment for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in the Future 275 Sandra Lindstedt, Malin Malmsjö, Joanna Hlebowicz and Richard Ingemansson Chapter 16 Ischemic Heart Disease, Diabetes and Mineralocorticoid Receptors 287 Anastasia Susie Mihailidou Part 5 Public Health Importance of Ischemic Heart Disease 299 Chapter 17 Cardiology Best Practice – Effective Health Education Meets Biomedical Advances: Reducing the Ultimate Knowledge Translation Gap 301 Elizabeth Dean, Zhenyi Li, Wai Pong Wong and Michael E. Bodner Chapter 18 Inpatient Costs Associated with Ischemic Heart Disease Among Adults Aged 18-64 Years in the United States 319 Guijing Wang, Zefeng Zhang, Carma Ayala, Diane Dunet and Jing Fang Contents VII Chapter 19 Post-Myocardial Infarction Depression 333 Rousseau Guy, Thierno Madjou Bah and Roger Godbout Chapter 20 Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase CYP2J2 G-50T Polymorphism is an Independent Genetic Prognostic Risk Factor and Interacts with Smoking Cessation After Index Premature Myocardial Infarction 363 Ping-Yen Liu, Yi-Heng Li and Jyh-Hong Chen Part 6 Miscellaneous 379 Chapter 21 Coronary Artery Aneurysms: An Update 381 Karina M. Mata, Cleverson R. Fernandes, Elaine M. Floriano, Antonio P. Martins, Marcos A. Rossi and Simone G. Ramos Chapter 22 Cardiac Function and Organ Blood Flow at Early Stage Following Severe Burn 405 Rong Xiao and Yue-Sheng Huang Chapter 23 Aging, Reactive Nitrogen Species and Myocardial Apoptosis Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury 429 Huirong Liu, Ke Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, Jue Tian, Jianqin Jiao, Kehua Bai, Jie Yang and Haibo Xu Preface To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all. SIR WILLIAM OSLER Ischemic heart disease continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, and remains one of the most important public health problems. The continuous rise in the prevalence of disorders such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension is driving the ever-increasing number of incidences of ischemic heart disease. In recent years we have seen remarkable advances in the understanding of ischemic heart disease in areas such as epidemiology, risk assessment, risk factor reduction, pathophysiology, early detection, biochemical markers, imaging and in treatments. Nevertheless, the importance of prevention and personal responsibility in controlling the disease has also attracted great attention. As we all know, cardiovascular medicine is an ever-growing field; ongoing research has led to new discoveries in management, leading to improvements in the outcomes of the patients with cardiovascular diseases. The first edition of this book will provide a comprehensive overview of ischemic heart disease, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis. Also discussed are current treatment options, protocols and diagnostic procedures, as well as the latest advances in the field. The book will serve as a cutting-edge point of reference for the basic or clinical researcher, and any clinician involved in the diagnosis and management of ischemic heart disease. This book is essentially designed to fill the vital gap existing between these practices to provide a textbook that is substantial and readable, compact and reasonably comprehensive, and to provide an excellent blend of “basics to bedside and beyond” in the field of ischemic heart disease. With increasing life expectancy and increasing prevalence of the disease, patients with ischemic heart disease are being taken care of by various health care providers. I sincerely hope that this textbook will meet the needs of nurses, healthcare providers, medical students, clinicians, physician scientists and, of course, patients. With this X Preface information easily accessible via the internet, no one is deprived of the pioneering technology and ongoing research. I am thrilled to present the various chapters like epidemiology, diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and its complications, management of ischemic heart disease and its risk factors and complications. Chapters discussing translational research and novel treatment strategies will be really exciting for those interested in basic science research. I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable organisational skills of the publisher InTech, the timely and invaluable assistance of publishing process manager Ms Maja Bozicevic, designer, technical editors, information technology staff and finally the marketing representatives who are working constantly to promote the book on various platforms. I sincerely applaud all the contributing authors for their excellence, hard work and commitment in respect of their chapters. They have taken time from their personal and professional lives to complete this task and I thank them profusely for it. I believe that this book will provide valuable information for all healthcare providers who are trying to make a positive difference in our fellow human beings' lives. Let's love humanity through love of our profession. Umashankar Lakshmanadoss MD Formerly Director, Inpatient Medicine Consult Service, JHBMC, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Cardiology, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, PA, USA Dedication This book is dedicated to my mother Mrs Jana, my wife Mrs Priya for constant support, encouragement and fond memories without which this textbook would not have been possible, and to my nieces Karnika, Rithisha, Deepshika and Trisha for making my life more joyous. . hypertension is driving the ever-increasing number of incidences of ischemic heart disease. In recent years we have seen remarkable advances in the understanding of ischemic heart disease in areas such. bedside and beyond” in the field of ischemic heart disease. With increasing life expectancy and increasing prevalence of the disease, patients with ischemic heart disease are being taken care of. NOVEL STRATEGIES IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease Edited by Umashankar