A study on illocutionary acts of expressives in modern american short stories

are collected to demonstrate how expressives as illocutionary acts are used in modern American short stories.. The purpose of this study is to analyze and classify the syntactic and func

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

It is widely accepted that communication is an essential need in our lives, and language is one of the most effective and successful means of communication As a result, when we communicate, language plays an important role It cannot be denied that when speaking, the speaker must consider not only the content of the speech but also how to express it so that the listener can understand it easily Furthermore, speakers frequently use speculative statements, forcing listeners to deduce both the speaker's literal and implicit meaning Because of the reasons above, mastering the relationship between the external form and the underlying purpose of an utterance are regarded as the golden key to successful communication

According to Griffiths (2006), the act of speaking is the fundamental unit of language interactions such as warnings, greetings, applications, communicating information, confirming appointments, and other expressions Every expression that people use in everyday conversation is an example of a illocutionary acts, but they are unaware of it Illocutionary acts, obviously, cover a wide range of languages; all sentences that people say are illocutionary acts, as is the word "hello", which is one example of a speech act to say hello and ask As a result, the act of speaking is performed every day, at any time, and anywhere in the world

Illocutionary acts are utterances made by two or more people acting as speakers and listeners (Yule, 1996) Therefore, illocutionary acts have always occupied a prominent and leading position in the study of pragmatics in particular and language use in general That is, speech behavior is regarded as one of the most typical pragmatic features, which is crucial in the communication process in everyday contexts as well as in the process of language teaching and learning

Indeed, among the five types of illocutionary acts, it is expressives that emerge as one of the most strikingly typical pragmatics characteristics, particularly in modern short stories However, despite the fact that expressives have occuppied an importantly irreplaceable position in terms of speech act studies, there has been a lack of research putting much emphasis on such expressive-related issues under the umbrella of pragmatics perspective

In fact, there are numerous sources of valuable reference material available, including both the media and published literature This provides numerous advantages to teachers and students while getting them engaged in daily English and Vietnamese conversation Reading allows people to learn more and widen their knowledge Furthermore, people can improve their language skills in a variety of settings by reading modern American short stories Researchers studying linguistic behavior can benefit from reading modern American short stories Famous works of this genre have always piqued the interest of readers not only in Vietnam, but almost everywhere in the world Through modern American short stories, we have a deeper insight into the culture of communication by using illocutionary acts It is extremely beneficial for improving people's pragmatic abilities and assisting us in becoming more successful communicators in English

In addition, the topic of discussion is chosen due to the appeal of a character in modern American short stories to be evaluated Researchers can reach a broader audience through reference and conversation Researchers can interpret or describe how illocutionary acts occur in a new character Expressives as illocutionary acts analysis research can also be done in the form of a literary work in the form of a text, where the study of speech actions is not limited to the original person who talks, or in the form of video This study employs novel objects because short tales are imaginary prose narratives that often depict character and action in written form Linguistically, many aspects in modern American short tales must be studied in terms of pragmatic comprehension, such as implicature, presupposition, and speech acts Furthermore, modern American short stories have distinct literary styles that allow readers to readily understand them

Finally, as far as I know, there are also a number of studies on expressing illocutionary acts used in modern American short stories, so this thesis hopes to provide more complete and richer material of illocutionary acts for everyday communication The research will also help people comprehend illocutionary acts of expressives and be proficient in applying them

All these factors have created the tremendous motivation for me to conduct this research.

Aims and objectives

The aim of my research is to analyze expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories Through the analysis of turns containing expressives as illocutionary acts in these modern American short stories, we will find out syntactic and functional features of expressives used from their detailed characteristics employed to realize them

In order to achieve the aim of the research, there are two objectives as follows:

- To find out the syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories

- To find out the functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories.

Research questions

The thesis is made to answer two following questions:

1 What are the syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories?

2 What are the functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories?

Scope of the study

By virtue of limited time and research conditions, it is obviously difficult to conduct a large-scale investigation of illocutionary acts in all modern American short stories Instead, this thesis will focus mainly on the syntactic and the functions of expressives as illocutionary acts collected from about 10 modern American short stories in the 21 st century chosen The short stories are chosen based on their potential to win literary awards and each short story ranges in length from 2000 to 5000 words.

Significance of the study

The study is expected to contribute to the field of pragmatic analysis studies, particularly illocutionary acts research, which still receives not much attention from scholars in the field In terms of theory, this research helps to make a contribution to the study, performance and interpretation of illocutionary acts as well as help to clarify the illocutionary acts theory thanks to detailed analysis and interpretation of the illocutionary acts utilized in modern American short stories In terms of practice, the manipulation of indirect types in modern American short stories into real-life contexts to reinforce the effectiveness and efficiency of communication and language teaching-learning process is worth to consider.

Organization of the study

This study consists of five chapters, each of which takes responsibility for a particular function, The first chapter is Introduction, which reveals an overview of the study including rationale, research aims and objectives, research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, organization of the study The second chapter is Literature Review and Theoretical Background, which presents a review of previous relevant studies and all the terms as well as the key theoretical concepts that the study is based on so that the next part of the study can be easily friendly read The third chapter is Research Methodology, which describes the methods used in the study Additionally, the procedures applied to collect and analyze the data for the study and clarification of validity and reliability are also mentioned The next chapter is Finding and Discussion, which depicts the result of the study from the collected data based on the two questions mentioned above and a detailed discussion with illustration, interpretation, and comments about expressives of illocutionary acts in modern American short stories in both structures and functions, which are all based on the Theoretical background and analytical frameworks presented in the chapter Two and chapter Three The final chapter is Conclusion, which summarizes the results and findings of the research which concern the expressives in syntactics and functions of illocutonary acts in modern American short stories Finally, some implications, the limitations of the study and suggestions are given for further research related to the topic.

Summary

An overview of the research, including the justification, the goals and objectives, the research questions, and the study’s cope, is intended to be provided in the first chapter This section also presents the framework of the thesis and the significance of the investigation This can help readers understand the main ideas of the thesis and the historical background of the research.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Previous studies

The theory of speech acts in pragmatics is a topic that many researchers are interested in, yet perspectives on the subject are still divided As a result, it may be stated that the difficulties of pragmatics in general and illocutionary acts in particular remain unexplored territory

There are many studies on pragmatics, including illocutionary acts Some research works are mentioned by some famous linguists in the world such as Austin, Searle, Yule and so on First, the theory of speech acts is associated with John Austin, a British language philosopher whose book "How to Do

Things with Word," published posthumously in 1962, marked the beginning of a new approach to the study of language In this book, Austin attacks the view that the function of language is to state facts He gives some new perspectives on semantic analysis and points out three types of speech acts expressed in each utterance: locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts He points out that the illocutionary act is considered the most important element in the study of speech acts After that, up until 1969, Searle contributes to the clarification of Austin's (1962) fundamental ideas of speech actions in his influential book "Speech Acts." He explains the ideas, some traits, and procedures for producing indirect speech acts 'A Classification of Illocutionary

