HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONFACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAININGGRADUATION THESISMAJOR: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYDESIGN OF A SOLAR MODEL
INTRODUCTION
O VERVIEW
The development of science and technology has significantly contributed to the change in our life Science and technology are drastically developing, which increases energy consumption leading to the depletion of energy resources Therefore, we need to find a solution to save energy while ensuring the efficiency of our equipment.
Nowadays, in addition to exploiting energy from heat and water to produce electricity, we are gradually familiar with phrases such as: “solar electricity” The fact that we exploit and use solar energy is one the “green solutions'' to find new energy sources without causing negative impacts on the environment However, so that we can waste these sources of energy In the scientific paper: “Solar energy for electricity and fuels” by Olle Ingana s, Villy Sundstro m, research on energy conversion and solar energy applications [1] Their research the benefits of using solar energy, and solar energy receiving materials In particularly, they further researched artificial photosynthesis, methods to produce direct solar fuels It can also be shown that the impact of finding new energy and saving it is an important issue In addition, the topic
“Thiết kế chế tạo bộ điều khiển đèn chiếu sáng công cộng sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời” of Vu Tien Dat, Nguyen Minh Vuong, on manufacturing an optimal charge controller for batteries in the energy lamp system are based on a chip using ATmega128 connected to the Sim900 module for users to control the lights through the phone [2] The account also shows the importance of energy storage and environmental protection.
In conclusion, our team decided to carry out the thesis “Design of a solar model for controlling brightness levels of a LED system based on a light sensor” to create an automatic controller capable of optimizing the duration to use of solar lights.
R ESEARCH OBJECTIVE
Design and construction of a controller for solar LED lights is using ESP8266 microcontroller as an electrical energy control processor to control the brightness ofLED bulbs At the same time, it allows users to monitor parameters and the remaining voltage level in the reserve battery.
L IMITATION
The thesis has some limitations as follows:
The thesis uses conventional energy lamps sold in the market, so the circuit has not been standardized for diverse uses.
The system applies to rural areas, where solar lights are often used for lighting.The system is not used in place where no internet connection.
R ESEARCH CONTENT
This thesis of implementation includes the following contents:
Content 1: Refer to document, read and summarize to find the development direction of the thesis.
Content 2: Block diagram design and description them.
Content 3: Design, calculate and connect module such as ESP8266, BH1750. Content 4: Hardware design and construction, actual circuit construction. Content 5: Write a program for the controller.
Content 6: Write the program to display a website.
Content 7: Assemble and complete the module.
Content 8: Running and testing the system for completing.
Content 10: Prepare slides for defense.
T HESIS SUMMARY
This part introduces the reasons for choosing the topic, the objectives, and limitations of the research, the research contents and presents the layout of the research thesis.
This section presents the basic theory, the parameters of the components as a premise to implement the thesis, using the researched topics as the basis for reference.
This chapter presents the calculation of the system construction and website design to display information based on the theory
This part presents the process of the system construction and website design to display information.
This chapter presents the results, images of models, and data collected during the implementation of the thesis, comments on the thesis and future development direction of the thesis
Chapter 6: Conclusion and future work
In this section, we present the conclusions and directions of this thesis.
LITERATURE REVIEW
S OLAR ENERGY EXPLOITATION AND PRODUCTS
When the solar panel system is widely used, the model of automatic rotation of solar panels is more applied The model can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic income for maximum and best power conversion.
Figure 2 1 The front of system model after completion
The model can help the solar panels to charge maximum energy, but it has disadvantages because of angular deviation due to Servo noise and low energy input to the model size [3]
In [4], the solar panel is used as a component to absorb light directly from the sun and convert it into electricity to help the public lighting system At the same time, the device has the advantage of stable and durable operation.
Figure 2 2 Module of the system.
E NERGY - OPTIMIZING SYSTEMS
2.2.1 LEDs replace other lamps in application
There are a wide range of lights which are increasingly being used for different lightning purposes both indoors and outdoors In lighting systems, Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a new technology and is being developed continuously.
