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THYROID HORMONE
Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
Thyroid Hormone
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2964
Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
Contributors
Pradip K. Sarkar, Asano Ishikawa, Jun Kitano, José María Fernández-Santos, Jesús Morillo-
Bernal, Rocío García-Marín, José Carmelo Utrilla, Inés Martín-Lacave, Irmgard D. Dietzel,
Sivaraj Mohanasundaram, Vanessa Niederkinkhaus, Gerd Hoffmann, Jens W. Meyer,
Christoph Reiners, Christiana Blasl, Katharina Bohr, R.G. Ahmed, N.K. Agrawal, Ved Prakash,
Manuj Sharma, Giuseppe Pasqualetti, Angela Dardano, Sara Tognini, Antonio Polini, Fabio
Monzani, Renata de Azevedo Melo Luvizotto, Sandro José Conde, Miriane de Oliveira,
Maria Teresa De Sibio, Keize Nagamati Jr, Célia Regina Nogueira, Eva Feigerlova, Marc Klein,
Anna Angelousi, Lelia Groza, Bruno Leheup, Georges Weryha, Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman,
Bella Kalderon, Jacob Bar-Tana, Emina Kasumagic-Halilovic, Begler Begovic, Francesco
Torino, Agnese Barnabei, Roberto Baldelli, Marialuisa Appetecchia, Clara Spinel, Magnolia
Herrera
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Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team
First published July, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Thyroid Hormone, Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0678-4
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Thyroid Hormone Physiology 1
Chapter 1 “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code
of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones
in Mature Mammalian Brain 3
Pradip K. Sarkar
Chapter 2 Ecological Genetics of Thyroid Hormone Physiology
in Humans and Wild Animals 37
Asano Ishikawa and Jun Kitano
Chapter 3 Paracrine Regulation of Thyroid-Hormone
Synthesis by C Cells 51
José María Fernández-Santos, Jesús Morillo-Bernal,
Rocío García-Marín, José Carmelo Utrilla
and Inés Martín-Lacave
Chapter 4 Thyroid Hormone Effects on Sensory Perception,
Mental Speed, Neuronal Excitability
and Ion Channel Regulation 85
Irmgard D. Dietzel, Sivaraj Mohanasundaram,
Vanessa Niederkinkhaus, Gerd Hoffmann, Jens W. Meyer,
Christoph Reiners, Christiana Blasl and Katharina Bohr
Section 2 Developmental Physiology 123
Chapter 5 Maternal-Fetal Thyroid Interactions 125
R.G. Ahmed
Section 3 Thyroid Hormone Excess 157
Chapter 6 Thyroid Hormone Excess:
Graves’ Disease 159
N.K. Agrawal, Ved Prakash and Manuj Sharma
VI Contents
Section 4 Thyroid Hormone Deficiency 181
Chapter 7 Mild Thyroid Deficiency in the Elderly 183
Giuseppe Pasqualetti, Angela Dardano, Sara Tognini,
Antonio Polini and Fabio Monzani
Section 5 Thyroid Hormone in Special Situations 211
Chapter 8 Obesity and Weight Loss:
The Influence of Thyroid Hormone on Adipokines 213
Renata de Azevedo Melo Luvizotto, Sandro José Conde,
Miriane de Oliveira, Maria Teresa De Sibio, Keize Nagamati Jr
and Célia Regina Nogueira
Chapter 9 Thyroid Disorders and Bone Mineral Homeostasis 251
Eva Feigerlova, Marc Klein, Anna Angelousi, Lelia Groza,
Bruno Leheup and Georges Weryha
Chapter 10 Thyroid Hormone and Energy Expenditure 277
Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman, Bella Kalderon and Jacob Bar-Tana
Chapter 11 Thyroid Autoimmunity in Patients with Skin Disorders 297
Emina Kasumagic-Halilovic and Begler Begovic
Chapter 12 Thyroid Function Abnormalities
in Patients Receiving Anticancer Agents 311
Francesco Torino, Agnese Barnabei,
Roberto Baldelli and Marialuisa Appetecchia
Section 6 Experimental Advances 343
Chapter 13 Thyroid Culture from Monolayer to Closed Follicles 345
Clara Spinel and Magnolia Herrera
Preface
Thyroid hormone is important for controlling metabolism and many other body
functions. Changes in thyroid hormone physiology, its regulation and diseases thereof
have been a concern for the mankind.