Acts' is another name for it He offers a list of the fundamental categories of illocutionary acts including Commissives, Expressives, Directives, and Representatives The research on speech acts continues to be developed by

Yule (1996), who is renowned for his research project "Pragmatics" and who does so from a pragmatic viewpoint He demonstrates that the activity that is carried out by utterance production at each event will be made up of three interconnected acts Additionally, he categorized the five techniques of the general functions carried out by speech acts in his book “Pragmatics” Generally, all these theorists have confirmed the close relationship between speech acts and language functions

In Quy Nhon University, Ton Nu My Nhat (2017) provides a succinct overview of various ways that can be utilized for the analysis of conversation within the context of Quy Nhon University This book examines the various perspectives on the purposes of language, including those proposed by Halliday, Brown and Yule, and the Systemists Furthermore, she made reference to the theory of speech acts

In addition, numerous studies have been undertaken on speech acts as part of the prerequisites for obtaining a Master's Degree in English An example of a prior study on speech acts is the research undertaken by Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Dung (2014) The study was conducted with the objective of examining different linguistic characteristics of speech acts, such as speech act types, speech act structures, and indirect speech acts, in the conversations found in the New Interchange 1, 2, and 3 textbooks The purpose of this investigation was to enhance comprehension, instruction, and learning outcomes for individuals utilizing this particular textbook series Furthermore, this study is subject to numerous significant constraints For example, she lacks the ability to analyze linguistic elements pertaining to prosodic qualities, politeness methods, and similar factors

Besides, Đoàn Thị Hương Hiền (2015) wrote a thesis related to linguistic features of indirect speech acts In this study, the researcher investigates the characteristics of indirect speech acts in the conversations of contemporary English and Vietnamese short stories in order to discover interesting results regarding indirect speech act structures, indirect speech act functions, and major similarities and differences between the structures and functions of the investigated speech acts in the two languages However, the thesic has significant limitations She is unable to comprehend and articulate all of the examples, in addition to examining the linguistic aspects of politeness strategies and adjacency pairs

The other previous study is Cao Văn Huong (2017) The conversational implicatures in the two films "12 Years a Slave" and "Spotlight" were determined using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods According to his findings, the sentential level structures and the upper sentential level structures come in first and second place, respectively, in terms of the syntactic characteristics of linguistic means required to actualize implicature The researcher would also like to mention the limitations of Cao Văn Hương's (2017) study One restriction is that he cannot combine the data from the two films and consider them as if they came from a single source The last previous study which talks about speech acts was conducted by Bùi Thị Trinh (2018) The aims of her study are examining linguistic features of indirect speech acts in short comedy films from strutural as well as functional perspectives, and showing the similarities within only four years from 2014 to

2017 Moreover, these films have been famous and have attracted many viewers up to present Nonetheless, the restrictions in this study are inevitable due to lack of time, reference material, the limited scope of the study, limited linguistics knowledge as well as research skills of the researcher

From all of the previous researches above, most of the previous researchs used Searle's explanation for the theory Then, in this research, the researcher uses the same theory from Searle (1979) and Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) to find out the linguistic features of expressive illocutionary acts However, there are differences between the previous researchs and the current research The first, the data source from all of the previous researchs is different, where this research uses modern American short stories (21 st century) as the data source The second, the objective from the first question in formulation is discussed about the syntactics of expressive acts, which have not been discussed in the previous research above Third, it is undeniable that using expressive language in the stories makes utterances more interesting and meaningful Thus, as stated before, this research will choose modern American short stories (21 st century) as the data source to shed light on the above research gaps.

Theoretical background

There is a plethora of thoughts regarding the definition of pragmatics Yule (1996) states that pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader)

It means that pragmatics is more related to people’s meaning when they utter the utterances than what the meaning of words or phrases in those utterances mean Therefore, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning

The study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in particular context and how the context influences what is said We can say that pragmatics is the study of contexual meaning This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated We might say that pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said

Pragmatics is also the study of the expression of relative distance The basic answer is tied to the notion of distance On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said Therefore, these are the four areas that pragmatics is concerned with Similarly, according to Levinson (1983), pragmatics is a study of the use of language It is the study of the relation between language and context which are essential to an account of language understanding In other words, pragmatics is the study of meaning uttered by the speaker and interpreted by the listener

Crystal (1992) also shows that pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users - especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication

Language competency or communication competence is considered to include pragmatics competence Rasekh (2005) defined linguistic competency as organizational competence and pragmatic competence Organizational competence includes knowledge of language units and the rules for connecting them at the sentence (grammatical competence) and discourse (textual competence) levels Pragmatic competence is comprised by illocutionary competence, i.e., 'Sociolinguistic competence' involves the capacity to use language effectively in relation to context It thus involves the ability to choose acceptable communicative acts and strategies for implementing them based on the circumstances of the situation

Geoffrey Finch's observation in Linguistic Terms and Concepts (2000, Palgrave Macmillan) "Pragmatics is concerned with what is not explicitly stated and how we interpret utterances in context" They are more concerned with the force of what is said than with its meaning, that is, with what is communicated by the manner and style of an utterance

Based on the definitions above, it can be summarized that pragmatics is the study of language or utterance meaning influenced by the context It emphasizes on the relation of language meaning in the context

Speech acts are a branch of pragmatic linguistic studies Speech acts based of two combine words that come from speech and act Therefore, speech acts are the intent of an utterance accompanied by speech followed by action The conception of speech acts was first mentioned by John Austin In the opinion of Austin (1962), all utterances that the speakers perform in conversations with others should be viewed as actions He defined that speech acts are actions intended to perform by a speaker on saying something That means when a speaker utters well-formed utterances, he often intends to produce them with several kinds of function in his mind as well as intends to perform actions through those utterances For instance, when a speaker utters “I‟m sorry for breaking your vase”, he not only produces a meaningful utterance but also intends to perform the act of apologizing Therefore, apologizing, inviting, promising, requesting, and so on are claimed as typical speech acts In other words, the actions such as an apologizing, inviting, promising, requesting, and so on are called speech acts According to Searle, "the theory of speech acts begins with the assumption that the minimal unit of human communication is not a sentence or other expression." but rather the performance of specific activities such as expressing comments, asking questions, giving commands, describing, explaining, apologizing, praising, applauding, and so on." A speech act succeeds as a communication act when the audience's identities are represented in line with the speaker's aim The The first thing to note is that speech acts are actual world events.That is, they change the current state of circumstances We can conclude that every utterance or speech we create affects another person to perform some behaviors known as speech acts In studying speech act theory, it is essential to have a deep insight into the well- known distinction made by Austin (1962) between three-fold division of speech acts, named them locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts A locutionary act is the act of saying something in the full sense of "say"

Illocutionary act is performed with intended meaning behind the utterance It is contains a requesting, asking, ordering, advising, etc Finally, there is a perlocutionary act, which can be described in terms of the effect which the illocutionary act, on a particular occasion of use, has on the hearer The three levels of speech act can be used to analyze utterance of human in communication