In the research [6], using PWM control at each cycle will reduce the load current- included distortion in the phase control circuit Also, at high switching frequencies, the maximum harmonics can be reduced by using a simple capacitance Total harmonic distortion can be minimized by using PWM Thus, authors have concluded that the PWM technique helps to improve power quality Moreover, out of all the PWM technique, SWPM is the best modifier.
Table 2 1 Comparision of PWH Techniques.
Parameter Peak Fundamental THD % Dominating Harmonics
CALCULATION AND DESIGN
H ARDWARE CALCULATION AND DESIGN
The system applies to rural areas, where solar lights are often used for lighting. The system is not used in place where no internet connection.
This thesis of implementation includes the following contents:
Content 1: Refer to document, read and summarize to find the development direction of the thesis.
Content 2: Block diagram design and description them.
Content 3: Design, calculate and connect module such as ESP8266, BH1750. Content 4: Hardware design and construction, actual circuit construction. Content 5: Write a program for the controller.
Content 6: Write the program to display a website.
Content 7: Assemble and complete the module.
Content 8: Running and testing the system for completing.
Content 10: Prepare slides for defense.
This part introduces the reasons for choosing the topic, the objectives, and limitations of the research, the research contents and presents the layout of the research thesis.
This section presents the basic theory, the parameters of the components as a premise to implement the thesis, using the researched topics as the basis for reference.
This chapter presents the calculation of the system construction and website design to display information based on the theory
This part presents the process of the system construction and website design to display information.
This chapter presents the results, images of models, and data collected during the implementation of the thesis, comments on the thesis and future development direction of the thesis
Chapter 6: Conclusion and future work
In this section, we present the conclusions and directions of this thesis.
2.1 SOLAR ENERGY EXPLOITATION AND PRODUCTS
When the solar panel system is widely used, the model of automatic rotation of solar panels is more applied The model can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic income for maximum and best power conversion.
Figure 2 1 The front of system model after completion
The model can help the solar panels to charge maximum energy, but it has disadvantages because of angular deviation due to Servo noise and low energy input to the model size [3]
In [4], the solar panel is used as a component to absorb light directly from the sun and convert it into electricity to help the public lighting system At the same time, the device has the advantage of stable and durable operation.
Figure 2 2 Module of the system.
2.2.1 LEDs replace other lamps in application
There are a wide range of lights which are increasingly being used for different lightning purposes both indoors and outdoors In lighting systems, Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a new technology and is being developed continuously.
In the research [6], using PWM control at each cycle will reduce the load current- included distortion in the phase control circuit Also, at high switching frequencies, the maximum harmonics can be reduced by using a simple capacitance Total harmonic distortion can be minimized by using PWM Thus, authors have concluded that the PWM technique helps to improve power quality Moreover, out of all the PWM technique, SWPM is the best modifier.
Table 2 1 Comparision of PWH Techniques.
Parameter Peak Fundamental THD % Dominating Harmonics
Chip LEDs have a compact design of 2.8 x 3.5 x 0.7mm, have a typical forward voltage of 5V, maximum current of 240mA LEDs operate at 0.5W power, and test current at 150mA, have a temperature test of 25 degrees Celsius [8].
Currently, the using of solar batteries for green energy conversion is in high demand In topics [2], the author used solar batteries However, depending on the purpose of using, the panels have different sizes and parameters Therefore, solar panels are expensive compared to conventional rechargeable batteries, the using of solar panel can work in area where it is difficult to build electric power line or complex terrain.
In the thesis request, the team will use the ESP8266 module to be able to exchange information with the light sensor and send data to the database via WIFI. The ESP8266 module is developed based on the ESP8266EX chip to meet the technical requirements in the Internet of things industry
In the thesis [2], sensor BH1750 was used to collect data and information in light sensing Therefore, in this topic, my group chose to use the BH1750 sensor to collect data and information about sunlight intensity to calculate the ability to optimize the operating time of solar lights.
