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Exercise 1

0.Fernadarefused to wear her sister’s old dress (NOT)

-> Fernadarefused said that she would not wear her sister’s old dress.

1 Mauro says he prefers to do his homework on his own (RATHER)

 Mauro says that he would rather do his homework on his own

 Mauro says that he would rather not do his homework with other people

2 Clara said that she had not seen the missing letter (HAVING)

 He denies having seen me yesterday

 Clara denied having seen the missing letter

3 It took Layla five minutes to find her car keys (SPENT)

 Layla spent five minutes finding her car keys

4 A short meeting of the cast will take place after today’s rehearsal (BY)

 Today’s rehearsal will be followed by a short meeting of the cast

5 I’ll be happy to show you round the sights of my city when you come to vissit

me (TAKE)

 It will be a pleasure to take you on a sightseeing tour of my city when

you come to visit me.

6 Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest although he had nevertravelled outside Europe (SPITE)

 Rousseau painted fabulous pictures of the rainforest in spite of having

never travelled outside Europe.

7 It is thought that one in every five people cannot control how much theyspend (UNABLE)

 One in every five people is thought to be unable to control how much

they spend.

8 My passport needs renewing because I’m going abroad this summer (GET)

 I need to get my passport renewed because I’m going abroad this

summer

9 We didn’t stay long at the party because it was very noisy (SO)

 If there hadn’t been so much noise, we would have stayed long at the

party.

10 The number of people applying for university grants fell last year (FALL)

-> There was a fall in the number of people applying for university grants last rear.

11 Mr Conrad’s son is becoming quite well known as an artist (NAME)

 Mr Conrad’s son is making a name for himself as an artist

12 Would you mind helping me carry this heavy box to the car? (GRATEFUL)

 This box is really heavy so I would be grateful if you could/ would help

me to carry it into the car.

13 ‘Excuse me madam, but is this your bag?’ the policeman asked (BELONG)

 “Excuse madam, but Excuse madam, but does this bag belong to you?””

14 By the time we got to the sale, every book had been sold (SINGLE)

 By the time we got to the sale, there wasn’t a single book left

15 Rosa found it very difficult to persuade her boss to give her a pay rise.(GREAT)

 Rosa had a great difficulty in persuading her boss to give her a pay rise

EXERCISE 2

0 Fernanda refused to wear her sister’s old dress (NOT)

-> Fernanda said that she would not wear her sister’s old dress

1 The man claimed that he had been nowhere near the factory at the time of the break-in (TO)

 The man claimed not to have been anywhere near the factory at the time

of the break-in.

2 It is essential that this door is kept unlocked (SHOULD)

 On no account should this door be kept locked

3 It seems unbelievable that this jewellery is almost a thousand years old when

it is so well preserved (HARD)

 This jewellery is in such good condition that it is hard to believe that it is

almost a thousand years ago.

4 When it comes to punctuality, Fiona really takes after her mother.(CONCERNED)

 As far as punctuality is concerned, Fiona really takes after her mother

5 You have to be very patient to work as a primary school teacher these days.(DEAL)

 Working as a primary school teacher calls for a great deal of patience these

7 None of the other team members supported Terry’s idea (SUPPORT)

 Terry’s idea met with no support from the other members of the team

8 The region is rich in natural resources (OFFER)

 The region has a lot of things to offer in terms of natural resources

9 Because of its price, the book may never become a bestseller (PREVENT)

 The price of the book may prevent it from becoming a bestseller

10 Sally was all ready to leave the office when her boss asked her to type up areport (POINT)

 Sally was on the point of leaving the office when her boss asked her to

12 They plan to repair the bridge this weekend (SCHEDULED)

 The repair of the brideg has been scheduled to take place this week

13 If you change any of these arrangements, please be sure to let us know.(NOTIFY)

 Please ensure that you notify us of any change in these arrangements

14 Most of the problems arose because there was no leadership on thecommittee (CAUSED)

 It was the absence of (any) leadership that caused most of the problems

on the committee.

15 I didn’y realise that she had decied to come to the meeting (DECISION)

 I was unaware of her decision to attend the meeting

EXERCISE 3

0 Fernanda refused to wear her sister’s old dress (NOT)

-> Fernanda said that she would not wear her sister’s old dress

1 I’m going to eat less chocolate this year (DOWN)

 I’m going to cut down chocolate this year

2 We got started on the new project immediately (TIME)

 We lost little time in starting on the new job project

3 He is likely to lose his job if he keeps disagreeing with his boss (DANGER)

 If he keepss disagreeing with his boss, he is in danger of losing his job

4 Although the children weren’t listening, the teacher didn’t get angry.(ATTENTION)

 Although the children weren’t paying attetion to what the teacher was

saying, he/she didn’t get angry.

