This aim of this thesis is a suggested translation chapter 04 named: “Your leadership motivation and values” of the book “Discovering the leader in you” by Sara N. King, David G. Altman Robert J. Lee, 2011. I analyzed almost significant problems such as vocabulary, structures in this work. In addition, I realized that there are a lot of requirements that students need to know in order to translate this book correctly.
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
As a student of Duy Tan University, I was trained in professional translation skills I have studied translation through genres such as economic reports, international and domestic news, literary works, short stories and poems Now, I want to challenge myself with a topic that I have always loved since I was a child. That is the universe.
The universe has always been a mystery to humans However, people are constantly learning and conquering it Hence, there are dozens of research papers about the universe coming out every year.
Therefore, understanding them requires a solid linguistic background, grasping technical terms, analyzing sentence structures correctly, and writing phrases or words that best fit the target language.
I realized that this is an interesting challenge for me At the same time, I can learn and improve my translation skills through this graduation paper.
Finally, I also finished the translation with all my efforts I hope my translation can bring people a lot of useful and interesting information about the universe.
Aims and Objectives
- Showing my skills in translating a document
- Having capability to analyze difficult words and structures
- Understanding and overcoming language barriers between two countries
- Communicating the author's intended message to readers
After translating graduation paper, I achieved the following goals:
- Translating text smoothly and naturally
- Analyzing complicated words, phrases, structures, contexts, etc.
Scope of the Study
This graduation paper belongs to chapter 04 named: "Your leadership motivation and values” of the book “Discovering the leader in you” by Sara N. King, David G Altman & Robert J Lee, 2011
This chapter will be translated into Vietnamese by me, and I will analyze some important points about grammatical structure and vocabulary.
During the translation process, I find out some difficulties when I translated such as universal term, the way to use English grammar, and some other problems of language.
Anyone who wants to learn about their own hidden power, the knowledge, experience to become successful or inspirational people should not miss this fascinating and engaging book
The book is divided into seven chapters, but I chose Chapter 04 to translate and analyze for my graduation thesis Many people will realize their strength through reading this book.
In the graduation thesis, I chose to translate Chapter 04 named: "your leadership motivation and values” The translation is approximately 3500 words long.
The text is divided into a lot of small sections Each part is a different feature
This text comes from the book "your leadership motivation and values” of the book “discovering the leader in you” by Sara N King, David G Altman & Robert J.Lee, 2011.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Definition
There are many ways to definite a notion Based on the personal view of each person, we will have a different definition Thus, the definition of translation is not unique Evidently, there are many languages in the world, so they are well-defined translation in many different ways These are some definitions of translation as follows.
“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)” [1]
“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” [2]
“Translation is a process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers” [3]
The central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation equivalents A central task of translation theory is that of finding the nature and conditions of translation equivalence.
These proved that translation is a complex process in which a source language is changed into a target language To translate accurately, it is required that translators have a thorough understanding of theoretical awareness and practical experiences.
Types of Categories
There are many types of translation Type of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of translation.
These types of categories can help us deeply understand and easily distinguish the ways of translation My translations also apply these methods to avoid errors that lead to misunderstandings during the translation process.
This distinction relates to the extent (in a syntagmatic sense) of SL text which is submitted to the translation process The text may be a book, a simple volume, a chapter, a paragraph, a sentence, a clause, etc It may also be a figment, not co- existence with any formal literacy or linguistic unit.
According to J.C Carford [4], there are two categories of translation: full and partial.
In a “full” translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process that is every part of the SL text is replaced with TL text material.
Example: The race ended and ended the hopes too What La Liga has is just the name of Real Madrid Barca has been left behind.
Suggested version: Chấm dứt những hy vọng, cuộc đua đã khép lại La Liga vẫn chỉ còn mỗi cái tên Real Madrid Barca đã bị bỏ lại phía sau lưng.
In a “partial” translation, some part or parts of the SL text are left non- translated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.
Example: There are five famous bridges in Danang.
Suggested version: Có năm cây cầu nổi tiếng tại Đà Nẵng.
