MIMO SYSTEMS, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by H. Khaleghi Bizaki MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications Edited by H. Khaleghi Bizaki Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Bella D, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications, Edited by H. Khaleghi Bizaki p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-245-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Part 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Preface IX Introduction, Detection and Channel Estimation Strategies 1 Advanced MIMO Techniques: Polarization Diversity and Antenna Selection 3 Kosai Raoof, Maha Ben Zid, Nuttapol Prayongpun and Ammar Bouallegue Geometrical Detection Algorithm for MIMO Systems 57 Z. Y. Shao, S. W. Cheung and T. I. Yuk Joint LS Estimation and ML Detection for Flat Fading MIMO Channels 69 Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam and Hossein Saremi Semi-Deterministic Single Interaction MIMO Channel Model 87 Arghavan Emami-Forooshani and Sima Noghanian Information Theory Aspects 113 Another Interpretation of Diversity Gain of MIMO Systems 115 Shuichi Ohno and Kok Ann Donny Teo Rate-Adaptive Information Transmission over MIMO Channels 133 Marco Zoffoli, Jerry D. Gibson and Marco Chiani Analysis of MIMO Systems in the Presence of Co-channel Interference and Spatial Correlation 155 Dian-Wu Yue and Qian Wang Contents Contents VI Cellular MIMO Systems 187 Wei Peng Pre-processing and Post-processing in MIMO Systems 203 MIMO-THP System with Imperfect CSI 205 H. Khaleghi Bizaki Analysis and Design of Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding for Multiuser MIMO Systems 237 Xiang Chen, Min Huang,Ming Zhao, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Determine Transmit and Receive Weights for MIMO Systems 265 Osamu Muta, Takayuki Tominaga, Daiki Fujii, and Yoshihiko Akaiwa Beamforming Based on Finite-Rate Feedback 285 Pengcheng Zhu, Lan Tang, YanWang and Xiaohu You Computationally Efficient Symbol Detection Schemes in Multi-Device STBC-MIMO Systems 315 Daniel C. Lee and Muhammad Naeem Application and Case Studies 333 Analysis and Mitigation of Phase Noise in Centralized/De-centralized MIMO Systems 335 Wei Zhang, Xiujun Zhang, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang A List Based Detection Technique for MIMO Systems 351 SaiRamesh Nammi Narrowband Interference Suppression in MIMO Systems 367 Vladimir Poulkov, Miglen Ovtcharov, Georgi Iliev and Zlatka Nikolova Fundamentals for a Pragmatic MIMO Performance Evaluation 395 Shirook M. Ali Implementation and Experimental Evaluation 413 MIMO Beamforming Network Having Polarization Diversity 415 Kadir M.F. A., Suaidi M.K. and Aziz M. Z. A. Chapter 8 Part 3 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Part 4 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Part 5 Chapter 18 Contents VII VLSI Implementation of Least Square Channel Estimation and QPSK Modulation Technique for 2×2 MIMO System 421 Sudhakar Reddy Penubolu and Ramachandra Reddy Gudheti Efficient Implementation of MIMO Decoders 439 Muhammad S. Khairy, Mohamed M. Abdallah and S. E D. Habib MIMO System Implementation for WSN Using Xilinx Tools 455 Wael M El-Medany Experimental Evaluation of MIMO Coded Modulation Systems: are Space-Time Block Codes Really Necessary? 463 Francisco J. Vázquez Araújo, José A. García-Naya, Miguel González-López, Luis Castedo and Javier Garcia-Frias Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Pref ac e In recent years, it was realized that the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) com- munication systems seems to be inevitable in accelerated evolution of high data rates applications. The MIMO systems, have received considerable a ention of researchers and commercial companies due to their potential to dramatically increase the spectral effi ciency and simultaneously sending individual information to the corresponding users in wireless systems. Today, the main question is how to include multiple antennas at transmi er and receiver side and, what are the appropriate methods of detection and signal processing strategies for specifi c applications? This book, intends to provide highlights of the current research topics in the fi eld of MIMO system, to off er a snapshot of the recent advances in this area. This work is mainly destined to cover an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the MIMO related areas. Also, it is accessible to anyone with a scientifi c background desiring to have an up-to-date overview of this domain. The book is wri en by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world to cover the fundamental principles and main advanced topics on high data rates