HYDRODYNAMICS – OPTIMIZING METHODS AND TOOLS pptx

HYDRODYNAMICS – OPTIMIZING METHODS AND TOOLS Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojana Zelenika Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright André Luiz Andrade Simões, 2011. First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools, Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-712-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Smoothed Spheres 1 Chapter 1 SmoothViz: Visualization of Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics Data 3 Lars Linsen, Vladimir Molchanov, Petar Dobrev, Stephan Rosswog, Paul Rosenthal and Tran Van Long Chapter 2 Using DEM in Particulate Flow Simulations Donghong Gao and Jin Sun 29 Chapter 3 Hydrodynamic Loads Computation Using the Smoothed Particle Methods 51 Konstantin Afanasiev, Roman Makarchuk and Andrey Popov Chapter 4 Simulating Flows with SPH: Recent Developments and Applications 79 Giacomo Viccione, Vittorio Bovolin and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli Chapter 5 3D Coalescence Collision of Liquid Drops Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics 85 Alejandro Acevedo-Malavé and Máximo García-Sucre Part 2 Models and Codes in Fluid Dynamics 107 Chapter 6 Eulerian-Lagrangian Formulation for Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations 109 Carlos Cartes and Orazio Descalzi Chapter 7 Lattice Boltzmann Modeling for Melting/Solidification Processes 129 Dipankar Chatterjee Chapter 8 Lattice Boltzmann Computations of Transport Processes in Complex Hydrodynamics Systems 153 Zhiqiang Dong, Weizhong Li, Yongchen Song and Fangming Jiang VI Contents Chapter 9 Convergence Acceleration of Iterative Algorithms for Solving Navier–Stokes Equations on Structured Grids 175 Sergey Martynenko Chapter 10 Neural Network Modeling of Hydrodynamics Processes 201 Sergey Valyuhov, Alexander Kretinin and Alexander Burakov Part 3 Complex Hydraulic Engineering Applications 223 Chapter 11 Interaction Between Hydraulic and Numerical Models for the Design of Hydraulic Structures 225 Angel N. Menéndez and Nicolás D. Badano Chapter 12 Turbulent Flow Around Submerged Bendway Weirs and Its Influence on Channel Navigation 245 Yafei Jia, Tingting Zhu and Steve Scott Chapter 13 Analysis of Two Phase Flows on Stepped Spillways 285 R. J. Lobosco, H.E. Schulz and A. L. A. Simões Part 4 Hydrodynamics and Heat/Mass Transfer 309 Chapter 14 The Influence of the Hydrodynamic Conditions on the Performance of Membrane Distillation 311 Marek Gryta Chapter 15 Gas Hydrate Formation Kinetics in Semi-Batch Flow Reactor Equipped with Static Mixer 335 Hideo Tajima Chapter 16 Study of the Mass Transport on Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Immersed in Sour Solution Under Turbulent Flow Conditions 353 R. Galvan-Martinez, R. Orozco-Cruz, J.Mendoza-Flores, A. Contreras and J. Genesca Chapter 17 Mass Transfer Performance of a Water-Sparged Aerocyclone Reactor and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment 373 Xuejun Quan, Qinghua Zhao, Jinxin Xiang, Zhiliang Cheng and Fuping Wang Chapter 18 Hydrodynamical Simulation of Perspective Installations for Electrometallurgy of Aluminium 395 A. S. Filippov, A. A. Kanaev, V. I. Kondakov and I. A. Korotkin Preface The Presence of Hydrodynamics in Modern Sciences: Optimizing Methods and Tools “Water is the beginning of everything” (Tales of Mileto) “Air is the beginning of everything” (Anaxímenes of Mileto) Why is it important to study Hydrodynamics? The answer may be strictly technical, but it may also involve some kind of human feeling about our environment, and our (eventual) limitations to deal with its fluidic constituents. As teachers, when talking to our students about the importance of quantifying fluids, we (authors) go to the blackboard and draw, in blue color, a small circumference in the center of the board, and add the obvious name “Earth”. Some words are then said, in the sense that Hydrodynamics is important, because we are beings strictly adapted to live immersed in a fluidic environment (air), and because we are beings composed basically by simple fluidic solutions (water solutions), encapsulated in fine carbon membranes. Then, with a red chalk, we draw two crosses: one inside and the other outside the circumference, explaining: “our environment is very limited. We can only survive in the space covered by the blue line. No one of us can survive in the inner part of this sphere, or in the outer space. Despite