Understanding of thyroid hormone(s) has been continuously updated and revised.
The contributions from different authors have been incorporated in this book for this
purpose. The original work of these contributors will be especially useful in furthering
the knowledge on thyroid and help in creating new vistas of research.
The book incorporates physiology of thyroid hormone in maternal-fetal axis, and
regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis in health and disease. The controversy in the
cut-off for delineating normal from abnormal thyroid function has also been dealt
with. Thyroid hormone deficiency and excess states have been highlighted through
elaborate review to encompass the present understanding and management of such
problems. A separate section on thyroid hormone changes in special situation has been
incorporated.
Dr Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
Associate Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
[...]... amount of L-T3 (126 nM) in synaptosomes 10 Thyroid Hormone compared to euthyroid control values A single i p injection of L-T3 (2 g/g BW) to the hypothyroid rats decreased the synaptosomal levels of L-T3 by ~1.6-fold compared to the hypothyroid rats and was still ~6-fold higher than the euthyroid value An increase in ~2.5fold of the L-T3 levels was noticed in euthyroid plus L-T3 (2 g/g BW) group (Figure... adult mammalian brain [10] 5.1.1 Thyroid hormone levels in hypothyroid rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes Synaptosomal levels of L-T3 were also studied in different thyroidal conditions Serum levels of L-T3 and L-T4 confirmed establishment of peripheral hypothyroidism induced by 14 days of intra-peritoneal (i p.) injections of PTU (2 mg/g BW) However, surprisingly hypothyroid rat brain showed ~9.5-fold...Section 1 Thyroid Hormone Physiology Chapter 1 “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain Pradip K Sarkar Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46206 1 Introduction Thyroid hormones (TH) have major well-known actions on the growth and development... leading to severe thyroid disorders and as a result imposes overall metabolic malfunctioning of all system organs Endemic goiter was probably first described with cretinism by Paracelsus (1493 -1541) and by other physicians of the Alps and Central Europe However, the relationship between cretinism and involvement of thyroid gland was lacking over centuries Thyroid gland was literally described by Wharton... were also supportive [15] in hypothyroid rat cerebral cortex by ~1.7fold compared to the control values maximally at day 4 of induction of hypothyroidism while the serum levels of L-T3 remained at the hypothyroid levels L-T3 (ng/mg synaptosomal protein) Hypothyroid condition shows an appreciable decline in both serum L-T4 and L-T3 level in rats in a usual way as found by other investigators [34] Although... L-T3-induced dose-dependent Ca2+-entry both in euthyroid and PTU-induced hypothyroid rat brain synaptosomes at low L-T3 doses (0.001 16 Thyroid Hormone nM to 10 nM) This evidence indicates role of Ca2+ as a second messenger in synaptic functions L-T3 also has been documented to increase 45Ca uptake and Ca2+-influx in adult euthyroid rat synaptosomes, and in hypothyroid mouse cortex An enhancement of nitric... various areas of adult brain during hypothyroidism, the changes in L-T3 levels remained lower than normal values as was noticed in case of serum levels of hypothyroidism This investigation could not explain this high D-II activity and lower L-T3 levels in brain regions The levels of THs measured in this study also were shown to be 12 Thyroid Hormone lower than found by other investigators Some assay in... synaptosomal NKA activity In contrast PTU-treated hypothyroid animals showed ~ 38% increase in the NKA activity compared to the control values This increase in NKA activity was abolished by injection of a single L-T3 injection “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 13 (2g/g BW) to almost close to the euthyroid levels However, this study could not... compared to the animals kept in chronic “Quo Vadis?” Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 11 hypothyroid condition for a much longer duration as used by other workers This may be one of the reasons for maintaining a high level of synaptosomal L-T3 in our hypothyroid rats Expression of the data in different forms such as per gram organ (brain) basis, or... hypothyroid condition showed an appreciable decrease in both serum levels of L-T4 and L-T3 as predicted, supportive studies showed maintenance of similar levels of brain L-T3 in hypothyroid conditions through increased activity of D-II suggesting high fractional rate of L-T4 to L-T3 conversion In brain approximately ~80% of L-T3 is produced locally from L-T4 by D-II This data supports thyroid hormone- Ca2+-ion . THYROID HORMONE
Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
Thyroid Hormone
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2964
Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal. orders@intechopen.com
Thyroid Hormone, Edited by Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0678-4
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Thyroid Hormone
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