THYROID HORMONE docx

THYROID HORMONE Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal Thyroid Hormone http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2964 Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal Contributors Pradip K. Sarkar, Asano Ishikawa, Jun Kitano, José María Fernández-Santos, Jesús Morillo- Bernal, Rocío García-Marín, José Carmelo Utrilla, Inés Martín-Lacave, Irmgard D. Dietzel, Sivaraj Mohanasundaram, Vanessa Niederkinkhaus, Gerd Hoffmann, Jens W. Meyer, Christoph Reiners, Christiana Blasl, Katharina Bohr, R.G. Ahmed, N.K. Agrawal, Ved Prakash, Manuj Sharma, Giuseppe Pasqualetti, Angela Dardano, Sara Tognini, Antonio Polini, Fabio Monzani, Renata de Azevedo Melo Luvizotto, Sandro José Conde, Miriane de Oliveira, Maria Teresa De Sibio, Keize Nagamati Jr, Célia Regina Nogueira, Eva Feigerlova, Marc Klein, Anna Angelousi, Lelia Groza, Bruno Leheup, Georges Weryha, Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman, Bella Kalderon, Jacob Bar-Tana, Emina Kasumagic-Halilovic, Begler Begovic, Francesco Torino, Agnese Barnabei, Roberto Baldelli, Marialuisa Appetecchia, Clara Spinel, Magnolia Herrera Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Tanja Skorupan Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Thyroid Hormone, Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0678-4 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Thyroid Hormone Physiology 1 Chapter 1 “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 3 Pradip K. Sarkar Chapter 2 Ecological Genetics of Thyroid Hormone Physiology in Humans and Wild Animals 37 Asano Ishikawa and Jun Kitano Chapter 3 Paracrine Regulation of Thyroid-Hormone Synthesis by C Cells 51 José María Fernández-Santos, Jesús Morillo-Bernal, Rocío García-Marín, José Carmelo Utrilla and Inés Martín-Lacave Chapter 4 Thyroid Hormone Effects on Sensory Perception, Mental Speed, Neuronal Excitability and Ion Channel Regulation 85 Irmgard D. Dietzel, Sivaraj Mohanasundaram, Vanessa Niederkinkhaus, Gerd Hoffmann, Jens W. Meyer, Christoph Reiners, Christiana Blasl and Katharina Bohr Section 2 Developmental Physiology 123 Chapter 5 Maternal-Fetal Thyroid Interactions 125 R.G. Ahmed Section 3 Thyroid Hormone Excess 157 Chapter 6 Thyroid Hormone Excess: Graves’ Disease 159 N.K. Agrawal, Ved Prakash and Manuj Sharma VI Contents Section 4 Thyroid Hormone Deficiency 181 Chapter 7 Mild Thyroid Deficiency in the Elderly 183 Giuseppe Pasqualetti, Angela Dardano, Sara Tognini, Antonio Polini and Fabio Monzani Section 5 Thyroid Hormone in Special Situations 211 Chapter 8 Obesity and Weight Loss: The Influence of Thyroid Hormone on Adipokines 213 Renata de Azevedo Melo Luvizotto, Sandro José Conde, Miriane de Oliveira, Maria Teresa De Sibio, Keize Nagamati Jr and Célia Regina Nogueira Chapter 9 Thyroid Disorders and Bone Mineral Homeostasis 251 Eva Feigerlova, Marc Klein, Anna Angelousi, Lelia Groza, Bruno Leheup and Georges Weryha Chapter 10 Thyroid Hormone and Energy Expenditure 277 Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman, Bella Kalderon and Jacob Bar-Tana Chapter 11 Thyroid Autoimmunity in Patients with Skin Disorders 297 Emina Kasumagic-Halilovic and Begler Begovic Chapter 12 Thyroid Function Abnormalities in Patients Receiving Anticancer Agents 311 Francesco Torino, Agnese Barnabei, Roberto Baldelli and Marialuisa Appetecchia Section 6 Experimental Advances 343 Chapter 13 Thyroid Culture from Monolayer to Closed Follicles 345 Clara Spinel and Magnolia Herrera Preface Thyroid hormone is important for controlling metabolism and many other body functions. Changes in thyroid hormone physiology, its regulation and diseases thereof have been a concern for the mankind. Understanding of thyroid hormone(s) has been continuously updated and revised. The contributions from different authors have been incorporated in this book for this purpose. The original work of these contributors will be especially useful in furthering the knowledge on thyroid and help in creating new vistas of research. The book incorporates physiology of thyroid hormone in maternal-fetal axis, and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis in health and disease. The controversy in the cut-off for delineating normal from abnormal thyroid function has also been dealt with. Thyroid hormone deficiency and excess states have been highlighted through elaborate review to encompass the present understanding and management of such problems. A separate section on thyroid hormone changes in special situation has been incorporated. Dr Neeraj Kumar Agrawal Associate Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India [...]