Calculation of the resistance when applying Ohm’s law is as follows:
For the LED panel output to work stably, we design the FET at the GND terminal to avoid the voltage drop on the FET from affecting the LED board Since the number of LEDs that used is 180 LEDs of 2835 SMD has an average current consumption of 60mA at 3V (according to the datasheet), so the total current through the FET is calculated:
The circuit is designed based on the digital signal by GPIO12 pin outputs (HIGH level is 3.3V, LOW level is 0V) The switch block has two measurement mode:measuring the voltage of the reserve battery and measuring the voltage of the PWM output.
Figure 3 4 Switch circuit d Design of divider circuit
To measure the voltage of 3.3V with the ESP8266 microcontroller, we need to scale the value to 1V because the allowable scale of the ESP8266 is only from 0V to 1V So, the voltage divider bridge circuit need to be set up to use for measurement.
Figure 3 5 Schematic of divider circuit e Design of source circuit
The main source of power is from batteries and solar panel In the thesis, a battery is used to supply power to LED and microcontroller that will be charge by solar panel f Principle of operation
The system designed in thesis works entirely with energy from the sun The power source for the systems is designed to include: a solar panel and a battery pack.Specifically, the charging source includes charging with a solar panel 6V and power maximum to 16W to charge the reserve battery (3.2V, 15Ah) After that, we used a voltage stabilizer the power to supply the ESP8266 microcontroller and the sensor. Stabilized voltage level has a maximum value is 3.3V. g Principle of diagram
Figure 3 6 Schematic diagram of the whole system
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM
I NTRODUCTION
In this chapter the process of construction, assembly and testing of hardware are presented Simultaneously, the software design process and algorithm flowchart for the system are also presented in this chapter.
H ARDWARE CONSTRUCTION
Based on the schematic diagram of the circuit shown in chapter 3, we have listed the components, the number of components used in the construction of the circuit system is detail in table 4.1.
Table 4 1 List of components used in the system
No Component name Quality Note
The hardware of the control circuit is built in a compact circuit board measuring
~ 8.3cm x 3.0cm Based on the schematic diagram, the circuit is designed on the website “Easy Eda” The PCB circuit front size of the control circuit is depicted in figure 4.1 and the back side is shown in figure 4.2.
Figure 4 1 Front of PCB circuit
Figure 4 2 Backside of PCB control circuit
4.2.2 Circuit construction a Control circuit board
After designing and completing the board circuit, we proceeded to attach the components to the circuit board When the components assembly is completed, our team checks with a VOM clock to measure the circuit lines and components to ensure the circuit can work In the control circuit, the team used SMD components, so in the figure 4.3 is the front of the circuit board, all the components fixed will be seen right on the surface of the circuit including ESP-12E, transistor, resistor, opto
Figure 4 3 Front of board circuit b Model construction
After assembly, checking the board completely We proceed to assemble the model for the system As a request of the thesis, the streetlight simulation will be designed with the material used in the model list which is shown in table 4.2.
Table 4 2 List of components used for simulati
No Component name Quantity Note
S OFTWARE CONSTRUCTION
When the user wants to use a website for more information, whether using phone or computer or any device that has WIFI connection and can log in to a web browser is acceptable When entering the IP address on any page in the browser, the web will appear
Figure 4 4 Webserver interface on IPad
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
R ESULT OF MODEL EXECUTION
The result obtained after researching and implementing of the thesis will be presented The result included the hardware model of the system, the function that system has, the result of webserver design implementation, and the system control on that webserver.
This is some actual pictures of the model after completion, the model simulates the actual outdoor solar lights The model can see a solar panel and LEDs for lighting. The model of system is shown in figure 5.1
5.1.2 The system’s console a Main screen interface
After successfully accessing the webserver, the screen will display various parameters In there, the light intensity parameter will be updated continuously after 10 seconds compared to the previous value All of parameter will let the user decide which mode to use that they want Figure 5.3 shown the interface webserver after logging it.