Sharing the same opinion with the Austin (1962), Peccei (2002) indicated that speech acts can be viewed on three levels: the locution, the illocution and the perlocution Firstly, the locution is "the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning" Secondly, the illocution is "what the speaker is doing by uttering those words" Finally, the perlocution is “the effect of those words on the hearer" For example, by saying "Give me some cash”, the locution is the semantic meaning of these words, the illocution is performing the act of request (the listener gives the speaker some cash) and the perlocution is that the listener accepts or does not accept to respond to that request

Unlike Austin, Searle's (1965) stated that a speech act consists of two parts: proposition and illocutionary force A proposition is the literal meaning of an utterance or the semantic sense of the act; meanwhile, an illocutionary force is the communicative function of that utterance

All these definitions refer to an utterance as a tool for the speaker to perform a speech act and it can not be isolated moves in communication Moreover, it is noticed that "the same words can be used to perform different speech acts, so different words can be used to perform the same speech act" said by Thomas (1995) He gave some utterances illustrating different ways of presenting the speech act of requesting someone to close the door as the following

Could you shut the door?

Did you forget the door?

Put the wood in the hole

Were you born in a barn?

What do big boys do when they come into a room, Johnny?

Furthermore, Yule (1996) points out "Actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request" For example, by saying “If you say, I’ll be there at six”, the speaker not only makes an utterance but also performs the speech act of promising Speech act theory examines the role of utterance in connection to the behavior of the speaker and listener in interpersonal communication In short, when speakers say words, they not only make utterances with words and grammatical structure, but they also execute action in those utterances

In general, speech acts are acts of communication Communicating is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed For example, a statement expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses a regrets As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker's intention, the attitude being expressed Furthermore, we can use speech actions to accomplish a variety of tasks such as making a promise, making plans, asking a question, ordering or requesting someone to do something, giving advice and suggestions, making a threat, and issuing directives However, to perform a speech act appropriately and correctly is not an easy to things to identified, since the application of actions requires a great deal with conventional procedures and the ways of using words In addition, there are some specific conditions that should be met in order to perform speech acts correctly On any occasion, the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts locutions, illocutions and perlocutions

Illocutionary Acts

2.3.1 The definition of Illocutionary Acts

Illocutionary speech acts are those that contain hidden meanings or other meanings that the speaker wishes to convey to the interlocutor When the speaker makes an utterance, he is also acting, namely communicating his intentions or wishes through the utterance Illocutionary acts are speech acts that contain the goal and function of speech power This illocutionary speech act is highly complicated This is due to the fact that illocutionary acts are associated with who the speaker is, to whom, when, and where

According to Searle (1985), the illocutionary act is the smallest unit of human communication It is performed by the communicative points of an utterance An illocutionary act refers to the type of function the speaker intends to achieve, or the type of action the speaker intends to achieve in producing the utterances It can be said that this act happens when the speaker utters something to the hearer There are a lot of subtypes of illocutionary acts that can be identified These are several examples of subtypes of illocutionary act such as accusing, apologizing, blaming, congratulating, giving permission, joking, nagging, naming, promising, ordering, refusing, swearing, thanking, etc Moreover, Searle (1985) states that in general, an illocutionary act consists of an illocutionary points or subtypes and a propositional content For example, the two utterances ‘You will eat the sandwich’ and ‘Eat the sandwich!’ have the same propositional content, which is that ‘you’ will eat the sandwich The first utterance has the illocutionary subtypes of a prediction while the second one has the illocutionary subtypes of an order He aslo points that the thing that distinguishes between illocutionary points and propositional content is supported by the fact that their identity conditions are also different It can be concluded that the same propositional content can happen with different illocutionary points and the same illocutionary points can happen with different propositional content By recognizing and identifying the points of an utterance, the illocutionary act of the utterance can be delivered successfully Hence, the role of illocutionary points in determining the types and functions of illocutionary act is vital

Cohen (edited by McKay and Hornberger, 1996) indicated that “A speech act is a functional unit in communication” Illocutionary acts are the most important part of speech acts because illocutionary acts themselves become the main central to linguistics in element of communication It is commonly analyzed in real life and is important to analyze to understand the intended meaning of an utterance

Illocutionary act is an act of doing something either for the speaker or for the hearer Leech (1983) stated that illocutionary act is performing the act in saying something An illocutionary act can also called as an implied level Yule

(1996) wrote that “the illocutionary act is performed via the communicative face of an utterance” and it is an intended meaning of a speaker

To illustrate, when a speaker says “It is so dark here” in a room, he or she intends to give affect to the hearer for turning the light on Furthermore, he stated that sometimes it is not easy to determine what kind of illocutionary acts the speaker performs In this case, to hint his intentions and to show how the proposition should be taken the speaker uses many indications, ranging from the most obvious ones, such as unambiguous performative verbs, to the more opaque ones, among which mainly various three paralinguistic features (stress, timbre and intonation) and word order should be mentioned All of these cues, or factors impacting the meaning of the utterance, are known as Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices, or IFID, as Yule refers to prior Searle's work

Illocutionary activities are, in general, acts of communication To communicate is to express a particular attitude, and the sort of speech act used corresponds to the type of attitude stated A declaration, for example, indicates a belief, a request expresses a wish, and an apology expresses regret A speech act succeeds as a communication act if the listener recognizes the attitude being represented in accordance with the speaker's aim

Different researchers classify speech acts in different ways Austin (1962) classified speech acts into five categories: verdictives (for example, an estimate, reckoning, or appraisal), excercitives (for example, ordering, encouraging, advising, or warning), commissives (promises or vows), behabitives (apologizing), and expositives (for example, accept, agree) (Congratulations, commendation, and condolences) Searle (1979) classified illocutionary acts into five kinds based on the speaker's desire to make an utterance: assertives, directions, commissives, expressives, and declarations Furthermore, Bach and Harnish (1979) classified speech activities into six broad groups They are both effectives and verdictives, which are customary rather than communicative The four main communicative types are constatives, directives, commissives, and acknowledgments, which are similar to Austin's expositives, exercitives, commissives, and behabitives, respectively, and similar to Searle's representatives, directives, commissives, and expressives, though this classification differs from Searle's Suggestions, for example, belong to the constatives in Bach and Harnish's systems, but to the directives in Searle's Cohen (1996, edited by McKay and Hornberger) categorizes speech actions into five types: representatives, directions, expressives, commissives, and declaratives These categories are elaborated in Yule (1996) as follows:

Declaration are those types of speech acts that changes the world by their utterance This means when a speaker produces a declaration, he changes the world via words In order to perform declarations correctly, the speaker has to have a special institutional role in a specific context that can be used to express it The example of this speech act is as follows Jury Foreman: “We find the defendant guilty.” The utterance above is a declaration of speech act which is uttered by a jury foreman He declares that the accused is guilty (Yule, 1996) The speaker has to have a special institution role, in a specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately

Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that commit the speaker to the truth value In other words, it can be understood that representatives state what the speaker believes to be the case The purpose of a speaker in performing representatives is to commit him or herself to the belief that the propositional content of the utterance is true There are some typical functions of this group such as describing, claiming, hypothesizing, insisting and disagreeing Several following examples can be added to illustrate what are presented above:

(b) Chomsky did not write about peanuts

These two examples above are facts that are believed by people in the world It is true that the earth is flat and Chomsky did not write about peanuts (Yule, 1996)

According to Yule (1996), expressives are kind of illocutionary act that state what the speaker feels They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow, surprise, apologize, thank In using an expressives, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling) In performing an expressive, it can be noted with some performative verbs: greet, surprise, like, fear, apology, thank, regret, and praise Examples: I’m really sorry! (Apologizing), Congratulations! (Congratulating), Mmmm Sssh

In directives, a speaker tries to get the hearer to commit him or herself to do something Directives express what the speaker wants Commands, orders, requests, suggestions are the forms of directives The following sentences are the examples of directives a) You may ask b) Would you make me a cup of tea? Don’t touch that

In the first example (a), the sentence is a suggestion that has a function to get the hearer to do something as what the speaker suggests Meanwhile, in the second example (b), the speaker uses an interrogative sentence to ask the hearer to make a cup of tea In this case, the speaker does not expect the hearer to answer the question with yes or no The last example is a command to make the hearer acts as what the speaker wants (Yule, 1996)

When a speaker uses commissives, one can assume that the speaker will do an action in the future It can be in the form of promises, threats, refusals, and pledges Those actions can be performed by the speaker alone, or by the speaker as a member of a group This speech act is illustrated in the following example a) I’ll be back b) I’m going to get it right next time c) We will not do that

From the three examples above, it can be concluded that the content of the commissive has something to do with the future and a possible action of the speaker The modal “will” or “to be going to‟ in certain rules, contexts, and situation signifies a promise in which it is considered as a commisive (Yule,

The definition of Expressives

Expressive speech acts are one of the five basic categories of speech acts identified by Searle (1976) Expressive is an illocutionary act that is used to express the speaker's feelings Expressives are still understudied, however specific types of expressive speech acts, such as thanking and complimenting, have gotten increased attention In everyday life, people regularly employ expressive in some forms, such as greeting and thanks in discussion Expressive can be found when the people meet someone they know, at least they must act right expression such as expressed their greeting or welcoming and can be found in the daily conversation

Expressive illocutionary is "to express the psychological (feelings) of the speaker determined in the condition of sincerity about the specified state in a certain situation" Expressives are distinguished from other types of illocutionary acts, types of psychological conditions based on what they reveal Within classical pragmatic work, they are defined as expressions of feelings or emotions (Austin (1962), Searle (1976), Norrick (1978), Bach and Harnish (1979)) Austin's (1962) class of behabitives is "concerned roughly with reactions to behavior and with behavior towards others and designed to exhibit attitudes and feelings" Searle (1976) narrows Austin's broad category to speech acts that lack a direction of fit It is used to express the psychological state in the sincerity condition about a state of affairs given in the propositional content Unlike other illocutionary acts, expressives, according to Norrick (1978), do not express "emotions directed at future states (the world-to-word direction of fit aimed at getting the world to correspond to what is said), but emotions that arise in response to given states of affairs" Expressives speech acts don't express the speaker’s beliefs or intentions, but emotions (Norrick, 1978) He also explains if speech acts have their own value The value is divided into positive value and negative value More precisely, how the speech act represents whether the utterance is good or bad Positive values represent the emotional feelings of a good speaker But on the contrary, negative values represent the emotional feelings of the speaker who are sad, gloomy and so on According to Bach and Harnish (1979), this speech act category is known as acknowledgements, and it displays, perfunctorily if not sincerely, specific feelings towards the hearer

Their definition already suggests that expressives as illocutionary acts do not always convey true emotions For Austin (1962), illocutionary acts performed without the required feelings do not render the act infelicitous but merely insincere And according to Searle, “wherever there is a psychological state specified in the sincerity conditions, the performance of the act counts as an expression of that psychological state” (1969:65, original emphasis) – whether the act is sincere or not In theoretical work on expressive illocutionary acts, the subjective nature of such evaluations has been linked to the fact that it is not always possible to “precisely define the emotion expressed in an expressive illocutionary act or the degree to which it is felt” (Norrick,

1978:281) The extent to which expressive speech acts convey true emotions or function as mere routine formulae has been linked to their linguistic (and prosodic) realizations, which range from brief, even elliptical, to more heartfelt variants with “lengthier, less formulaic phrases” (Norrick, 1978) But even if the feelings expressed cannot be regarded as genuine, “in our society they are generally regarded as acts of courtesy” (Bach and Harnish, 1979:53), their function being to satisfy a social expectation, which can be viewed as a form of politic behavior

In theoretical work on expressive illocutionary acts, the subjective nature of such evaluations has been linked to the fact that it is not always possible to

“precisely define the emotion expressed in an expressive illocutionary act or the degree to which it is felt” (Norrick, 1978:281) The extent to which expressive illocutionary acts convey true emotions or function as mere routine formulae has been linked to their linguistic (and prosodic) realisations, which range from brief, even elliptical, to more heartfelt variants with “lengthier, less formulaic phrases”

Moreover, expressives are illocutionary acts that state what the speaker feels It can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer does They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow (Yule, 1996) These expressives acts can be producted by affect from the speaker The speaker expresses their feelings (disapproval, unsatisfied, anger, etc.) through this speech act classification Yule (1996:53) states "Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels" Yule defined expressive speech acts as speech acts used to express something that the speaker is feeling The speakers' feelings are expressed by tailoring their words to their own psychological world This thesis focuses on researching expressives as illocutionary acts

2.4.1 Syntactic features of English sentences

Sentences in English can be classified into different types according to a number of criteria.Yule (1996:54) states, “A different approach to distinguishing types of speech acts can b e made on the basis of structure." In regard to structures, they are defined and discussed by the grammarians Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) In terms of syntactic complexity, sentences are divided into two main groups: simple or multiple sentences Multiple sentences can be compound, complex, or compound-complex According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1973), English sentences involve four major syntactic classes, including statements, questions, commands, and exclamations, corresponding to four structures: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory, respectively Each of these grammatical forms is usually associated with a primary communicative function (illocutionary force) Later, Huddleston

(1984) replaced the term exclamatory with exclamative

Declarative sentences are used to make a statement In the opinion of Quirk and Greenbaum (1973:954), declaratives are "sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb" However, declaratives may not contain the subject, and this is the case of ellipsis (e.g., (I welcome you to our home) This property is regularly employed in spoken discourse

Meanwhile, interrogative sentences are used to ask a question According to Quirk and Greenbaum (1973), interrogative sentences are marked by one of the following conditions:

(a) The placing of the operator in front of the subject (e.g., Have you seen this picture?),

(b) The initial positioning of an interrogative or wh-element (e.g., What are you doing?),

(c) Rising question intonation (e.g., You're BUSY?)