wireless communications systems over MIMO channels. Various aspects of the- ses systems are deeply discussed by emphasis of their recent applications in fi ve part and twenty-two chapters. Moreover, the book has the advantage of providing a collec- tion of applications that are completely independent and self-contained; thus, the in- terested reader can choose any chapter and skip to another without losing continuity. Each chapter provides a comprehensive survey of the subject area and terminates with a rich list of references to provide an in-depth coverage of the application at hand. The fi ve parts of the book is managed as follows: Part 1 Introduction, Detection and Channel Estimation Strategies The fi rst part contains four chapters that investigate an introduction to MIMO systems models together with discussion about diversity, beam forming and, space time cod- ing. The geometrical decoding in MIMO channels by name of la ice decoding, and other type of decoding such as: LS, LMMSE, ML, MAP and joint LSML are considered, too. Finally, the mathematical semi-deterministic MIMO channel model based on elec- tromagnetic sca ering and refl ecting is developed and discussed in details. Part 2 Information Theory Aspects Part2 focus on information theory aspects of MIMO systems, including diversity-gain of MIMO systems, which highlight the trade-off between capacity and bandwidth X Preface effi ciency and rate adaptive source encoding, where the rate is adapted to follow the slow variations of the MIMO channel. Then, the capacity of MIMO system is investi- gated in the presence of both co-channel interference and spatial correlation. Finally, theoretical analysis for both ergodic and outage capacities of downlink transmission together with capacity analysis of uplink cellular MIMO systems by considering the co-channel interference as well as the eff ect of transmit power control are presented. Part 3 Pre-processing and Post-processing in MIMO Systems The non-linear precoder by name of Tomlinson-Harashima Precoder and beamfom- ing are the main core of this part. At fi rst, the capacity of MIMO- THP in perfect and non-perfect CSI is obtained. In continue the conventional THP design is developed for imperfect, correlated and channel estimator error as robust, improved and joint opti- mization, respectively. Joint THP transceiver design for the multi-user MIMO down- link system under both perfect and imperfect CSI is developed, too. Iterative optimi- zation algorithm to determination of transmit and receive beam forming weights for eigen-beam SDM in multi-user MIMO systems is discussed under constraint of both total transmit power and the maximum transmit power. The recent advance in beam forming based on fi nite-rate feedback from a communication-theoretic prespective is addressed as ideal and non-ideal factors of feedback link. Finally, the problem of sym- bol detection in Multi-Device STBC-MIMO systems is addressed. So, two evolutionary optimization methods by names, Biogeography-Based Optimization and Estimation of Distribution Algorithm are proposed to solve the problem of detection in a MD-STBC- MIMO system. Part 4 Application and Case Studies This part contain some advanced application of MIMO systems and some main notes in their implementations, which started by MIMO-OFDM technique that investigate the eff ects of phase noise in centralized and distributed narrowband MIMO systems, and discuss the feasibility of phase and frequency synchronization problem. In con- tinue a novel threshold list subset detector that extends the List subset detector for an iterative turbo-MIMO system is considered. Then, a narrowband interference suppres- sion technique is discussed in MIMO systems. This part terminates with fundamentals for pragmatic MIMO performance evaluation which consider some important notes in implementation from antenna and propagation perspectives. Part 5 Implementation and Experimental Evaluation This part starts with some practical methods for capacity measurement and hardware implementation of MIMO system with QPSK modulation. The implementation of the MIMO system together with sphere decoding and space time coding is discussed, es- pecially with emphasis on wireless sensor network perspective. The above hardware implementation and practical measurement of MIMO system emphasis their potential of dramatically increase of spectral effi ciency and their bo lenecks where should be considered in practice. Finally, the editor would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contributions in the diff erent areas of MIMO systems and hopes that this book will be of valuable help to the readers. H. Khaleghi Bizaki Iran [...]