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation
In "total" translation, all levels of SL text are replaced with TL material. Strictly speaking, "total" translation is a misleading term, since, though total replacement is involved, it is not replacement with equivalent at all levels
In "total" translation, SL grammar and lexis are replaced with equivalent TL grammar and lexis This replacement entails the replacement of SL phonology/ graphology with TL phonology/ graphology, but this normally replacement with TL equivalents
Example: There is a legend about a bird which sings just once in its life, more sweetly than any other creature on the face of the earth.
Suggested version: Có một truyền thuyết về một con chim chỉ hót một lần trong đời, nhưng nó hót ngọt ngào hơn bất cứ loài chim nào trên trái đất.
In "restricted" translation, SL is replaced with equivalent one at only one level (phonologically/graphologically) or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
Example: Khi mới về làm dâu, con rất sợ thầy.
Suggested version: At the time to be a daughter-in-law, I was afraid of father.
In this translation, the main thing is SL phonology is replaced with equivalent
TL one, but there are hardly other important replacements
In phonological translation, sometimes grammatical or lexical changes may result accidentally For example, an English plural such as "cats" may become a
"singular cat" when the TL has no final consonant clusters
Source language graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other considerable replacements.
Methods and Principles
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the TL immediately below the SL words The SL word order is preserved, and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context Cultural words are translated literally the main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to construct a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
Example: There is a book on the table.
Suggested version: Có một quyển sách ở trên bàn
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problem to be solved.
Example: Put your batteries on.
Suggested version: Đặt pin của bạn vào.
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original meaning within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures It
“transfers” cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
“abnormality” in the translation It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
Example: Bao giờ cho đến tháng mười?
Suggested version: When will the tenth month come?
This method must pay more attention to the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful a natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on "meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version Furthermore, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership The distinction between "faithful" and
"semantic" translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% of fidelity and allows for translator's intuitive empathy with the original.
Example: She has a sunny smile on her face.
Suggested version: Cô bé có nụ cười tỏa nắng trên khuôn mặt.
This is the “freest” form of translation, used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry The themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL one, and the text is rewritten
(The Daffodils by William Wordsworth)
Suggested version: Là đám mây tôi lang thang phiêu bạt.
The method reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called “intralingual translation”, often prolix, pretentious, and seemingly non- translated at all.
Example: The film is beyond any words.
Suggested version: Bộ phim không chê vào đâu được.
The method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership This translation is rather often news on radio or in newspapers Sometimes communicative and semantic translation may coincide with each other.
Example: New one in, old one out.
Suggested version: Có mới nới cũ.
Translated version: Chào nhé! Hôm nay cậu thế nào?
Although this is not a theoretical work, students may follow some guidelines to help themselves to evaluate their own work Below are some general principle, which are relevant to all translation.
The context of the original language should be faithfully reflected in the translation Although a portion of the meaning may be transformed, translators should not add or remove anything arbitrarily.
The order of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible This is particularly in the form and order of works When in doubt, underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls In English, emphasis or main stress can be obtained through inversion of word order and using different structures.
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context, for example, the business letter To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphors, proverbs, saying, jargons, slangs, colloquialisms, and phrasal verbs
If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following:
- Retain the original word, in inverted commas
- Retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets
- Use a non-itliomalic or plain prose translation
The translator in general should not change the style of the original But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader’s sake correct the defects.
One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that it does not sound natural
This is because the translator's thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text A good way of shaking off the SL influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language, which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.
Context in Translating
Context is the one which occurs before (or) after a word, a phrase or even along utterance or text.
The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.
In translation, the context is understood as the “WHAT”, “WHERE” and “TOWHOM” of our communication.
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
[P1] Something about leading is important, motivating, or valuable to you, or you wouldn’t be reading this book Motivators are powerful forces They compel you to action.
Values are standards or principles that guide your beliefs, decisions, and actions We believe that being aware of your motivations and values strengthens you as a leader and helps you clarify why you want to lead or why you are experiencing drift This awareness can also help you choose among various types of leadership roles and derive more personal reward from your leadership work Articulating your own motivations and values and understanding their role in your work as a leader isn’t an easy task.