Questions can be divided into three major classes according to the types of answers: yes-no questions, wh-questions, and alternative questions

First of all, yes-or-no questions need only affirmation or rejection, as in "Have you finished the book?”

Next, wh-questions are questions formed with the aid of one of the question words: who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, and why

In addition, questions need answers supplying items of information, as in

“What’s your name?” or “What did you do yesterday?”

Finally, alternative questions are questions having two or more options, as in "Would you like to go for a walk or stay at home?”

As regards imperative sentences, they are used for making a command Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) defined imperatives as “sentences which normally have no overt grammatical subject and whose verb is in the imperative” as in the sentence “Speak to the boss today” Imperatives can be classified into five minor types

Firstly, imperatives have a subject, which is implied in the sense that the ignored subject of the imperative verb is the second-person pronoun you or the third-person pronoun somebody or everyone preceding an imperative verb, as in the sentence “Everyone close your eyes”

Secondly, imperatives without a subject have no subject but an imperative verb, as in the sentences “Be reasonable” or “Put it on the table"

Thirdly, imperatives with "Let” which "first person imperatives can be formed by preposing the verb “Let”, followed by a subject in (where relevant) the objective case" as in sentences "Let me have a look" or "Let us all work hard"

Next, for negative imperatives, which are to negate 2nd and 3rd person imperatives, one simply adds an initial don't, substituting assertive by non- assertive forms where essential, as in the sentence "Don't close your eye" Lastly, persuasive imperatives are made by adding do before the main verb, as in the sentence "Do have some more tea"

With respect to exclamatory sentences, they are used for making an exclamation Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) defined exclamations as “sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or how, without inversion of subject and operator” as in the sentence "What a beautiful girl (she is)!” and others in the form of a declarative structure with an exclamative mark at the end of the sentence to show the speaker’s strong feelings of emotion, as in the sentence "Bless you!”

In this thesis, the turns containing expressives as illocutioanry acts collected from modern American short stories are analyzed in terms of structure consisting of declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives, and exclamatives that are mentioned above

Expressive is one of kind illocutionary act used to express the feeling or emotional states of the speaker Expressive illocutionary acts can be interpreted as speech functions that aim to express the feelings of the speaker to the interlocutor Expressive force means that the speaker wants to show what she feels According to Leech (1983), illocutionary subtypes of this speech act include apologizing, condoling, praising, applauding, and thanking As a result, it suggests that expressive speech acts are an expression of the speaker's emotional feelings Speech and emotion are inextricably linked, and the delivery of the utterance cannot be isolated from the speaker's emotions While according to Yule (1996), expressive act is a type of illocutionary act that expresses what the speaker feels They express psychological states and can be a statement for pleasure, pain, likes, dislike, joy or sorrow

Context

In linguistics, context carries tremendous importance in disambiguation of meaning as well as in understanding the actual meaning of works Context is more than a matter of reference and the understanding of what things are about Context is also what gives the utterances deeper It is also important in assigning a proper value to such a phenomenon as presuppositions, implicature and the whole set of context oriented features George Yule (2006) defined there are different kinds of context One kind is described as linguistic context, also known as co-text The co-text of a word is the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence The surrounding co-text has a strong effect on what people think the word probably means In other words, the different context could have different meanings and it effects the meaning as well

The same utterance said in different situations has different meanings Sinclair (cited in Coulthard, 1992:81) said "The relation between utterances and their discourse value was originally seen as being partly determined by aspects of the situation in which the language occurred" To get exactly what the utterance means in a particular situation, it is essential to put it in a context More research, Context, according to Leech (1983:13), referenced in Suci Almuslimah), is "any background knowledge assumed to be shared by S

(speaker) and H (hearer) that contributes to H's misinterpretation of what S means by given an utterance." It indicates that the listener must have the same degree of knowledge as the speaker in order to grasp what the speaker says-that is, the context

The context is defined as the circumstances that surround an event, statement, or idea and allow it to be completely understood and appraised In simplified terms, it is the information surrounding an utterance, which is easily comprehended by context features Regarding features of context, Hymes (cited in Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật, 2017:11-12) used the word SPEAKING as an acronym for the factors:

S- The setting and scence, i.e the time and place

P- The participants: consisting of the addressor(s) and the addressee(s) E- The ends, i.e the expected outcomes of an exchange, the goals A- The act sequence, i.e the actual form and content of what is said K- The key, i.e the tone, manner, or spirit in which a message is conveyed I- The instrumentalities, i.e the channel- oral or written, and the actual forms of speech employed- the language, code, dialect, register

N- the norms of interaction and interpretation

G- the genre- clear marked or established types of utterances- verbal poems, proverbs, riddles in contrast to casual speech

Finally, without context, the listener will struggle to grasp or interpret the speaker's utterance When there is no context in a conversation, communication between the speaker and the listener fails and fails to achieve its goal The listener may be perplexed or misunderstand the speaker's goal, which may have an impact on the next conversation or action.

Summary

The chapter focuses on related the previous studies on speech act, theories, and research Syntactic features - are introduced in the literature review- including declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative Functional features – are emphasized in the literaurate review - consisting thanking, congratulating, greetings, wishing, and attitudes The theoretical framework of categorizing expressives as illocutionary acts is developed by Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) and Searle (1979) These kinds, which are typical in modern American short stories, serve as my objects of study in the research.

METHODOLOGY

Research Designs

In order to reach the goals, both quantitative and qualitative approaches are used in this thesis to collect as well as analyze the data Thanks to this mixed-method approach, the researcher employs content analysis and discourse analysis methods in the study so that the data collected in modern American short stories could be analyzed systematically and efficiently

The quantitative approach utilizes to calculate the percentage of frequency of each type of the syntactic features and the functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act emerging in the investigated modern American short stories

The qualitative approach applies into the analyses of specifically demonstrative examples extracted from modern American short stories These instances are inserted into the main discussion part to illustrate the validity and reliability of the study

The descriptive method is used in order to give a detailed description of fundamental features of expressives as an illocutionary act in terms of syntactic as well as function in modern American short stories

Finally, discussion and comments on how expressives are analyzed through the syntactic and the functional marker aspects will be presented from which conclusion can be reached.

Data Collection

The data collected in this story is based on 10 modern American short stories with 145 turn containing expressives as illocutionary act These short stories are chosen from a wide range of authors, such as Kate Doyle, Caitlin Horrocks, Mia Alvar, Alexandra Kleeman, John Wiswell, etc All these stories have 164 pages in total, equivalent to 59,236 words The short stories have been on the reading lists of teenagers Moreover, they are good short stories and easily found for high school English classes As an investigation of expressives as illocutionary acts, the samples selects come from the turns containing expressives from characters in modern American short stories where expressives illocutionary acts are expected to be rich The source of the data focuses mainly on the Internet However, to make sure that the data is in the native language, the modern short stories selected have to be composed by the authors who were born and grew up in the USA In order to carry out this study, the research has focused on the data containing linguistic features of expressives as an illocutionary acts in 10 modern American short stories for the syntactic features as well as the functional features All the modern American short stories under study were released in the early years of the twenty-first century.