Figure 5 2 Webserver interface after logging browser b Auto mode interface
If the user chooses auto mode, on the webserver interface, the auto button will be enabled The interface with the auto button enabled is shown in figure 5.4
Figure 5 3 Webserver interface with auto button ON
C OMMENTS AND REVIEWS
After the testing process, the table of experimental results has been shown Table 5.1 is the results of the LED test in an auto mode based on the number of tests and the
Table 5 1 Experimental data of LED in auto mode
No Process Number of tests Number of successes
The device has two modes are auto and manual mode After testing and getting results in auto mode, manual mode is also tested The result of the test of LED with manual mode are shown in table 5.2
Table 5 2 Experimental data of LED in manual mode
No Process Number of tests Number of successes
After all testing and evaluation of the system, some comments were made The circuit works relatively stably; however, the battery storage capacity cannot be verified Circuit costs are still high due to retail production Therefore, if the module produced in large quantities, the circuit cost may be reduced to an acceptable level.
I NSTRUCTION DOCUMENT
Step 1: The power supply for the system is battery 3.2V, 15A Specifically, the charging source includes charging with solar penal with 6V, 15W to charge the reserve battery.
Step 2: Using the device that can connect to the WiFi, find a WiFi’s name of module.
Then, enter the password to connect WiFi After that, user go to a web browser to access the LED’s IP address.
Step 3: After accessing the IP address of the module, the website will display information about the remaining percentage of the battery, the current brightness intensity, and the remaining time LEDs can be lit.
Step 4: In the webserver interface, there are two mode such as manual mode auto mode will be displayed Depending on the needs of user, the user will choose the appropriate mode.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
C ONCLUSION
The model of a thesis “Design of a solar model for controlling brightness levels of a LED system based on a light sensor” has been completed and can work well, this system has a high application In terms of hardware, the system using the main microcontroller is ESSP8266 to communicate with the light sensor BH1750 module peripheral to receive information about light intensity and relay information through the webserver Microcontrollers, modules are properly connected to the designed schematic diagram and operate with high stability Regarding the webserver and LED operation, the algorithm flowcharts and programmed the microcontroller are designed to perform the system’s functions, designed the interface to control with custom mode and the user can control through selections on a webserver.
F UTURE WORK
According to the previous mentioned part, the thesis also has certain limitation.For the model to be more completed and applicable in usual life, the lightning equipment needs to be improved in term of higher applicability In the future, solar streetlights will be more developed, the product after being improved inapplicability will be applied in an industry with low cost.
[1] Olle Ingana s, Villy Sundstro m, “Solar energy for electricity and fuels”, 2016.
[2] Vũ Tiến Đại, Nguyễn Minh Vương, “Thiết kế chế tạo bộ điều khiển đèn chiếu sáng công cộng sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời”, Graduation Thesis, Faculty of electronics and telecommunications, Electricity University, 2015.
[3] Trần Văn Trưởng, Lê Văn Sơn, Bùi Như Phong, “Hệ thống hướng sáng pin mặt trời”, Faculty of Electronic, Ha Noi University of Industry, 9/2019.
[4] Lê Trọng Hoàng, Võ Đình Luân, “Thiết kế và thi công hệ thống giám sát nhiệt độ, độ ẩm, cường độ gió, cường độ sáng qua SMS dùng nguồn in và sạc bằng năng lượng mặt trời”, Faculty of Electronic, University of Technology and education, Ho Chi Minh City, 31/1/2019.
[5] G S B Ganandran, T M I Mahlia, Hwai Chyuan Ong, B Rismanchi, W T. Chong “Cost-Benefit Analysis and Emission Reduction of Energy Efficient Lighting at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, 2014.
[6] Mahesh A Patel, Ankit R Patel, Dhaval R Vyas, Ketul M Patel, “Use of PWM Techniques for Power Quality Improvement” International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 1, No 4, 05/2009.
[7] Torben Henke, Florian Frick, Armin Lechler, Alexander Verl “Adaptive PWMModulation for an Increased Energy Efficiency of Industrial Drives”, InternationalSymposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2020.