... amount of L-T3 (126 nM) in synaptosomes 10 Thyroid Hormone compared to euthyroid control values A single i p injection of L-T3 (2 g/g BW) to the hypothyroid rats decreased the synaptosomal levels of L-T3 by ~1.6-fold compared to the hypothyroid rats and was still ~6-fold higher than the euthyroid value An increase in ~2.5fold of the L-T3 levels was noticed in euthyroid plus L-T3 (2 g/g BW) group (Figure... adult mammalian brain [10] 5.1.1 Thyroid hormone levels in hypothyroid rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes Synaptosomal levels of L-T3 were also studied in different thyroidal conditions Serum levels of L-T3 and L-T4 confirmed establishment of peripheral hypothyroidism induced by 14 days of intra-peritoneal (i p.) injections of PTU (2 mg/g BW) However, surprisingly hypothyroid rat brain showed ~9.5-fold...Section 1 Thyroid Hormone Physiology Chapter 1 “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain Pradip K Sarkar Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46206 1 Introduction Thyroid hormones (TH) have major well-known actions on the growth and development... L-T3-induced dose-dependent Ca2+-entry both in euthyroid and PTU-induced hypothyroid rat brain synaptosomes at low L-T3 doses (0.001 16 Thyroid Hormone nM to 10 nM) This evidence indicates role of Ca2+ as a second messenger in synaptic functions L-T3 also has been documented to increase 45Ca uptake and Ca2+-influx in adult euthyroid rat synaptosomes, and in hypothyroid mouse cortex An enhancement of nitric... the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 7 T3-neuronal membrane protein interactions Hypothesis 1 Activation of Second Messenger systems Hypothesis 2 Termination Regulation of protein kinases/phosphatases Hypothesis 3 Regulation of protein phosphorylation Physiologic responses Figure 2 Hypothesis: Proposed nongenomic action of thyroid hormones in adult mammalian brain... synaptosomes Observation of high levels of synaptosomal L-T3 were also supportive [15] in hypothyroid rat cerebral cortex by ~1.7fold compared to the control values maximally at day 4 of induction of hypothyroidism while the serum levels of L-T3 remained at the hypothyroid levels L-T3 (ng/mg synaptosomal protein) Hypothyroid condition shows an appreciable decline in both serum L-T4 and L-T3 level in rats... that in hypothyroid condition, the whole brain, or different regions of the brain, maintain similar levels of L-T3 compared to the euthyroid control rats through increased activity of D-II, and corresponding high fractional rate of L-T4 to L-T3 conversion [35,36], insufficient evidence is available except for a few recent reports to quantitate the synaptosomal concentration of thyroid hormones Approximately... compared to the animals kept in chronic “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 11 hypothyroid condition for a much longer duration as used by other workers This may be one of the reasons for maintaining a high level of synaptosomal L-T3 in our hypothyroid rats Expression of the data in different forms such as per gram organ (brain) basis, or... rats A rise in the synaptosomal L-T3 level in the hypothyroid rats, and a fall in the same in the L-T3treated hypothyroid animals after 24 hours of L-T3-treatment, also reflects the tendency for a compensatory regulatory mechanism of thyroid hormone metabolism in the adult rat brain in altered thyroid conditions, although the nature of the mechanism remains unknown L-T3-treated control rats have shown... activity within various areas of adult brain during hypothyroidism, the changes in L-T3 levels remained lower than normal values as was noticed in case of serum levels of hypothyroidism This investigation could not explain this high D-II activity and lower L-T3 levels in brain regions The levels of THs measured in this study also were shown to be 12 Thyroid Hormone lower than found by other investigators Some . Developmental Physiology 123 Chapter 5 Maternal-Fetal Thyroid Interactions 125 R.G. Ahmed Section 3 Thyroid Hormone Excess 157 Chapter 6 Thyroid Hormone Excess: Graves’ Disease 159 N.K. Agrawal,. the knowledge on thyroid and help in creating new vistas of research. The book incorporates physiology of thyroid hormone in maternal-fetal axis, and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis. Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 3 Pradip K. Sarkar Chapter 2 Ecological Genetics of Thyroid Hormone Physiology in Humans and Wild Animals