5 Given that he has no experience, will Glyn be able to do this job? (AFFECT)

 Will Glyn’s in experience affect his ability to do this job?”

6 ‘Remember to write or phone,’ Maria said as she waved goodbye to herfriend (TOUCH)

 “Excuse madam, but Don’t forget to keep in touch,” Marta said as she waved goodbye to her

friend.

7 No changes will be made to this project (AHEAD)

-> This project will go ahead according to plan.

8 He no longer thinks he can find a job before the end of the year (HOPE)

 He has given up hope of finding a job before the end of the year

9 It’s difficult to know what my reaction would have been in that situation.(HOW)

 I’m not sure how I would have reacted in that situation

10 I don’t expect the company to make a profit this year, given the economicclimate (SURPRISED)

 Given the economic climate, I would be surprised if the company makes a

profit this year.

11 There is no way Lisa will give up her independence to get married (OF)

 Lisa has no intention of giving up her independence to get married

12 Simon really ought to make a decision about his future (MIND)

 It is high time Simon made up his mind about his future

13 Pay claims must be submitted before the end of the month (PUT)

-> You have to put in your play claims before the end of the month.

14 There are various ways of avoiding insect bites (PREVENTED)

 Insect bites can be prevented in a vrious ways

15 I think learning to use a typewriter is a waste of time (POINT)

 I can’t see the point of learning to use a typewriter

EXERCISE 4

1.Your mobie phone should be switched off at all times during the performance.(SHOULD)

 Under no circumstances should your mobile phone be switched on

during the performance.

2 If you don’t pay on time, your booking will be cancelled (RESULT)

 Failure to pay on time will result in the cancellation of your booking

3 Darius soon recovered after the operation on his knee and was able to rejoin

the team (MADE)

 After the operation on his knee, Darius made a speedy recovery and was

able to rejoin the team.

4 Most of the children ignored what the teacher had told them (NOTICE)

 Few of the children took notice of what the teacher had told them

5 I didn’t realise how short the singer was until I saw him anstage (MADE)

 It was only seeing him onstage that made me realise how short the singer

was.

6 It’s so difficult to create new ideas for the festival every year! (COME)

 How difficult it is to come up with new ideas for festival every year!

7 The company has a good reputation in the local area (HIGHLY)

 The company is highly thought/ spoken of in the local area

8 I’m sure Jemma is going to become a famous model one day (MATTER)

 I think it’s only a matter time before Jemma becomes a famou singer.

9 Everyone will enjoy this exhibition because there are no fewer than twentydinosaurs on display (MANY)

 This exhibition will appeal to everyone because as many as twenty

dinosaurs are on display.

10 At the beginning of the programme the panel of experts discussed the mediaand its importance in education (DISCUSSION)

 The panel of experts started the programme with a discussion of/ on/ about

the media and its importance in education.

11 Barbara’s parents were certain that she would be a great tennis player.(DOUBT)

 Barbara’s parents were in no doubt that she would be a great tennis

 ‘I’m not willing to put up with rudeness from my colleagues any longer’,

3 Nadia’s friend arrived just as she was about to leave the restaurant (POINT)

 Nadia was just on the point of leaving the restaurant when her friend

5 There has been a sharp rise in the price of petrol this month (RISEN)

 The price of petrol has risen sharply this month

6 Lisa was just about to leave the house when the phone rang (POINT)

-> Lisa was the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.

7 Tom’s company had less success with its exports this years (SO)

-> Tom’s company was not so successful with its export as this year.

8 A number of sporting events had to be cancelled owing to the bad weather.(LED)

 Bad weather led to the cancellation/ cancelling of sporting events

9 When it comes to computer games, Gareth is real expert (CONCERNED)

 As far as computers are concerned, Gareth is a real expert

10 Carlos really should get someone to mend his bike (HIGH)

 It’s high time Carlos got someone to mend his bike/ got his bike mended

11 Do you think Noelia is likely to win the competition? (CHANGE)

 Do you think Noelia is in any chance of winning the competition?”