Neither is figuring out if your motivations and values align with your current role or your organization’s values.
CHƯƠNG 4: ĐỘNG LỰC LÃNH ĐẠO
VÀ GIÁ TRỊ CỦA BẠN
[P1] Điều quan trọng nhất về việc lãnh đạo là gì, nó thúc đẩy hoặc có giá trị đối với bạn, nếu không bạn sẽ không đọc cuốn sách này Động lực là lực lượng mạnh mẽ.
Nó buộc bạn phải hành động Giá trị là các tiêu chuẩn hoặc nguyên tắc hướng dẫn niềm tin, quyết định và hành động của bạn Chúng tôi tin rằng việc nhận thức được các động lực và giá trị của bạn sẽ củng cố bạn với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo và giúp bạn làm rõ lý do tại sao bạn muốn lãnh đạo hoặc tại sao bạn đang trải qua sự lãnh đạo Nhận thức này cũng có thể giúp bạn lựa chọn trong số các loại vai trò lãnh đạo khác nhau và nhận được nhiều phần thưởng cá nhân hơn từ công việc lãnh đạo của mình Nói rõ các động lực và giá trị của riêng bạn và hiểu vai trò của chúng trong công việc của bạn với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo không phải là một nhiệm vụ dễ dàng Cũng không phải là tìm hiểu xem động cơ và giá trị của bạn có phù hợp với vai trò hiện tại của bạn hay giá trị của tổ chức bạn hay không.
[P2] This chapter describes five motivators for leading It defines core values, where they come from, compatibilities and conflicts, and how they play out in behaviors and career choices It sets out a broad range of values from which you can choose your own core values The chapter concludes by describing the relationship of clear values, vision, and leadership.
[P3] Consider these questions as a backdrop to our discussion about motivation:
• What motivates you? Why do you want to lead? What experiences are you drawn to?
What tasks give you energy?
• When do you find yourself in the zone and not drifting?
• When do you experience what
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1990) calls flow-those times when you are so absorbed in an activity that you lose your sense of time and place? Do you ever feel this way as a leader?
[P2] Chương này mô tả năm động lực để lãnh đạo Nó xác định các giá trị cốt lõi, nguồn gốc của chúng, tính tương thích và xung đột cũng như cách chúng thể hiện trong các hành vi và lựa chọn nghề nghiệp Nó đặt ra một loạt các giá trị mà từ đó bạn có thể chọn các giá trị cốt lõi của riêng mình Chương này kết thúc bằng cách mô tả mối quan hệ của các giá trị rõ ràng, tầm nhìn và khả năng lãnh đạo. ĐỘNG LỰC LÃNH ĐẠO CỦA BẠN
[P3] Hãy coi những câu hỏi này như một bối cảnh cho cuộc thảo luận của chúng ta về động lực:
• Điều gì thúc đẩy bạn? Tại sao bạn muốn lãnh đạo? Bạn rút ra những kinh nghiệm gì? Nhiệm vụ nào cung cấp cho bạn nguồn năng lượng?
• Khi nào bạn thấy mình có và không có vai trò lãnh đạo?
• Khi nào bạn trải nghiệm cái mà Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1990) gọi là guồng quay-những lúc bạn quá mải mê với một hoạt động đến mức đánh mất ý thức về thời gian và địa điểm? Bạn có bao giờ cảm thấy như vậy với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo?
Motivation is about drive, enthusiasm, and inspiration.
When we are highly motivated with our work, we look forward to the day ahead for what is on our plate to accomplish Flow has a lot to do with motivation.
Each person’s motivations are different, and the way in which they satisfy these motivations are different We describe five sources of leadership drive or motivation: validation, rewards, impact, service, and meaning One or more of these sources will likely explain what is pushing you to be a leader.
‘‘Under the surface there’s always been a bit of insecurity about whether or not I belong at the level
I’m at As a result of this insecurity, I’ve been withholding part of myself in my business interactions, and that is actually seen as a problem.’’