Data Analysis

145 turns containing expressives as illocutionary acts collected from modern American short stories are the samples I need for my study, so I first collect them The stories feature a variety of topics In order to conduct qualitative and quantitative studies, they have been chosen at random After being collected, the linguistic features of expressive illocutionary acts are examined and categorized Using Greenbaum and Quirk's (1973) theoretical framework, the researcher then analyzes these data based on the syntactic features of expression as an illocutionary act After identifying the types of syntactic features, the researcher examines the use of expressives in illocutionary functions based on Searle's (1979) theoretical framework Then, the syntactic and function elements of each story are carefully examined For the sake of analysis and evaluation, the outcome is reported in raw numbers and percentage terms

The analysis results are then grouped and reviewed in an effort to determine how syntactic and functional elements affect expressives as illocutionary acts

At the final step, based on the results of the analysis, I synthesize the findings and then draw out conclusions as well as give some implications Besides, new thoughts for further researches are also suggested.

Research Procedures

During the course of conducting this research, written sources are used as a data source, in the form of turns containing expressions by characters in modern American short stories This study’s main methods are qualitative and quantitative in order to find out the syntactic and functional features of expressive acts as illocutionary acts Expressives are described in English as the language of choice The study’s theoretical foundation is based on a variety of sources, some of which are given as references However, Greenbaum and Quirk's (1973) and Searle's (1979) theories serve as the foundation for the examination of linguistic features under investigation The procedure for the study is followed by these stages

Firstly, pertinent papers and theoretical background are reviewed to identify gaps in the literature review that need to be filled

Secondly, 10 modern American short stories are downloaded and stored as word documents

Thirdly, the theoretical frameworks for data analysis are chosen

The next step is that the syntactic and functional properties of utterances comprising illocutionary expressive acts in the discourse are evaluated and categorized, with the results given in various tables or figures

Finally, the findings of the analysis are discussed, and implications are offered for further research.

Validity and Reliability

In this thesis, the validity and reliability are established from collecting and analyzing data to producing the research result To begin with validity, the study strictly follows the research design, research methodology and research procedures which were carried out in the reasonable order

Regarding the reliability, the sources of data are reliable at the present time More precisely, the reseacher finds 10 modern American short stories with 145 turns containing of expressives as illocutionary acts In addition, in order to investigate the modern languages, all the short stories under study were released in the 21 st century; therefore, the data are reliable and authentic Moreover, the analytical frameworks based on well-known theories were applied to analyze data in the study that are dependable From the reasons above, the data are believed to be consistent and reliable.

Summary

The data collection, analytical methodology, analytical framework, data gathering method, and data analysis for the study are all presented in the third portion of the study In this study, both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used for data collection and analysis The next chapter deals with the results of the findings and the clear description of expressives as illocutionary acts in turns of syntactic and function in modern American short stories

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Findings

The findings consist of the result of the syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act and the functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories There are 145 expressions of expressives as an illocutionary act found by the reseacher in ten modern American short stories

4.1.1 The syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories

As mentioned in chapter Three, expressives as an illocutionary act are analyzed in terms of syntactic features based on Greenbaum & Quirk’s theoretical framework

The statistics in the following figure provide us the finding of the syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act in modern American short stories

Table 4.1.1 The Syntactic Features of Expressives as an Illocutionary Act in Modern

Code Syntactic features Number Percentage (%)

Figure 4.1.1 Number of Syntactic Features of Expressives as an Illocutionary Act

Table 4.1.1 and figure 4.1.1 present the frequency of occurrence and percentage of the syntactic features of modern American short stories In the term of syntactic features, the data under investigation reveals that expressives declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives are employed to express expressives as illocutionary acts As can be seen in Table 4.1.1, declaratives are overwhelmingly frequent and their occurrences are higher than the others with 86 times, amounting to 59% Less frequently employed groups consist of exclamatives with 36 out of 145, comprising 25%, interrogatives with 16 times of appearance, contributing 16% and imperatives with 7 cases, reaching at

The syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act used in the turns collected from modern American short stories can be illustrated by some following examples elicited from the data

Expressives as illocutionary acts in declarative forms have the function of apologies, encouragements, rejections Declarations are sentences in which a subject is present and precedes the verb A declarative sentence makes a statement and ends with a period They can describe the facts, express opinion, make arguments or otherwise give information In this research, the researcher finds 86 data of declaratives, accounting for 59% of all the structuaral features of expressives as an illocutionary act

[Express 12] Daniel lifts his head and says: “I don’t think we should pursue this kind of thinking, I don’t feel that we should do that.”

Daniel and Ria are in a waiting room in th hospital where Kelly is lying down Daniel and Ria are describing the facts that have occurred during Kelly’s trip, and after that, she falls down in the stairwells In this data, the researcher finds that Daniel uses the declarative sentence to make a statement about his attitudes: "I don’t think” and "I don’t feel” Actually, the intended meaning of the speaker is to express his opinion to Owen and Ria that they shouldn’t think about that Apparently, people can show politeness when communicating by employing declaratives to perform statements

[Express 19] “I think I disagree,” Owen tells Ria “It doesn’t feel normal I’m not so sure it’s healthy.”

The setting of the place occurs when Ria and Owen are taking by phone because Ria is in New York and Owen is in the Washington, DC They are recalling what is going on, and Owen contradicts Ria by saying, "I bet that's pretty normal." In this data, the researcher discovers that Owen uses the declarative sentence "I think I disagree" to communicate his feelings about Ria After that, Owen gives some information “It doesn’t feel normal I’m not so sure it’s healthy” to defend his point of view Therefore, this sentence is an expressive as an illocutionary act in spite of the fact that it is a declarative structure for a statement

[Express 39 ] “If you don’t like it, we’ll get something else,”

The setting of the place happens in the dining room to ejoy sushi that Miriam bought on her way home from work When Harry observes the way Just mix wasabi into soy sauce and he expresses his feelings about this situation In this data, the researcher discoveres that Harry uses the declarative sentence "If you don't like it, we'll get something else" to express his viewpoint to Just The speaker's intended purpose is to suggest that a suitable soy sauce be chosen for Just In actuality, the speaker intended to conduct the act of making a request to the hearer

So, the findings above are some data of syntactic features of declaratives expressive as an illocutionary act performed by the charcter in 10 modern American short stories

Expressives as illoctutionary acts in interrogative forms have the function of disappointments or surprises and are typically associated with a discourse function of questions that are used to seek information The sentence is used to ask a question, give a suggestion or instruction as well as make sure something or confirmation to someone In this research, the researcher finds 16 data of interrogatives, reaching as 11% of all the syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act

[Express 9 ] Ria annoyed “Are you just ignoring my texts?”

