SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Edited by Yen Kheng Tan Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Edited by Yen Kheng Tan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future, Edited by Yen Kheng Tan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-438-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Past and Present: Mature Energy Harvesting Technologies 1 Chapter 1 A Modelling Framework for Energy Harvesting Aware Wireless Sensor Networks 3 Michael R. Hansen, Mikkel Koefoed Jakobsen and Jan Madsen Chapter 2 Vibration Energy Harvesting: Machinery Vibration, Human Movement and Flow Induced Vibration 25 Dibin Zhu Chapter 3 Modelling Theory and Applications of the Electromagnetic Vibrational Generator 55 Chitta Ranjan Saha Chapter 4 Modeling and Simulation of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Processes 109 Piotr Dziurdzia Part 2 Future: Sustainable Energy Harvesting Techologies 129 Chapter 5 WSN Design for Unlimited Lifetime 131 Emanuele Lattanzi and Alessandro Bogliolo Chapter 6 Wearable Energy Harvesting System for Powering Wireless Devices 151 Yen Kheng Tan and Wee Song Koh Chapter 7 Vibration Energy Harvesting: Linear and Nonlinear Oscillator Approaches 169 Luca Gammaitoni, Helios Vocca, Igor Neri, Flavio Travasso and Francesco Orfei Chapter 8 Energy Harvesting Technologies: Thick-Film Piezoelectric Microgenerator 191 Swee Leong Kok VI Contents Chapter 9 Hydrogen from Stormy Oceans 215 Helmut Tributsch Chapter 10 Design Issues in Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting System 235 Chomora Mikeka and Hiroyuki Arai Preface In the early 21 st century, research and development on sustainable energy harvesting (EH) technologies have started. Since then, many EH technologies have evolved, advanced and even been successfully developed into hardware prototypes for proof of concept like Helimote, AmbiMax, et al. Researchers from all around the world are devoting their precious time and efforts into finding a realistic and novel energy harvesting solutions for sustaining the operational lifetime of low‐power electronic devices like mobile gadgets, smart wireless sensor networks, etc. Academic researchers are not the only ones focusing on sustainable EH technologies; industrial players and venture capitalists are also eyeing the EH technologies for commercialization and business development. On top of that, other disciplinary researchers like energy storage experts, smart wireless sensing and communication experts, invasive and non‐invasive biomedical experts, disaster such as forest fire management experts, etc. are also seeking for sustainable energy harvesting technologies to complement their technologies. This is based on the fact that energy harvesting is a technology that harvests freely available renewable energy from the ambient environment to recharge or put used energy back into the energy storage devices without the hassle of disrupting or even discontinuing the normal operation of the specific application. With the prior knowledge and experience developed over a decade ago, progress of sustainable EH technologies research is still intact and ongoing. EH technologies are starting to mature and strong synergies are formulating with dedicate application areas. Several US‐based and European‐based companies have emerged with strong funding support from Government agencies. To move forward, now would be a good time to setup a review and brainstorm session to evaluate the past, investigate and think through the present and understand and plan for the future sustainable energy harvesting technologies. The key to success is to learn from the past and make changes in the present to create a novel and attractive future! Topics covered by this book include but are not limited to the following: Past and Present Sustainable Energy Technologies; Review and Challenges, Energy Harvesting Technologies; Micropower generation and Wireless Energy Transfer, Power Management Technologies; Optimization and Maximization, Wireless Communication and Sensors X Preface Technologies and Future Energy Harvesting Applications; Printable, Flexible and Sustainable. Dr. Yen Kheng Tan Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [...]... that 6 4 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH • sensor nodes have an energy- harvesting device, • sensor nodes are using radio-based communication, consisting of a transmitter and a receiver, • sensor nodes are inexpensive devices with limited computational power, and • the routing in the network adapts to dynamic changes of the available energy. .. with an energy 18 16 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH harvesting capability, but the routing is static in the sense that an observation is always transmitted along the path with the smallest number of hops to the base station Energy harvesting aware routing algorithms will not necessarily choose this shortest path, since problematic low -energy. .. Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems 24 22 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Lattanzi, E., Regini, E., Acquaviva, A & Bogliolo, A (2007) Energetic sustainability of routing algorithms for energy- harvesting wireless sensor networks, Comput Commun 30(14-15): 297 6–2 986 Lin, L., Shroff, N B & Srikant, R (2007) Asymptotically optimal energy- aware... simple distance of an abstract state • An energy level e ∈ Energy • An energy- faithful adjustment f ∈ R≥0 capturing energy deficiencies along the route to the base station • A table nt containing entries for the abstract state of neighbours This is modelled by the type: Id → AbstractState 14 12 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Hence a computational... loose energy 16 14 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH • A model of the computational unit This model must define the costs of the computational operations by providing definitions for the cost functions in Fig 3 A simple way of doing this is to count the instructions needed for executing the individual functions, and multiply it with the energy. .. of the source, i.e the node which have sent this message, and as ∈ AbstractState is the contents of the message in the form of an abstract state Let Message denote the set of all messages, i.e observation and neighbour messages 10 8 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Output messages and communication A node Nid can use the transmitter to broadcast... difference between DEHAR and DD During the last five days the DEHAR algorithm makes the network able to harvest and store more energy The next graph (Fig 11(b)) shows the difference of the two curves from the previous It shows (in the blow-up) that just before day five ends, the DEHAR algorithm starts to consume 20 18 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH... 96 120 Time (h) 144 168 192 216 240 0 (c) Surplus energy consumption by DEHAR compared with DD for simulations in S1 Fig 11 Results of simulations S1 showing the first 10 days The two blow-ups in (b) and (c) emphasises the first important difference between the DEHAR and DD algorithms 22 20 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 100 80 70 60 50 40... from a node (e.g Nc ) and its neighbours (Nb and Nd ) to the base station The node Nc will route to the neighbour with the shortest distance to the base station (in this case Nb ) In practice, nodes close to the base station (e.g Na and Ng ) will be activated much more frequently than those far away from 4 2 distance Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH... definition (or implementation) of the functions must be given in an instantiation of the generic model 8 6 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH • consistent?(cs) is a predicate which is true if the computational state cs is consistent Since neighbour and energy information, which are used to guide the routing, are changing dynamically, a node may end up . SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Edited by Yen Kheng Tan Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future. evaluate the past, investigate and think through the present and understand and plan for the future sustainable energy harvesting technologies. The key to success is to learn from the past and make. the harvested energy and the energy used for transmitting sensor-observations from the nodes to the base station. 6 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future A Modelling