CCL’s leadership development Động lực là một định hướng, sự nhiệt tình và cảm hứng Khi chúng ta có động lực cao với công việc của mình, chúng ta mong chờ ngày sắp tới để hoàn thành những gì chúng ta đang có Động lực có sức ảnh hưởng đến guồng quay công việc. Động cơ của mỗi người là khác nhau và cách họ thỏa mãn những động cơ này cũng khác nhau Chúng tôi mô tả năm nguồn lực thúc đẩy hoặc động lực lãnh đạo: xác nhận, phần thưởng, tác động, dịch vụ và ý nghĩa Một hoặc nhiều nguồn trong số này có thể sẽ giải thích điều gì đang thúc đẩy bạn trở thành một nhà lãnh đạo.
[P4] Một người quản lý nói với chúng tôi: ''Khi đối mặt với một sự việc luôn có một chút bất an về việc liệu tôi có phù hợp với cấp độ hiện tại hay không Kết quả của sự bất an này là tôi đã kìm hãm một phần bản thân mình trong các tương tác kinh doanh của tôi và đó thực sự được coi là một vấn đề.''
Nhiều giám đốc điều hành đến với các chương trình phát triển lãnh đạo của CCL tự hỏi: “Đây có phải là lúc họ phát hiện ra programs wondering, ‘‘Is this when they will find out that I’ve been fooling people about my abilities? Is this when they will know I don’t belong in this role as leader?’’
[P5] Validation refers to the confirmations you receive that you can lead Most people are concerned initially with whether they can be a leader at all or whether they can be a leader in a specific organization Will others follow their direction? Will they be accepted as a person of authority? Do they have what is needed to take an organization to new heights? Are they motivated by the confirmation of other people?
[P6] Validation is crucial It isn’t difficult to imagine the impact on one new partner in a firm whom we recently coached Her boss said that her greatest strength was her willingness and ability to take on the most complex, undefined, messiest challenges Moreover, no other new partners he’d known had this skill set and desire. rằng tôi đã lừa mọi người về khả năng của mình không? Đây có phải là lúc họ biết tôi không phù hợp với vai trò lãnh đạo này không?”
[P5] Sự xác thực đề cập đến những xác nhận rằng bạn đạt được giá trị mà bạn có thể lãnh đạo Hầu hết mọi người ban đầu quan tâm đến việc liệu họ có thể là một nhà lãnh đạo nào đơn thuần hay họ có thể trở thành nhà lãnh đạo trong một tổ chức cụ thể không Những người khác sẽ làm theo hướng của họ? Họ sẽ được chấp nhận như một người có thẩm quyền? Họ có những gì cần thiết để đưa một tổ chức lên một tầm cao mới không? Họ có được sự xác nhận của người khác không?
ANALYSIS
Vocabulary
Translating a document, vocabulary plays an extremely important role We have to master the meaning of new words to transfer it from a SL to TL correctly In a document, in general or in a social report in particular, it always makes me confused and creates many difficulties for translating progress Now I would like to deeply analyse some vocabulary that I think it needs to deal with in the report.
4.1.1 Words and phrases with multiple meanings in dictionary
When translating, I see that the text has many special names or phrases which
I don’t know before Thus, it is difficult for me to translate I searched some websites and found out definitions and explanations of these phrases Besides, there are some phrases I couldn’t find the meaning; hence, I chose free translation and changed it into equivalent meaning in TL.
“Articulating your own motivations and values and understanding their role in your work as a leader isn’t an easy task Neither is figuring out if your motivations and values align with your current role or your organization’s values.” (Paragraph 1, P
“motivation” has various meanings from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary:
[2] the need or reason for doing something
[3] willingness to do something, or something that causes such willingness
“motivation” has a number of meanings in Oxford and Vietnamese
Dictionary However, I think the third meaning is the most appropriate in this context, so “động lực” is the only suitable translated version for “motivation” in the sentence
Suggested version: Nói rõ các động lực và giá trị của riêng bạn và hiểu vai trò của chúng trong công việc của bạn với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo không phải là một nhiệm vụ dễ dàng Không tìm hiểu xem động lực và giá trị của bạn có phù hợp với vai trò hiện tại của bạn hoặc giá trị của tổ chức bạn hay không.