... BPSK modulation scheme, a FFT length equal to 52 and a FFT size of 64 The simulation results are given by Fig 7 OFDM can be used in conjunction with a MIMO system MIMO- OFDM (See Fig 8) is interesting for high data rate systems A design and simulation of MIMO- OFDM was introduced in (Yu et al., 2004) 12 MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications 0 10 OFDM Theory BER NoOFDM −1 10 −2 BER 10 −3 10 −4 10 −5... antenna and one receive antenna) are exploited for spatial multiplexing, it remains ( NT − r ) transmit antennas and ( NR − r ) receive antennas to be exploited for diversity gain Nevertheless, coding techniques could be used as a solution for inherent diversity-multiplexing trade-off (Freitas et al., 2005) 8 MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications 3.2 Temporal diversity and Space Time processing for MIMO. .. is expressed as (Prayongpun, 2009): 0 if NT ≤ NR ¯ ¯ (59) CWF − CMIMO = R log2 NT if NT > NR R where R = min(NR , NT ) 24 MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications 25 Uniform power allocation Optimal power allocation Optimal power allocation (Uncorrelated MIMO channel) MIMO Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 SNR (dB) 15 20 Fig 12 MIMO( 4 × 4): Capacity improvement with WF strategy-Channel correlation... algorithm for MIMO systems is presented To elaborate on this point, we introduce Space time coding techniques for MIMO systems and we evaluate by simulation the performance of the communication system Next, we emphasis on multi polarization techniques for MIMO systems As a background, we presume that the reader has a thorough understanding of antenna theory We recall the basic antenna theory and concepts... of MIMO systems (Raleigh & John, 1998) In 1999, Thomas L Marzetta and Bertrand M Hochwald published an article (Marzetta & Hochwald, 1999) which provides a rigorous study on the MIMO Rayleigh fading link taking into consideration information theory aspects Afterwards, MIMO communication techniques have been developed and brought completely on new perspectives wireless channels The first commercial MIMO. .. network coverage We mainly cite multiple access MIMO systems, Ad-hoc MIMO , cooperative MIMO (Wang et al., 2010) and cooperative MIMO in sensor networks (Shuguang et al., 2004) Note that cooperative MIMO systems use multiple distributed transmitting devices to improve Quality of Service (QoS) at one/multiple receivers This was shown to bring saves in energy and to improve the link reliability in Wireless... for MIMO channel modeling will be described These models involve the Geometry-based Stochastic Channel Models (GSCM) and the Stochastic channel models Besides the listed MIMO channel models already described, we derive and discuss capacity formulas for transmission over MIMO systems The achieved MIMO capacities highlight the potential of spatial diversity for improving the spectral efficiency of MIMO. .. model for MIMO systems We briefly describe the flat fading MIMO channel and the continuous time delay MIMO channel model Flat fading MIMO channel Transmit antennas Tx1 x1 Receive antennas E h11 E h21 b1 E c E y1 T Rx1 E hN 1 R Tx2 x2 Tx NT x NT E h12 E h 22 E h NR 2 E h1N T E h 2NT b2 E c E y2 T b NR E c E y NR QT Rx2 Rx NR E hN N R T Fig 1 Generic MIMO system model Generic MIMO system... Combining (SC) and the Equal Gain Combining(EGC) Once the combining techniques are analyzed, the reader is introduced to the beamforming processing as an optimal strategy for combining The use of multiple antennas significantly 4 MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications improves the channel spectral efficiency Nevertheless, this induces higher system complexity of the communication system and the communication... advanced concepts and related issues involved in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems MIMO system technology has been considered as a really significant foundation on which to build the next and future generations of wireless networks The chapter addresses advanced MIMO techniques such as polarization diversity and antenna selection We gradually provide an overview of the MIMO features from . MIMO SYSTEMS, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by H. Khaleghi Bizaki MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications Edited by H. Khaleghi Bizaki Published. It 4 MIMO Systems, Theory and Applications promises significant improvements in spectral efficiency and network coverage. We mainly cite multiple access MIMO systems, Ad-hoc MIMO , cooperative MIMO. Information Theory Aspects Part2 focus on information theory aspects of MIMO systems, including diversity-gain of MIMO systems, which highlight the trade-off between capacity and bandwidth X Preface effi