Cytoskeletal Mechanics MODELS AND MEASUREMENTS pdf

P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 ii This page intentionally left blank P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 CYTOSKELETAL MECHANICS This book presents a full spectrum of views on current approaches to modeling cell mechanics. The authors of this book come from the biophysics, bioengi- neering, and physical chemistry communities and each joins the discussion with a unique perspective on biological systems. Consequently, the approaches range from finite element methods commonly used in continuum mechanics to models of the cytoskeleton as a cross-linked polymer network to models of glassy materials and gels. Studies reflect both the static, instantaneous nature of the structure, as well as its dynamic nature due to polymerization and the full array of biologicalprocesses.Whileit is unlikelythatasingleunifying approach will evolve from this diversity, it is our hope that a better appreciation of the various perspectives will lead to a highly coordinated approach to exploring the essential problems and better discussions among investigators with differing views. Mohammad R. K. Mofrad is Assistant Professor of Bioengineering at the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, where he is also director of Berkeley Biome- chanics Research Laboratory. After receiving his PhD from the University of Toronto he was a post-doctoral Fellow at Harvard Medical School and a principal research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Roger D. Kamm is the Germeshausen Professor of Mechanical and Biological Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Biological Engineering Division at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. i P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 ii P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 Cytoskeletal Mechanics MODELS AND MEASUREMENTS Edited by MOHAMMAD R. K. MOFRAD University of California, Berkeley ROGER D. KAMM Massachusetts Institute of Technology iii cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK First published in print format isbn-13 978-0-521-84637-0 isbn-13 978-0-511-24934-1 © Cambridge University Press 2006 2006 Informationonthistitle:www.cambrid g e.or g /9780521846370 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. isbn-10 0-511-24934-9 isbn-10 0-521-84637-4 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org hardback eBook (EBL) eBook (EBL) hardback P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 Contents List of Contributors page vii Preface ix 1 Introduction, with the biological basis for cell mechanics 1 Roger D. Kamm and Mohammad R. K. Mofrad 2 Experimental measurements of intracellular mechanics 18 Paul Janmey and Christoph Schmidt 3 The cytoskeleton as a soft glassy material 50 Jeffrey Fredberg and Ben Fabry 4 Continuum elastic or viscoelastic models for the cell 71 Mohammed R. K. Mofrad, Helene Karcher, and Roger D. Kamm 5 Multiphasic models of cell mechanics 84 Farshid Guilak, Mansoor A. Haider, Lori A. Setton, TodA.Laursen, and Frank P. T. Baaijens 6 Models of cytoskeletal mechanics based on tensegrity 103 Dimitrije Stamenovi ´c 7 Cells, gels, and mechanics 129 Gerald H. Pollack 8 Polymer-based models of cytoskeletal networks 152 F. C. MacKintosh 9 Cell dynamics and the actin cytoskeleton 170 James L. McGrath and C. Forbes Dewey, Jr. 10 Active cellular protrusion: continuum theories and models 204 Marc Herant and Micah Dembo 11 Summary 225 Mohammad R. K. Mofrad and Roger D. Kamm Index 231 v P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 vi P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 Contributors  . .  Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology   Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University .  , . Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering Division Massachusetts Institute of Technology   School of Public Health Harvard University   School of Public Health Harvard University   Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center  .  Department of Mathematics North Carolina State University   Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University   Institute for Medicine and Engineering University of Pennsylvania  .  Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering Division Massachusetts Institute of Technology   Biological Engineering Division Massachusetts Institute of Technology  .  Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Duke University . .  Division of Physics and Astronomy Vrije Universiteit  .  Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester  . .  Department of Bioengineering University of California, Berkeley vii P1: JZZ/JZK P2: JZZ CUFX003/Kamm-FM CUFX003/Kamm 0 521 84637 0 June 8, 2006 17:53 viii Contributors  .  Department of Bioengineering University of Washington   Institute for Medicine and Engineering University of Pennsylvania  .  Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University   ´  Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University [...]... area of cytoskeletal mechanics and might be useful as a text for courses taught specifically on the mechanics of a cell, or more broadly in courses that cover a range of topics in biomechanics In either case, our hope is that this presentation might prove stimulating and educational to engineers, physicists, and biologists wishing to expand their understanding of the critical importance of mechanics. .. describe and evaluate mechanical properties of cells and cellular structures and the mechanical interactions between cells and their environment The field of cell mechanics recently has undergone rapid development with particular attention to the rheology of the cytoskeleton and the reconstituted gels of some of the major cytoskeletal components – actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and. .. element-based continuum models for cell deformation to actin filamentbased models for cell motility Numerous experimental techniques have also been developed to quantify cytoskeletal mechanics, typically involving a mechanical perturbation of the cell in the form of either an imposed deformation or force and observation of the static and dynamic responses of the cell These experimental measurements, along... main structural properties and motilities of the cell Another area of intense investigation is the mechanical interaction of the cell with its surroundings and how this interaction causes changes in cell morphology and biological signaling that ultimately lead to functional adaptation or pathological conditions A wide range of computational models exists for cytoskeletal mechanics, ranging from finite... tension that the membrane can withstand, lies in the range of 0.01–0.02 N/m, for a red blood cell and a lipid vesicle, respectively (Mohandas and Evans, 1994) Values for membrane and cortex bending stiffness reported in the literature (for example, ∼ 2 − 4 × 10−19 N·m for the red blood cell membrane (Strey, Peterson et al., 1995; Scheffer, Bitler et al., 2001), and 1 − 2 × 10−18 N·m for neutrophils... lamellipodia or filopodia, that are rich in actin and highly cross-linked The dynamics of actin polymerization and depolymerization is critical to migration and is the focus of much recent investigation (see, for example Chapter 9 and Bindschadler, Dewey, and McGrath, 2004) Active contraction of the network due to actin-myosin interactions also plays a central role and provides the necessary propulsive force... from Geiger and Bershadsky 2002 and intermediate filaments – are primarily associated with the cytoskeleton, but even within the cytoskeletal network are found numerous linking proteins (ABPs constituting one family) that influence the strength and integrity of the resulting matrix In addition to these are the molecular constituents of the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and all the organelles and other... model for the effects of adhesion and mechanics on cell migration speed.” Biophys J., 60(1): 15–37 Evans, E and W Rawicz (1990) “Entropy-driven tension and bending elasticity in condensed-fluid membranes.” Phys Rev Lett., 64(17): 2094–2097 Friedl, P., Y Hegerfeldt, et al (2004) “Collective cell migration in morphogenesis and cancer.” Int J Dev Biol., 48(5-6): 441–9 Geiger, B and A Bershadsky (2002) “Exploring... H and Y E Goldman (1995) “Sliding distance per ATP molecule hydrolyzed by myosin heads during isotonic shortening of skinned muscle fibers.” Biophys J., 69(4): 1491–507 Horwitz, R and D Webb (2003) “Cell migration.” Curr Biol., 13(19): R756–9 Howard, J., (2001) Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton, Sinauer Associates, Inc., pp 288–289 Huang, H., R D Kamm, et al (2004) “Cell mechanics and. .. mechanotransduction.” Biol Bull., 194(3): 323–5; discussion 325–7 Janmey, P A and D A Weitz (2004) “Dealing with mechanics: mechanisms of force transduction in cells.” Trends Biochem Sci., 29(7): 364–70 Lehoux, S and A Tedgui (2003) “Cellular mechanics and gene expression in blood vessels.” J Biomech., 36(5): 631–43 Malek, A M and S Izumo (1994) “Molecular aspects of signal transduction of shear stress . Setton, TodA.Laursen, and Frank P. T. Baaijens 6 Models of cytoskeletal mechanics based on tensegrity 103 Dimitrije Stamenovi ´c 7 Cells, gels, and mechanics 129 Gerald H. Pollack 8 Polymer-based models of cytoskeletal. might prove stimulating and educational to engineers, physicists, and biologists wishing to expand their understanding of the critical importance of mechanics in cell function, and the various ways. of cell mechanics is to describe and evaluate mechanical properties of cells and cellular structures and the mechanical interactions between cells and their environment. The field of cell mechanics