“Many executives come to CCL’s leadership development programs wondering,
‘‘Is this when they will find out that I’ve been fooling people about my abilities? Is this when they will know I don’t belong in this role as leader?” (Paragraph 4,
The different meanings of “executives” are listed as follows
[1] someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
[2] a group of people who run a business or an organization
[3] relating to making decisions and managing businesses, or suitable for people with important jobs in business
There are a lot of meanings for “executives” in the oxford dictionary I choose the equivalence meaning “giám đốc điều hành” in the Vietnamese to transfer the word, because it is easier to be understood
Suggested version: Nhiều giám đốc điều hành đến với các chương trình phát triển lãnh đạo của CCL tự hỏi: “Đây có phải là lúc họ phát hiện ra rằng tôi đã lừa dối mọi người về khả năng của mình không? Đây có phải là khi họ biết tôi không thuộc về vai trò lãnh đạo này không?.
“Validation is crucial It isn’t difficult to imagine the impact on one new partner in a firm whom we recently coached Her boss said that her greatest strength was her willingness and ability to take on the most complex, undefined, messiest challenges. Moreover, no other new partners he’d known had this skill set and desire.”.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “Validation” is defined as follows
[1] to make something officially acceptable or approved, especially after examining it
[2] to prove that something is correct
[3] The action or process of making something mechanical in character. The first meaning suits the context of the sentence the most, and “Xác nhận” is the Vietnamese equivalent meaning for “Validation”.
Suggested version: Xác nhận là rất quan trọng Không khó để hình dung tác động đối với một đối tác mới trong công ty mà chúng tôi mới huấn luyện gần đây. Sếp của cô ấy nói rằng sức mạnh lớn nhất của cô ấy là sự sẵn sàng và khả năng đảm nhận những thử thách phức tạp nhất, không xác định và lộn xộn nhất Hơn nữa, không có đối tác mới nào khác mà anh biết có bộ kỹ năng và mong muốn này
“Some people are powerfully motivated by the typical rewards of a leadership position: prestige, status, respect, inclusion, recognition, money, and other remuneration.” (Paragraph 8, P22)
“status” is defined in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as follows
[1] an accepted or official position, especially in a social group
[2] the amount of respect, admiration, or importance given to a person, organization, or object
[3] on a social media website, especially Facebook™, a piece of information that you publish about yourself telling people what you are doing, thinking, etc at a particular time
The first meaning is opted to translate for this sentence since it suits the most, so “địa vị” is the Vietnamese equivalence for “ status”
Một số người được thúc đẩy mạnh mẽ bởi những phần thưởng điển hình từ vị trí lãnh đạo: uy tín, địa vị, sự tôn trọng, hòa nhập, sự công nhận, tiền bạc và các khoản thù lao khác
“A leader’s impact is quite different from that of technical experts, craftsmen, sales representatives, and other individual contributors.” (Paragraph 13, P25)
The meanings of “contributor” are defined in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as follows:
[1] a person who contributes something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people
[2] someone who writes articles for a newspaper, magazine, or book
[3] a person who helps by giving money, or someone whose writing or art is published or shown with pieces by other people.
[4] one of the reasons why something happens.
The first meaning is chosen to be translated into Vietnamese for
“contributor” as it is the most appropriate in this context.
Suggested version: Tác động của một nhà lãnh đạo hoàn toàn khác với tác động của các chuyên gia kỹ thuật, thợ thủ công, đại diện bán hàng và những người đóng góp cá nhân khác.
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb In this original text, there are some phrasal verbs which make me confused during the process of translation.
“It sets out a broad range of values from which you can choose your own core values” (Paragraph 2, P17)
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “set out” means as follows
[2] arrange or display something in a particular order or position
The second meaning is the most suitable for the context of the sentence, so “hoá ra” is used to translate for “set out”.
Suggested version: Nó đặt ra một loạt các giá trị mà từ đó bạn có thể chọn các giá trị cốt lõi của riêng mình
“When we are highly motivated with our work, we look forward to the day ahead for what is on our plate to accomplish” (Paragraph 3, P19)
The meanings of “look forward to” are defined in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as follows:
[1] to feel pleased and excited about something that is going to happen.
