SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Edited by Yen Kheng Tan Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Edited by Yen Kheng Tan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright olly, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future, Edited by Yen Kheng Tan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-438-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Past and Present: Mature Energy Harvesting Technologies 1 Chapter 1 A Modelling Framework for Energy Harvesting Aware Wireless Sensor Networks 3 Michael R. Hansen, Mikkel Koefoed Jakobsen and Jan Madsen Chapter 2 Vibration Energy Harvesting: Machinery Vibration, Human Movement and Flow Induced Vibration 25 Dibin Zhu Chapter 3 Modelling Theory and Applications of the Electromagnetic Vibrational Generator 55 Chitta Ranjan Saha Chapter 4 Modeling and Simulation of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Processes 109 Piotr Dziurdzia Part 2 Future: Sustainable Energy Harvesting Techologies 129 Chapter 5 WSN Design for Unlimited Lifetime 131 Emanuele Lattanzi and Alessandro Bogliolo Chapter 6 Wearable Energy Harvesting System for Powering Wireless Devices 151 Yen Kheng Tan and Wee Song Koh Chapter 7 Vibration Energy Harvesting: Linear and Nonlinear Oscillator Approaches 169 Luca Gammaitoni, Helios Vocca, Igor Neri, Flavio Travasso and Francesco Orfei Chapter 8 Energy Harvesting Technologies: Thick-Film Piezoelectric Microgenerator 191 Swee Leong Kok VI Contents Chapter 9 Hydrogen from Stormy Oceans 215 Helmut Tributsch Chapter 10 Design Issues in Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting System 235 Chomora Mikeka and Hiroyuki Arai Preface In the early 21 st century, research and development on sustainable energy harvesting (EH) technologies have started. Since then, many EH technologies have evolved, advanced and even been successfully developed into hardware prototypes for proof of concept like Helimote, AmbiMax, et al. Researchers from all around the world are devoting their precious time and efforts into finding a realistic and novel energy harvesting solutions for sustaining the operational lifetime of low‐power electronic devices like mobile gadgets, smart wireless sensor networks, etc. Academic researchers are not the only ones focusing on sustainable EH technologies; industrial players and venture capitalists are also eyeing the EH technologies for commercialization and business development. On top of that, other disciplinary researchers like energy storage experts, smart wireless sensing and communication experts, invasive and non‐invasive biomedical experts, disaster such as forest fire management experts, etc. are also seeking for sustainable energy harvesting technologies to complement their technologies. This is based on the fact that energy harvesting is a technology that harvests freely available renewable energy from the ambient environment to recharge or put used energy back into the energy storage devices without the hassle of disrupting or even discontinuing the normal operation of the specific application. With the prior knowledge and experience developed over a decade ago, progress of sustainable EH technologies research is still intact and ongoing. EH technologies are starting to mature and strong synergies are formulating with dedicate application areas. Several US‐based and European‐based companies have emerged with strong funding support from Government agencies. To move forward, now would be a good time to setup a review and brainstorm session to evaluate the past, investigate and think through the present and understand and plan for the future sustainable energy harvesting technologies. The key to success is to learn from the past and make changes in the present to create a novel and attractive future! Topics covered by this book include but are not limited to the following: Past and Present Sustainable Energy Technologies; Review and Challenges, Energy Harvesting Technologies; Micropower generation and Wireless Energy Transfer, Power Management Technologies; Optimization and Maximization, Wireless Communication and Sensors X Preface Technologies and Future Energy Harvesting Applications; Printable, Flexible and Sustainable. Dr. Yen Kheng Tan Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [...]... Part 1 Past and Present: Mature Energy Harvesting Technologies 0 1 A Modelling Framework for Energy Harvesting Aware Wireless Sensor Networks Michael R Hansen, Mikkel Koefoed Jakobsen and Jan Madsen Technical University of Denmark, DTU Informatics, Embedded Systems Engineering Denmark 1 Introduction A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed... that 6 4 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH • sensor nodes have an energy- harvesting device, • sensor nodes are using radio-based communication, consisting of a transmitter and a receiver, • sensor nodes are inexpensive devices with limited computational power, and • the routing in the network adapts to dynamic changes of the available energy. .. study energy harvesting aware routing in WSNs The capabilities and efficiency of the modeling framework will be illustrated through the modeling and simulation of a distributed energy harvesting aware routing protocol, Distributed Energy Harvesting Aware Routing (DEHAR) by Jakobsen et al (2 010 ) In Section 2 a generic modeling framework which can be used to model and analyse a broad range of energy harvesting. .. from a node (e.g Nc ) and its neighbours (Nb and Nd ) to the base station The node Nc will route to the neighbour with the shortest distance to the base station (in this case Nb ) In practice, nodes close to the base station (e.g Na and Ng ) will be activated much more frequently than those far away from 4 2 distance Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH... implement the energy- aware routing algorithm, and to manage the receiving and sending of messages in the network The model should capture that use of the sensor, receiver, transmitter and computational unit consume energy and that the only supply of energy comes from the nodes’ energy harvesters It is therefore a delicate matter to design an energy- aware routing algorithm because a risk is that the energy. .. definition (or implementation) of the functions must be given in an instantiation of the generic model 8 6 Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH • consistent?(cs) is a predicate which is true if the computational state cs is consistent Since neighbour and energy information, which are used to guide the routing, are changing dynamically, a node may end up... explained in terms of the simple network in Fig 1 Properties of energy harvesting aware networks are analysed in Section 4 using simulation results for DEHAR and DD These results validate that energy harvesting awareness increase the energy level in nodes, and hence, keep nodes (which otherwise would die) alive, in the sense that a complete drain of energy in critical nodes can be prevented, or at... brief summary and concluding remarks 2 A generic modelling framework The purpose of this section is to present a generic modelling framework which can be used to study energy- aware routing in a WSN, where the nodes of the network have an energy harvesting capability In the next section instantiations of this generic model will be presented and experimental results through simulations are presented in... the residual battery energy and are extending the routing algorithms to take into account the actual available energy, under the assumption that the battery energy is monotonically decreasing With the advances in energy harvesting technologies, energy harvesting is an attractive new source of energy to power the individual nodes of a WSN Not only is it possible to extend the lifetime of the WSN, it may... energy harvesting and energy- aware routing We shall assume the existence of the following sets (or types): • PhysicalState – which models the real physical states of the node, • Energy – which models energy levels, • ComputationalState – which models the state in the computational unit in a node, including a model of the view of the environment (especially the neighbours) and information about the energy . SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Edited by Yen Kheng Tan Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies – Past, Present and Future. evaluate the past, investigate and think through the present and understand and plan for the future sustainable energy harvesting technologies. The key to success is to learn from the past and make. at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Past and Present: Mature Energy Harvesting Technologies 1 Chapter 1 A Modelling Framework for Energy Harvesting Aware Wireless Sensor Networks