Tài liệu LOGIC and REPRESENTATION pdf

LOGIC and REPRESENTATION [...]... speaking, there are two issues here One could imagine using formal logic in a knowledge representation system, without using logical deduction to manipulate the representations, and one could even use logical deduction on representations that have little resemblance to standard formal logics; but the use of a logic as a representation and the use of logical deduction to draw inferences from the knowledge represented... Unless there is some systematic relationship between form and meaning, our goal cannot be realized 1.2 Logic as a Knowledge Representation and Reasoning System The Logic Controversy in AI The second major application of logic to artificial intelligence is to use logic as a knowledge representation formalism in an intelligent computer system and to use logical deduction to draw inferences from the knowledge... knowledge representation was largely unquestioned In philosophy of mind and language, on the other hand, the idea of explicit representation of knowledge was just beginning to win its battle against the behaviorism of Quine and Skinner, powered by the intellectual energy XI xii / LOGIC AND REPRESENTATION generated by work in generative linguistics, AI, and cognitive psychology Today, in contrast, logic. .. creating intelligent systems based on the knowledge representation approach, since many 8 / LOGIC AND REPRESENTATION types of incomplete knowledge that people are capable of dealing with seem to demand the use of logical representation and deductive inference A careful analysis, however, suggests that the failure of the early attempts to do commonsense reasoning and problem solving by theorem-proving had more... application than merely using the tools of logic to analyze knowledge representation systems Indeed, Newell (1980, p 16) explicitly states that "the role of logic [is] as a tool for the analysis of knowledge, not for reasoning by intelligent agents." It is a commonly held opinion in the field that logic- based representations and logical deduction were tried many years ago and were found wanting As Newell (1980,... higher forms of intelligence, why must they be logical representations? That question is dealt with head-on in Chapter 1, but in brief, the argument is that only logical representations have the ability to represent certain forms of incomplete information, and that any representation scheme that has these abilities would a fortiori be a kind of logical representation Turning to the essays themselves,... on the limitations of logic programming than on its strengths, 5 To see the equivalence between the LISP program and these axioms, note that Cons(tu, x) corresponds to A, so that w corresponds to (car A) and x corresponds to (cdr A) 12 / LOGIC AND REPRESENTATION they should be viewed as an effort to counterbalance some of the overstated claims made elsewhere Logic Programming and PROLOG To date, the... go outside the purely logical subset of PROLOG to do this! THE ROLE OF LOGIC IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE / 17 representation formalisms, as a source of representation formalisms and reasoning methods, and as a programming language As an analytical tool, the mathematical framework developed in the study of formal logics is simply the only tool we have for analyzing anything as a representation There is... clear introduction to first-order logic and resolution, see Nilsson (1980) 6 / LOGIC AND REPRESENTATION (PVQ),(-,PVR)\=(Q\fR) That is, if we know that either P is true or Q is true and that either P is false or R is true, then we can infer that either Q is true or R is true Robinson's work brought about a rather dramatic shift in attitudes regarding the automation of logical inference Previous efforts... mentalistic psychology and mental representation Part II contains three chapters dealing with prepositional attitudes, particularly knowledge and belief Chapter 3 is a distillation of my doctoral dissertation, and presents a formal theory of knowledge and action The goal of this work is to create a formal, general logic for expressing how the possibility of performing actions depends on knowledge and how carrying . deduction on representations that have little resemblance to standard formal logics; but the use of a logic as a representation and the use of logical. LOGIC and REPRESENTATION