12 I’ve been greatly impressed by the way Jasper deals with problems.(MADE)

 Jasper’s way of dealing with problem has made a great impression on me

13 The reduction in the price of the magazine led to a growth in sales.(RESULT)

 Sales of the magazine grew as a result of the reduction in the price

14 I think the weather will improve next week (CHANGE)

 I think there will be a change for the better in the weather next week

15 Phoebe was surprised to be offered a place on the course (CAME)

 The offer of a place on the course came as a surprise to Phoebe

Exercise 6

1.If he doesn’t get that job, who knows what he’ll do! (KNOWING)

 If he doesn’t get that job, there is no knowing what he will do!

2 ‘Do you want to go and see the new play at the Arts Centre?’ Petra asked herfriend (INTERESTED)

 Petra asked her friend whether she was interested in going and seeing the

new play at the Arts Centre.

3 Georgia hasn’t written to me recently (HEARD)

-> I haven’t heard from Georgia for a while.

4 They out Roger in charge of health and safety at the factory (MADE)

 Roger was made responsible for health and safety at the factory

5 It is important to be well prepared for an interview because if you make amistake, you may not get the job (COST)

 A mistake in an interview may cost you the job, so it is important to be

well-prepared for an interview.

6 The company is almost certain to get the contract (EVERY)

 The company stands every chance of getting the contract

7 Julia says that her sister is the only person to know of our plans to getmarried (APART)

 Julia says that apart from her sister, nobody/ no one else knows of our

plans to get married.

8 Sven would have called yesterday if he had more time (SHORT)

-> Sven didn’t call yesterday because he was short of time.

9 Many people believe that Edison has the ability to become world judochampion (CAPABLE)

 Many people beleive that Edilson is capable of winning the world

championship in judo.

10 Hilary was asked to give an explanation for making the mistake (WHY)

-> Hilary was asked to explain why she (had) made the mistake.

11 In his speech, the Principal didn’t mention the new language coures.(REFERNCE)

 In his speech, the Principal did not make any references to the new

language courses.

12 Lucy was very pleased to be given an award (DELIGHT)

 Much to her delight (n) Lucy was given the award

13 Sam never thought of asking me for my advice (OCCURRED)

-> It never occured to Sam to ask me for my advice.

14 Pat does not intend to have a holiday this year (INTENTION)

 Pat has no intention of going on holiday this year

15 Jonh thought it was very strange that Fred had not answered his letter.(FAILURE)

-> John thought that Fred’s failure to answer his letter was very strange.

Exercise 7

1.I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe (SHOULD)

 I don’t think you should have lent your car to Joe

2 By the end of the month, it will be two years since Hendrik came to England.(FOR)

 By the end of the month, Hendrik will have been in England for 2 years

3 Despite all their efforts, they could not get the old car to start (HARD)

 No matter how hard they tried, they could not get the old car to start

4 ‘I’m sory, but there’s so way I’m going to sleep on the floor,’ said Naomi.(CLEAR)

 Naomi made it clear (that) she [was not going/ wasn’t prepared] to sleep

on the floor.

5 I don’t think you’ll have much difficulty understanding the local dialect.(FIND)

 I don’t think you will find it difficult to understand the local dialect

6 Mats promised to ring as soon as he got home (MOMENT)

 Mats said that he would ring the moment (that) he got home

7 At the time, scientists did not realise that how important their findings were.(FAILED)

 At the time, scientists failed to realise the importance of their findings

8 People believe that Leonardo da Vinci foresaw the invention of aircraft.(BELIEVED)

 The invention of aircraft is believed to have been foreseen by Leonardo da

Vinci.

9 Mr Porter has to lock all the doors at night after everyone has left.(RESPONSIBLE)

 The person who is responsible for locking the doors at night after

everyone has left.

10 Jack was worried that he couldn’t think of any new ideas for the advertisingcampaign (INABILITY)

 What worried Jack was his inability to come up with any new ideas for

the advertising campaign.

11 The pool closes in ten minutes, so there isn’t enough time to go swimmingnow (WORTH)

 It is not worth going swimming now as the pool closes in ten minutes

12 Pavel’s advice helped me so much that I was able to slove the problemimmediately (SUCH)

 Pavel gave me such helpful advice that I was able to solve the problem

immediately.

13 Because she postponed buying the plane ticket, Vanessa lost the opportunity

to go to China (PUT)

 If Vanessa had not put off buying the plane ticket, she would not have

lost the opportunity to go to China.

14 Now the tourists have seen how beautiful it is here, there’s a very goodchance they’ll return (HAVING)

 The tourists are highly likely to return after having seen how beautiful it

is here.

15 Dr Sharp wants you to look after his patients while he’s away (CARE)

 Dr Sharp would like you to take care of his patients while he is away