MOBILE NETWORKS Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz Mobile Networks Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Mobile Networks, Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0593-0 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Mechamisms to Provide Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 1 Jesús Hamilton Ortiz, Bazil Taja Ahmed, David Santibáñez and Alejandro Ortiz Chapter 2 A QoS Guaranteed Energy-Efficient Scheduling for IEEE 802.16e 33 Wen-Hwa Liao and Wen-Ming Yen Chapter 3 A Fast Handover Scheme for WiBro and cdma2000 Networks 55 Choongyong Shin, Seokhoon Kim and Jinsung Cho Chapter 4 Design and Analysis of IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 67 Wagdy Anis Aziz and Dorgham Sisalem Chapter 5 Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio: An MDP Approach 95 Juan J. Alcaraz, Mario Torrecillas-Rodríguez, Luis Pastor-González and Javier Vales-Alonso Chapter 6 Call Admission Control in Cellular Networks 111 Manfred Schneps-Schneppe and Villy Bæk Iversen Chapter 7 Femtocell Performance Over Non-SLA xDSL Access Network 137 H. Hariyanto, R. Wulansari, Adit Kurniawan and Hendrawan Chapter 8 Sum-of-Sinusoids-Based Fading Channel Models with Rician K-Factor and Vehicle Speed Ratio in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 157 Yuhao Wang and Xing Xing Preface The growth in the use of mobile networks has come mainly with the third generation systems and voice traffic. With the current third generation and the arrival of the 4G, the number of mobile users in the world will exceed the number of landlines users. Audio and video streaming have had a significant increase, parallel to the requirements of bandwidth and quality of service demanded by those applications. Mobile networks require that the applications and protocols that have worked successfully in fixed networks can be used with the same level of quality in mobile scenarios. One of the main differences between fixed and mobile networks lies in the dynamic nature of the latter. The constant movement of mobile devices has a clear impact in the quality of service that can be achieved (delay or loss of packets during a handover from one cell to another). The migration of mechanisms initially meant for fixed networks to mobile networks may cause problems related to topology and mobility factors. Other difficulties may appear when we want to move mechanisms designed for infrastructure and wired networks to ad-hoc or mobile networks in general. These are some of the drawbacks: Problems related to topology: One of the great remaining difficulties from the first generation to the fourth generation of mobile devices occurs when there is a handover, either from one cell to another or from one access network to another. This circumstance clearly affects the quality of service in diverse ways: delay of packet transfers, increase of the jitter of audio and video streaming or even damage or loss of packets. There are different types of handovers that produces diverse signalling loads in the access network. A handover involves a route variation in order to reach the mobile terminal. To provide a good level of QoS in mobile environments, a minimal handover delay is always welcome to ensure the smallest traffic interruption during a transfer. Problems related to mobility: macromobility and micromobility. Macromobility: Mobile terminal activity between different access networks or domains (inter-domain). Micromobility: Mobile terminal activity inside one access network only (intra- domain). VIII Preface Although the two types of handovers occur under both circumstances, intra-domain handovers will be a priority due to their higher frequency of signalling load and packet transfers. One of the greatest difficulties in reducing the mobility impact in the terminals when there is a handover is that the protocols or mechanisms to provide quality of service are designed and limited to a certain kind of fixed or mobile networks or at macromobility level. Using these existing mechanisms of QoS involves adapting the dynamic characteristics of the mobile devices. There are cases such as ad- hoc networks that have special mobility specifications, making migration a complex challenge. Until the third generation of mobile networks, the need to ensure reliable handovers was still an important issue. On the eve of a new generation of access networks (4G) and increased connectivity between networks of different characteristics commonly called hybrid (satellite, ad-hoc, sensors, wired, WIMAX, LAN, etc.), it is necessary to transfer mechanisms of mobility to future generations of networks. In order to achieve this, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of current protocols and the diverse topologies to suit the new mobility conditions. Dr Jesús Hamilton Ortiz School of Computer Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real Spain [...]