HUMAN MUSCULOSKELETAL BIOMECHANICS docx

HUMAN MUSCULOSKELETAL BIOMECHANICS Edited by Tarun Goswami Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Edited by Tarun Goswami Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Stephen Coburn, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Edited by Tarun Goswami p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-638-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Motion Preservation 1 Chapter 1 A Task-Level Biomechanical Framework for Motion Analysis and Control Synthesis 3 Vincent De Sapio and Richard Chen Chapter 2 European Braces for Conservative Scoliosis Treatment 29 Theodoros B. Grivas Chapter 3 Motion Preservation and Shock Absorbing in Cervical and Lumbar Spine: A New Device for Anterior Cervical Arthroplasty, for Anterior or Posterior Lumbar Arthroplasty 49 Giuseppe Maida Part 2 Musculoskeletal Biomechanics 59 Chapter 4 Biomechanical Characteristics of the Bone 61 Antonia Dalla Pria Bankoff Chapter 5 Biomechanical Studies on Hand Function in Rehabilitation 87 Sofia Brorsson Chapter 6 Cervical Spine Anthropometric and Finite Element Biomechanical Analysis 107 Susan Hueston, Mbulelo Makola, Isaac Mabe and Tarun Goswami Chapter 7 Biomechanics of the Temporomandibular Joint 159 Shirish M. Ingawalé and Tarun Goswami VI Contents Part 3 Nano Behavior 183 Chapter 8 Design and Analysis of Key Components in the Nanoindentation and Scratch Test Device 185 Hongwei Zhao, Hu Huang, Jiabin Ji and Zhichao Ma Part 4 Vascular Biomechanics 209 Chapter 9 Elements of Vascular Mechanics 211 Gyorgy L Nadasy Preface The field of biomechanics has been evolving from the ancient Greeks times. Recent publications and research in biomechanics sky rocketed as the field of traditional biomechanics is creating new opportunities in diagnostics, therapy, rehabilitation, motion preservation, kinesiology, total joint replacement, biomechanics of living systems at small scale, and other areas. Biomechanics now encompasses a range of fields. The book on Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics is a broad topic and may provide the platform for newer text and editions as the research evolves and new results obtained. In the current form, the book covers four areas: 1) motion preservation, which will be useful in designing functional braces for different skeletal areas used in therapy and/or rehabilitation, 2) musculoskeletal biomechanics, which includes soft and hard tissue and their behavior under the actions of forces, motion, strain and modeling them analytically and experimentally, 3) nano- behavior, is another area which is developing where mechanical properties of living systems are determined that will be useful in developing treatment methods and understanding the small living systems such as viruses, and 4) vascular biomechanics, a new area that will also develop in the future with surgery. Therefore, the book presents information on the four sections, in a concise format. Based on these sections, new courses may be developed at graduate level or some of the concepts used to teach undergraduate students in biomedical engineering. Since the book will be available on open access, its use will be free to students, and to introduce this topic as a new course, if desired. The four sections presented in this book will continue to challenge both the researchers and students in the future and therefore, creation of new knowledge. Dr. Tarun Goswami D.Sc. Equity Advisor - College of Engineering and Computer Science; Founding Director - Device Development Center; Director - Damage Tolerance and Probabilisitic Life Prediction of Materials Center; Focus Area Chair - Ph.D. in Engineering - Medical and Biological Systems; Associate Professor of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University; Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation USA [...]... synthesizing low-level human motion control from high-level commands can be addressed by integrating approaches from the Fig 3 A task description with complementary task consistent postures Redundancy with respect to task introduces task dynamics as well as posture dynamics 6 4 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics biomechanics and robotics communities The biomechanics community... effect on human motion as well as providing a means for synthesizing human motion The fields of neuroscience, biomechanics, robotics, and computer graphics provide motivation, as well as tools, for understanding human motion In neuroscience, fundamental scientific understanding drives the motivation to understand human motion, whereas, in biomechanics, clinical applications often form the driving motivation... human subjects Approaches for predicting human arm movement have been categorized into posture-based and trajectory-based (or transport-based) models, Hermens & Gielen (2004); Vetter et al (2002) Posture-based models are predicated upon the assumption of Donders’ law Specifically, Donders’ law postulates that final arm configuration is dependent only on 16 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics. .. Corporation, for the U.S Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 4 2 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics and control occurs based on the integration of sensory information from proprioceptors distributed throughout the musculoskeletal system Some knowledge of the biomechanical plant is also assumed to be encoded in the CNS Fig 1 Motor... this case we will define the instantaneous muscle effort criterion as, ˙ U (q, q ) = r ∑ i =1 li − loi loi 2 r +∑ i =1 l˙i vo i 2 ˙3 + q2 , (91) 24 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics 22 Fig 13 A redundant muscle-actuated model of the human arm Initial and final configurations, q (to ) and q (t f ), associated with gradient descent movement to a target, x f , are shown (Top) Time history... similar desires, the robotics community seeks a high-level control framework for robotic systems With the recent advent of complex humanoid robots this challenge has grown more demanding Consistent with their anthropomorphic design, humanoid robots are intended to operate in a human- like manner within man-made environments and to promote interaction with their biological counterparts To achieve this, common... ×n ∂q (4) Adjoining the constraints to (3) by introducing a set of constraint forces yields the dynamic equation in the familiar multiplier form, M q + b + g − ΦT λ = τ , ¨ (5) 8 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics 6 subject to, ˙ ˙ Φq + Φq = 0 ¨ (φ = 0, Φq = 0), ˙ (6) where λ is a vector of unknown Lagrange multipliers 2.2 Task space dynamics and control In the previous section... inverse of Φ, ¯ Φ = M −1 Φ T H (25) The control equation can be expressed as, ¯ ¯ T J T Θ τ = Λf + μ + p − J T Φ T (α + ρ), where the linear control law of (19) can be used (26) 10 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics 8 It is noted that (20) does not expose the constraint forces (Lagrange multipliers) An alternate form of the constrained task space dynamics is, De Sapio & Park (2010);... shoulder girdle With an additional constraint at the glenohumeral joint we have a total of mC = 6 constraints This yields p = n − mC = 7 degrees of kinematic freedom (3 for the 12 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics 10 shoulder complex and 4 for the elbow and wrist) These constraint equations, φ(q ) = 0, are given by ⎛ ⎞ q 1 − b1 q 6 − c 1 q 7 ⎜q −b q −c q ⎟ 2 6 2 7⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ q... expressed in terms of muscle actuation, M q + b + g − Φ T λ = B T a ¨ (44) We can then express the control equation as (26), ¯ ¯ T J T Θ B T a = Λf + μ + p − J T Φ T (α + ρ) (45) 14 12 Human MusculoskeletalWill-be-set-by-IN-TECH Biomechanics Fig 8 Muscle paths spanning the shoulder complex Muscle moment arms are determined from the muscle path data Holzbaur et al (2005) The motion of the shoulder girdle influences . HUMAN MUSCULOSKELETAL BIOMECHANICS Edited by Tarun Goswami Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Edited by Tarun Goswami . total joint replacement, biomechanics of living systems at small scale, and other areas. Biomechanics now encompasses a range of fields. The book on Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics is a broad. www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Edited by Tarun Goswami p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-638-6 free online