all films, games, and books about contacts with aliens, and endless journeys across the universe, our present knowledge only allows to suggest that it is much most probable that the human being will extinct while in this fine fluid membrane, than to create sustainable artificial environments in the cosmos”. Sometimes, to add some dramaticism, we project the known image of the earth on a wall (the image of the blue sphere), and then we blow a soap bubble, explaining that the image gives the false impression that the entire sphere is our home. But our “home” is better represented by the liquid film of the soap bubble (only the film) and then we touch the bubble, exploding it, showing its fragility. In the sequence, we explain that a first reason to understand fluids would be, then, to guarantee the maintenance of the fluidic environment (the film), so that we could also guarantee our survival as much as possible. Further, as we move ourselves and produce our things immersed in fluid, it is interesting to optimize such operations, in order to facilitate our survival. Still further, because our organisms interchange heat X Preface and mass in cellular and corporal scales between different fluids, the understanding of these transports permits to understand the spreading of diseases, the delivering of medicines to cells, and the use of physical properties of fluids in internal treatments, allowing to improve our quality of life. Finally, the observation of the inner part of the sphere, the outer space and its constituents, shows that many “highly energetic” phenomena behave like the fluids around us, giving us the hope that the knowledge of fluids can help, in the future, to quantify, reproduce, control and use energy sources similar to those of the stars, allowing to “move through the cosmos”, and (only then) also to create sustainable artificial environments, and to leave this “limited film” when necessary. Of course, this “speech” may be viewed as a sort of escapism, related to a fiction of the future. In fact, the day-by-day activities show that we are spending our time with “more important” things, like the fighting among us for the dividends of the next fashion wave (or the next technical wave), the hierarchy among nations, or the hierarchy of the cultures of the different nations. So, fighters, warriors, or generals, still seem to be the agents that write our history. But global survival, or, in other words, the guarantee of any future history, will need other agents, devoted to other activities. The hope lies on the generation of knowledge, in which the knowledge about fluids is vital. Context of the present book “Hydrodynamics - Optimizing Methods and Tools” A quick search in virtual book stores may result in more than hundred titles involving the word “Hydrodynamics”. Considering the superposition existing with Fluid Mechanics, the number of titles grows much more. Considering all these titles, why to organize another book on Hydrodynamics? One answer could be: because the researchers always try new points of view to understand and treat the problems related to Hydrodynamics. Even a much known phenomenon may be re-explained from a point of view that introduces different tools (conceptual, numerical or practical) into the discussion of fluids. And eventually a detail shows to be useful, or even very relevant. So, it is necessary to give the opportunity to the different authors to expose their points of view. Among the historically relevant books on Hydrodynamics, some should be mentioned here. For example, the volumes “Hydrodynamics” and “Hydraulics”, by Daniel Bernoulli (1738) and his father, Johann Bernoulli (1743), respectively, present many interesting sketches and the analyses that converged to the so called “Bernoulli equation”, later deduced more properly by Leonhard Euler. Although there are unpleasant questions about the authorship of the main ideas, as pointed out by Rouse (1967) and Calero (2008), both books are placed in a “prominent position” in the history, because of their significant contributions. The volume written by Sir Horace Lamb (1879), now named “Hydrodynamics”, considers the basic equations, the vortex motion, tidal waves, among other interesting topics. Considering the classical equations and procedures followed to study fluid motion, the books “Fundamentals of Hydro and Aerodynamics“ and “Applied Hydro and Aerodynamics“ by Prandtl and Tietjens (1934) present the theory and its practical [...]