The setting of the place happens in the hospital waiting room when Owen calls Ria and Ria expresses her annoyance In this data, the researcher discovers that Ria uses the interrogative sentence "Are you just ignoring my texts?" to ask Owen This Yes-no question implies that the speaker would make a recommendation to find out whether Owen ignored her messages or not People may appear to be courteous when talking by using interrogatives to ask questions

[Express 85] “Aren’t you in a good mood?,” said Ligaya

The setting of the place occurs on the grassy quad in the campus when the speaker sketches out scenes in his notebook and type In this data, the researcher found that Ligaya used the interrogative sentence “ Aren’t you in a good mood?” to make sure confirmation It implies that the speaker would seek some information as well as express her feeling to the hearer The speaker utilizes the yes/no question form in the negative form to confirm that the following remark is true and that he is indeed in a good mood

[Express 126] “I’m sorry Who were the business partners?”,

The setting of the place occurs when Rochelle and Lauren are talking after her class After knowing some information about Lauren’ life, the speaker expresses her feeling to Lauren In this data, the researcher found that Rochelle uses the interrogative sentence “Who were the business partners?” to ask a question to Lauren Using Wh-question in this utterance implies that the speaker wants to seek more information from the listener in her conversation

In actuality, the speaker intendes to conduct the act of making a question to the hearer

So, the findings above are some data of syntactic features of interrogatives expressive as an illocutionary act performed by the charcter in 10 modern American short stories

Expressives as illoctutionary acts in imperative forms have the function of anxiety and encouragement Imperatives are sentences that normally have no grammatically subject and whose verb has base form An imperative sentence gives comand or order, gives instructions or make a request In this research, the researcher finds 7 data of imperatives, comprises 5% of all the structuaral features of expressives as an illocutionary act

[Express 69] Fred was suddenly tired “Go Find your salvation somewhere else.”

The setting of the place happens when Harry and his son, Just are taking in the room after a long time apart Just expresses his negative emotions to his father when he wants to make it up to him In this data, the researcher finds that the speaker uses the imperative sentence “Go Find your salvation somewhere else.” to give a command to the hearer It means that the speaker is bored and requests the listener to follow his directions instantly

[Express 61] I said “Just leave me alone.”

The setting of the place occurs when the speaker meets the dead man In this sentence, the researcher finds that the speaker uses the imparative sentence “Just leave me alone.” to make a command to the hearer This imperative language is used by the speaker to highlight his desire as well as to beg that the listener realizes his command that he needs to be alone in the face of his own helplessness

[Express 144] Bronwyn said “Rochelle Reggie Please accept my apology I got so upset, I forgot to take my medicine, though that’s no excuse for such rudeness.”

The setting of the place happens when Bronwyn comes to Rochelle’s house and hope to beg forgiveness from Rochelle and Regie In this sentence, The researcher discoveres that Brownwyn uses the imperative language

Discussion

Finally, the researcher discusses the study based on the research findings They are the syntactic and functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act performed by the character in 10 modern American short stories, according to Greenbaum & Quirk (1973) and Searle (1979) The data is 145 The syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act consist of 86 data points of declaratives, 16 data points of interrogatives, 7 data points of imperatives, and

36 data points of exclamatives The most dominant data is declarative sentences The functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act consist of 10 data points of thanking, 23 data points of apologizing, 4 data points of congratulating, 14 data points of wishing, and 85 data points of attitudes The most dominant data is attitude expressiveness as an illocutionary act The research uses pragmatic study as an approach Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate In this research, the researcher analyzes how syntactic and functional features are used in the conversation uttered by the characters in the ten modern American short stories There are 145 acts of expressiveness as an illocutionary act performed by the ten modern American short stories The findings are discussed below:

4.2.1 The syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act performed by the charaters in the ten of modern American short stories

The researcher finds four types of syntactic features as an illocutionary act uttered by the characters in the 10 modern American short stories They are declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives, and exclamatives Declarative sentences disclose facts, express opinions, make arguments, or provide information to the listener in some other way Interrogative sentences are used to ask a question, make a recommendation or instruction, or affirm something to someone Imperative sentences issue a command, instructions, or a request to the listener Exclamatory sentences are moved by anything and transmit sudden or powerful emotions and sensations to the listener

Most of the syntactic features expressed as illocutionary acts found in these ten modern American short stories are designed to express the speaker's intention Different sentence syntactic features are effective in communicating the speaker's emotions To sum up, there are four different forms used to show the syntactic features of expressives as an illocutionary act: declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives, and exclamatives The use of the declarative form is higher than the other So the declarative sentence is the most prominent of all of the syntactic features employed to present expressives as an illocutionary act

4.2.2 The functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act performed by the charaters in the ten of modern American short stories

Apart from being examined on syntactic features, the functional features of expressives as an illocutionary act performed by the characters in the ten modern American short stories are divided into six functional features according to Searle’s theory (1979) They are thanking, apologizing, congratulating, greetings, wishing, and attitudes An act of thanking is a response to a positive thing that has been done by the hearer The act of apologizing expresses the regret of the speaker, whether the hearer felt the negative situation or not An act of congratulating perhaps involves the expression of personal pride in addition to pleasure An act of wishing indicates a great want or hope for something that is not easily achievable, to want something to happen or to be true even if it is unlikely or impossible, and to want to do something to happen The act of expressing attitudes expresses the feeling of disagreeing or disliking the hearer’s attitude

The most common expressive act utilizes by the characters in modern American short stories is attitude expression The characters perform this action when they want to express their point of views and tell the speaker about the impression Based on the research, the research finds that giving congratulation is defined as an expression of pleasure and sympathy to the hearer as well as show joy because the speaker also feels the happiness that come to the listener The research helps the writer to study various functional features of expressives as illocutionary acts In short, after analyzing them, the researcher finds that using expressives as illocutionary acts are very useful in modern American short stories as means of expressing feelings, ideas and thoughts.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion

Expressive is an illocutionary act that expresses the mental state of the speaker about an event presumed to be true In these thesis, the researcher finds out 145 turns containing expressives as illocutionary acts collected from 10 modern American short stories Based on the analysis the syntactic features and functional features of expressives illocutionary acts performed by the characters in modern American short stories, the researcher concludes:

The researcher has found four type of syntactic features of expressives as illocutionary acts that are used in the turns collected modern American short stories namely: declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives When discussing syntactic features, declaratives are more frequently used than the other types, followed by exclamatives and interrogatives, respectively Ranking at the lowest rate is imperatives The greatest number of times use declaratives to make a statement when the speakers want to express the fact, give some information, or explain something in a clear way so they are commonly utilized in expressive remarks

As analyzed, there are six type of functional features of expressives as illocutionary acts used in the turns collected modern American short stories, namlely thanking, apologizing, congratulating, greetings, wishing and attitudes Undoubtedly, attitudes are more frequently used than the other types, followed by apologizing and wishing, respectively Less frequently employed group is thanking and greeting Ranking at the lowest rate is congratulating The most dominant functional features of expressives as illocutionary acts used by the characters found in modern American short stories is attitudes The characters of the stories perform this action when they want to express feeling, ideas, and thoughts to the hearers so expressing one's own attitude is the most commonly functional features utilized in expressive remarks

The researcher finds out turns containing expressives as illocutionary acts collected in modern American short stories that aims to express characters’ emotional feelings This research, which is extremely expected, contributes to the world of education, especially linguistic studies This illustrates that in the modern world, those who most often use social media as a data source can also use data from written literary works The second thing is that it can be a reference for learning about expressive illocutionary acts Finally, this study is significant because expressive illocutionary acts can be studied and are common in everyday conversation Likewise, this relates to aspects of education in the real world.