... the core and the access networks In order to improve these conditions, we have considered the handover a priority One of the key elements in the allIP concept is the MPLS protocol as a fundamental part of all IPv6/MPLS architecture to provide quality of service to access networks and core network since it will be compatible with other architectures in the next generation mobile networks 1.3 MPLS In 1996,... while reducing costs It is important to point out that the standard WIMAX and advanced WIMAX or mobile WIMAX, which is part of the evolution of IEEE (802.11, 802.16, etc.), complies with the requirements for 4G standard WIMAX (802.16) can operate in both the core and access networks with IPv6/MPLS 4 Mobile Networks Fig 2 LTE to IP/MPLS and EPC Currently, there is competition for the dominant 4G standard... created as an extension to support FHMIPv6 hierarchical addresses in MANET networks, but FHAMIPv6, is not an protocol to provide quality services in such networks For this reason, it was necessary to integrate MPLS and FHAMIPv6 in order to provide QoS in MANET networks Mechamisms to Provide Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 23 To achieve the integration was necessary to modify the source... access networks, we propose the implementation of IPv6 (extensions/MPLS into the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 1.2 Requirements of LTE/SAE Some of the most important requirements of LTE/SAE are: Low cost per bit Increase of the services provided: more services at lower cost to improve the user’s experience Flexible use of existing and new frequency bands Simplified architecture 2 Mobile Networks. .. Service on 4G New Generation Networks simulation scenario was made in a LAN and WAN networks In these integrations, the RSVP protocol was used as signalling protocol while hierarchical MPLS nodes were used to achieve interoperability of HMIPv6 and MPLS The results obtained in [2],[8],[9],[10] showed that this interoperability is a good alternative to provide QoS in LAN and WLAN networks In order to better... Scenario of HMIPv6/MPLS simulation Fig 4 MN moves the area PAR/LER Fig 5 MN moves the area NAR/LER Finally, the MN moves to area NAR/LER as the figure 5 illustrates Mobile Networks Mechamisms to Provide Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 7 2.1.2 Description of simulation Initially, the MN is located in the area of the HA 2 seconds after the start of the simulation, the HA moves towards the... Simulation scenarios Fig 6 Scenario with 9 nodes Figure Fig 7 Scenario with 15 8 Fig 8 Scenario with 20 nodes Fig 9 Scenario with 25 nodes Fig 10 Scenario with 30 nodes Mobile Networks Mechamisms to Provide Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 9 Fig 11 Scenario with 35 nodes Fig 12 Scenario with 40 nodes Fig 13 Scenario with 45 nodes 2.2 Scalability The objective of this simulation with different... the mobile node and access router FHMIPv6 has a process of pre and post registration which solves the problem observed in HMIPv6/MPLS integration This we can say based on the work of R Hsieh FHMIPv6/MPLS integration has been made in the same manner as HMIPv6/MPLS integration This integration allows us to compare which is better Is important mentioned, Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIP) is a mobile. .. Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 3 Since MPLS is a standard solution, it also reduces the operational complexity between IP networks and gives IP advanced, routing capabilities in order to use traffic-engineering techniques that were only possible on ATM 1.4 IPv6 extensions The extensions of the IPv6 protocol were designed to migrate IPv6 to mobile environments There are several extensions... respectively, lastly the AMN node represents the mobile node With regards to the characteristics of the wired links, table7 presents details From the table above, we can highlight the fact that the link AN1 - MAP/GW1 has a superior bandwidth and delay than the rest, because it represents a connection with Internet Fig 30 Scenario of simulation 24 Mobile Networks Link Bandwith(Mbps) Delay(ms) AN1 MAP/GW1 . MOBILE NETWORKS Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz Mobile Networks Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz Published. those applications. Mobile networks require that the applications and protocols that have worked successfully in fixed networks can be used with the same level of quality in mobile scenarios or mobile networks or at macromobility level. Using these existing mechanisms of QoS involves adapting the dynamic characteristics of the mobile devices. There are cases such as ad- hoc networks