... chapters and conclusions, and hope that this effort will be welcomed by the professionals dealing with Hydrodynamics The book Hydrodynamics - Optimizing Methods and Tools is organized in the following manner: Part 1: Smoothed Spheres Part 2: Models and Codes in Fluid Dynamics Part 3: Complex Hydraulic Engineering Applications Part 4: Hydrodynamics and Heat/Mass Transfer Hydrodynamics is a very rich... studies on Hydrodynamics are described The remaining two titles are Hydrodynamics - Natural Water Bodies”, and Hydrodynamics - Advanced Topics” In the present volume, efforts to improve different methods that allow to understand and optimize different processes and operations involving fluids are presented and discussed The editors thank all authors for their efforts in presenting their chapters and conclusions,... topics, Stoker (1957) and Lighthill (1978) wrote about waves in fluids, while Chandrasekhar (1961) and Drazin and Reid (1981) considered hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability It is also necessary to mention the books of Batchelor (1953), Hinze (1958), and Monin and Yaglom (1965), which are notable examples of texts on turbulence and statistical fluid mechanics, showing basic concepts and comparative studies... conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum) together with a poor a resolution, one can observe that the extracted isosurfaces may be bumpy, especially in regions of low particle density We approach this issue by introducing level-set methods for 4 2 Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH scalar field segmentation that include a smoothing term and extracting isosurfaces... For all points in the α-band with a distance to the zero level set in the range dα , dα , the new level-set function value is 4 2 interpolated between the level-set function value from the preceding level-set step and their signed distance to the zero-level-set points 10 8 Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH dα $\fr 4 dα $\fr 2 Fig 5 Narrow-band update during level-set... level set is constructed The band consists of two parts: an inner and an outer band The inner band contains all data points within a small area around the zero level set These points are updated when executing the level-set step The outer band encloses the inner band providing all those neighbors of the points of the inner band that are necessary to approximate gradients and mean curvature As before,... the sample point locations To visualize such a scalar field, our intention is to extract an 6 Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 4 isosurface Γiso = {x ∈ R 3 : f (x) = viso } with respect to a real isovalue viso out of the range of f Our approach consists of a geometry extraction and a rendering step The geometry extraction step computes points p k ∈ R 3 on the isosurface,... the zero level set is shown on the right-hand side On the left-hand side, a point rendering of a slab of the data set is shown illustrating the narrow band Extracted surface points of the zero level set are colored black, sample points in the α-band are colored green, and sample points in the outer band are colored red Sample points not belonging to the narrow band are not rendered The whole local level-set... functional of the form L ( ϕ, ∇ ϕ) dx should satisfy the Euler-Lagrange equation ∂L ∂ ∂L − = 0, (6) ∂ϕ ∑ ∂xi ∂ϕi ϕ= ϕ∞ i 12 Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 10 where ϕi is the i-th component of ∇ ϕ We derive the Euler-Lagrange equations for functionals E1 and E2 The idea of a level-set approach is to detect ϕ∞ as a fixed point of an evolution equation for ϕ = ϕ(x, t) minimizing... {x ∈ R 3 : s(x) = 0} optimally fits the positions of the isopoints, i.e., s(p j ) = 0, and their normals, i.e., ∇s(p j ) = n j The best fit is defined by parameters a0 , , a4 minimizing the cost function E ( a0 , , a4 ) = m ∑ ωj j =1 | s(p j )|2 + β ∇s(p j ) − n j 2 (11) 14 Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 12 with ω j = ω y (p j ) The minimization problem sopt (x; . HYDRODYNAMICS – OPTIMIZING METHODS AND TOOLS Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods. can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools, Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-712-3. their chapters and conclusions, and hope that this effort will be welcomed by the professionals dealing with Hydrodynamics. The book Hydrodynamics - Optimizing Methods and Tools is organized