Implications

As mentioned in the first chapter, the researcher derives the implication from the study findings There are some points that can be learned from this research in understand expressives as illocutionary acts performed by the characters in modern American short stories This reseach use the short stories have been on the reading lists of teenagers in high school English class as the object of this study These are good stories, famous and loved by many readers around the world Therefore, reading modern American short stories is one of the interesting ways for learners to acquire knowledge about language more quickly

The purpose of using expressives as illocutionary acts is to express human feelings or emotions rather than beliefs or facts By expressing their emotions, other people will know and understand what the emotion they had and what to do Human feelings can be divided into two value, namely positive and negative value Apologizing, thanking, congratulating, greetings, wishing and attitudes are considered to has positive and negative value on their statements Humans express their emotions in both happy and sad situations Learning the syntactic features and function features of expressives as illocutionary acts performed by the characters in modern American short stories can help the readers to increase the comprehension and understanding their perspective and the purpose or meaning behind expressive as an illocutionary act Moreover, they can help them know how to use language as well as improve themselves with the comprhension of pragmatics: turn-talking, adjacency pairs, speech act theory and so on

Besides, understanding and applying expressives as illocutionary acts in situations is difficult for second language learners; thus, it is necessary for us to help them know and apply expressives as illocutionary acts in terms of syntactic and functional features in a specific context with specific examples elicited from authentic references such as modern American short stories Furthermore, they equip learners with not only pragmatic information but also cultural and social understanding that others outside the classroom might be aware of expressive speech as a way for people to express their emotions.

Limitations of the study

With all efforts to complete the thesis, but restrictions in this study are inevitable due to lack of time, reference material, the limit scope of the study, limited linguistics knowledge as well as research skills of the researcher The data selected for the analysis are only collected from the internet Furthermore, they are only 145 data containing expressives as illocutionary acts elicited from

10 modern American short stories that leads to the limited size Moreover, the study focuses on the syntactics and functions of expressives as illocutinary acts

Due to the limitation of time and the length limit of the study, the researcher can not go more deeply into elements of particular syntactics or functions of expressives as illocutionary acts.

Suggestion for further research

According to the pragmatic study, this research is supposed to be a reference for people who wish to learn more about expressives as illocutionary act as a technique for people to convey their sentiments or emotions The reader can use expressives as illocutionary acts to inform and educate the hearer about their positive and negative feelings It allows the speaker's implied message to be appropriately conveyed If another researcher is interested in performing research on expressives as illocutionary acts, the researcher recommends using data from other fields, such as other films, novels, or books, to be evaluated because the current study has not yet investigated this

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Some example of expressives collected in modern American short stories

Express 1: Owen tells him “he did scream, a shout that echoed in the stairwell.”

Express 3: “Do you think posting so many photos affected your ability to actually experience

Kelly told him—affectionate but also like try me

Express 5: “Will Ria be extremely mad we’re late?”

Express 6: “Just, I’m glad to be here”

Express 7: “Listen, I’ll spot you, we’re really very late”

Express 8: “Don’t worry you’ll be fine.”

Express 9: “Are you just ignoring my texts?”

Express 10: Owen says, “Um so, they’re telling us brain damage, maybe her brain is damaged Not from the fall, from this cardiac episode, from loss of air to, well, but they say that there’s no way to know until she wakes up.”

Express 11: “Well, we can’t think about this, not until we know more

Express 12: “I don’t think we should pursue this kind of thinking,

I don’t feel that we should do that”

Express 13: “The three of us are here, Daniel and Owen and me, and when you get here, we will be here,

I promise, and we’ll find your sister, too”

Express 14: “Look,” he said, “I dislike the class too, but yes it is credible to me we’re required to take it

Express 15: “Thanks for coming over here, and taking our electricity, and putting things in horrible perspective.”

Express 16: “Thanks for the charge I think this will be enough to tide me over.”

Express 17: “I like my job so much”

Express 18: “Well, I bet that’s pretty normal,” Ria tells him

Owen tells her “It doesn’t feel normal I’m not so sure it’s healthy.”

Express 20: “It feels out of my control,” he tells Ria “It makes me feel crazy.” “Well, no, I’m certain that it’s normal.”

Express 21: “I have always felt guilty, to be honest.”

Express 22: I’m sorry, do you want Interrogative Apologizing another glass?” Natalie says

Express 23: “Hello look at this photo, isn’t Sweden BEAUTIFUL,

Express 24: Owen said, “I miss her,” but it didn’t seem like either of them heard him

Express 25: I just want to be enthusiastic and express how I love library Sundays,” she said

Express 26: I wish they didn’t have to end in May.”

Express 27: “I’m having so much fun,” she said

Express 28: “No,” said Owen, “No nothing else, totally set, thanks.”

Express 29: ‘Good luck and let us know how you are there,’ and he said,

Express 30: I know! I know you know It was a joke.”

Express 31: “Sorry,” Just said, breaking the hug “I probably need to shower.”

Express 32: “You’re fine,” Harry said “You’re perfect.”

Express 33: “That’s fine” Declarative Attitudes

Express 34: “I was very young,” he’d said,

Express 36: “It’ll have to be if he’s applying to Harvard,” Harry said, pointlessly

Express 37: “Look, everyone understands how competitive it is

Can he stay with you or not?”

Express 38: She did not bother to raise her hand “I feel like a snail’s not the best metaphor I mean, a snail’s got no agency.”

Express 39: “If you don’t like it, we’ll get something else,” he assured Just

Express 40: “I don’t see how he’s competitive for Harvard,” Miriam whispered that night in bed

Express 41: It’s cold,” Exclamtive Attitudes

Express 42: “Sorry I didn’t realize other people could come”

Express 43: “I didn’t realize you could just turn it on and off like that,” Willow said

Express 44: “Okay, sorry.” Declarative Apologizing

Express 45: “He didn’t need an excuse for that.But maybe he felt like he did To tell Willow, maybe.She would have let him come.”

Express 46: “You think it’s okay for a child’s name to be embarrassing?”

Express 47: ,” he said “I just thought we’d settled on something different.”

Express 48: “I’m sorry,” she said Declarative Apologizing