Subroutines a Program to measure battery voltage and output WBATTERY: void Cap_Battery() { digitalWrite(signalpin, HIGH); delay(1000); adc = analogRead(A0); vol = adc*3.3/1023;
} b Program to calculate and output WTIME: void timeremaining () { if (WBATTERY>50) {
} c Program to get data from sensor and measure battery: void getdata() { bh1750();
} d Program to check mode working: void savemode() { if (WBATTERY>50) {
} e PWM subroutine: int out,delta; out = x*255/100; vset = x*3.3/100; analogWrite(LEDout,out); digitalWrite(signalpin, LOW); // Chọn đọc ADC PWM adc = analogRead(A0); vol = adc*3.3/1023; while (vol=!vset) { delta = vol - vset; out = out - delta;
Serial.println("LED OFF"); server.send(200, "text/html", SendHTML(LEDstatus, AUTOMOD, WTIME, WLUX, WBATTERY));
Serial.println("LED ON"); server.send(200, "text/html", SendHTML(true, false,WTIME, WLUX, WBATTERY));
Serial.println("LED OFF"); server.send(200, "text/html", SendHTML(false, false, WTIME, WLUX, WBATTERY));
} void handle_automod_on() { //Done
//Serial.println("MODE AUTO"); server.send(200, "text/html", SendHTML(false, true, WTIME, WLUX, WBATTERY));
} void handle_automod_off() { //Done
//Serial.println("MODE MANUAL"); server.send(200, "text/html", SendHTML(false, false, WTIME, WLUX, WBATTERY));
} void handle_NotFound(){ //Done server.send(404, "text/plain", "Not found");
String SendHTML(uint8_t ledstatus, uint8_t automod, int timeCount, int wlux, int battery) {
String ptr = ""; ptr += ""; ptr += "WebServer is designed by L.D.P"; ptr += "body {font-family: Cambria, Cochin, Georgia, Times, \"Times New Roman\", serif;}"; ptr += "h3 {font-size: 1.4rem; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;}h4 {font-size: 1.3rem;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-top: 10px}h5 {font-size: 1.2rem;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-top: 10px;}"; ptr += ".main {text-align: center;max-width: 1200px;margin: auto;}"; ptr += ".textStart {text-align: start;}.projectName {text-transform: uppercase;}"; ptr += ".boxContent {border: 2px solid gray;padding-top: 50px;padding- bottom: 50px;}"; ptr += ".boxItemButton,.boxItemContent {margin: 0 auto;display: flex;justify- content: center;flex-wrap: wrap;justify-content: space-evenly;max-width: 550px;}"; ptr += ".boxItemButton {max-width: 280px;}.boxItemContent > div > div {width: 150px;height: 100px;border: 2px solid gray;display: flex;align-items: center;justify-content: center;font-size: 1.3rem;font-weight: 700;}"; ptr += ".boxItemButton button {width: 100px;border-radius: 50%;height: 100px;margin: 20px 20px 0;border: 2px solid gray;background-color: transparent;cursor: pointer;font-size: 1rem;font-weight: 700;}"; ptr += ".activeOff{background-color: red !important;}"; ptr += ".boxItemButton button.active {background-color: #009a16;color: white;border: none;}.textTitle {text-transform: uppercase;margin-bottom: 0;}"; ptr += "setInterval(() => {window.location.reload()},10000)"; ptr += ""; ptr += ""; ptr += "
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION
"; ptr += "FALCULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING
"; ptr += "PROJECT GRADURATION DESIGN OF SOLAR MODEL FOR CONTROLLING BRIGHTNESS LEVELS OF A LED SYSTEM BASED ON A LIGHT SENSOR"; ptr += ""; ptr += "ADVISOR: Assoc Prof NGUYEN THANH HAI
"; ptr += "STUDENT GROUP:
"; ptr += "- First Student: Le Dai Phuoc - STUDENT ID: 17141023"; ptr += "- Second Student: Ho Ngoc Nhat Thao - STUDENT ID: 17141027"; ptr += ""; ptr += ""; ptr += ""; ptr += ""; ptr += battery; ptr += "%Battery
"; ptr += ""; ptr += wlux; ptr+="LUXLight intensity
"; ptr += ""; ptr += timeCount; ptr+="MINUTETime remaning
"; ptr += ""; if(automod){ ptr += "AUTO";