[2] used at the end of a formal letter to say you hope to hear from or see someone soon, or that you expect something from them.
[3] to feel pleasure because an event or activity is going to happen.
The first meaning is chosen to be translated into Vietnamese for “look forward to” as it is the most appropriate in this context.
Suggested version: Khi chúng ta có động lực cao với công việc của mình, chúng ta mong chờ ngày sắp tới để hoàn thành những gì chúng ta đang có
“I can come on very strong, and while some people may love my decisive, results- oriented, high-energy style, others are really put off” (Paragraph 31, P38)
“put off” has various meanings from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary:
[1] to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date [2] to tell someone that you cannot see them or do something for them, or to stop someone from doing something, until a later time
[3] to take someone's attention away from what they want to be doing or should be doing
[4] to make someone dislike something or someone, or to discourage someone from doing something
Suggested version: Tôi có thể tiếp tục rất mạnh mẽ, và trong khi một số người có thể yêu thích phong cách quyết đoán, hướng đến kết quả và tràn đầy năng lượng của tôi, thì những người khác lại thực sự cảm thấy khó chịu
Structure
When documents translation, the structures play an important role in the meaning of sentence In a paragraph, there are sentences with difference clauses we must analyze the grammatical components that are able to guess the meaning of sentence To understand the meaning of the document completely, you must base on the sentence’s words and structures There are many words joining a sentence, and many sentences joining a paragraph An experienced writer will use various sentences to make the writing become more attractive and interesting A paragraph with too many simple sentences will sound choppy and immature while there are a lot of long sentences will be very difficult to read and understand totally
This text has some difficult and ambiguous sentences to translate them into Vietnamese correctly, so I would like to analyze grammatical structures.
In English grammar, a simple sentence is a sentence with only one independent clause
Example 11: “In contrast to a top-down hierarchical approach, servant lead- ership emphasizes collaboration, trust, empathy, and the ethical use of power.”. (Paragraph 11, P26)
We can see that: this sentence with form SUBJECT + VERB +
OBJECTIVE “servant leadership” is subject, “emphasizes” is verb, and
“collaboration, trust, empathy, and the ethical use of power” is objective After analyzing the sentence, this sentence is translated as follows.
Suggested version: Ngược lại với cách tiếp cận theo thứ bậc từ trên xuống, lãnh đạo khiêm tốn nhấn mạnh sự hợp tác, tin tưởng, đồng cảm và sử dụng quyền lực một cách có đạo đức.
Example 12: “The urge to make a difference is powerful” (Paragraph 11,
The form of this sentence is SUBJECT +BE+ ADJECTIVE, “The urge to make a difference” is subject, “is” is tobe, and “e powerful” is adjective The following translated version is opted for this sentence.
Suggested version: Sự thôi thúc để tạo ra sự khác biệt là mạnh mẽ.
A compound sentence is two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon Each of these clauses could form a sentence alone.
Structure 1: INDEPENDENT CLAUSE +, Coordinating Conjunction +
Example 13: “They wanted to know about me, and I wanted to know about them too” (Paragraph 51, P51)
There are two independent clauses in this compound sentence “They wanted to know about me,” and “I wanted to know about them too” The two independent clauses were joined by the conjunction “and” with and a comma After analyzing the sentence, I chose the following translated version.
Suggested version: “Họ muốn biết về tôi, và tôi cũng muốn biết về họ”. Example 14: “They talk a lot about taking risks, but they don’t reward that behavior” (Paragraph 48, P49)
There are two independent clauses in this compound sentence “They talk a lot about taking risks,” and “they don’t reward that behavior.” The two independent clauses were joined by the conjunction “but” and a comma The sentence is translated as follows.
Suggested version: Họ nói rất nhiều về việc chấp nhận rủi ro, nhưng họ không thưởng cho hành vi đó
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which 4.2.3.1 Complex sentence with adverbial clause
Example 15: “Clarity of values helps when you encounter conflicts among values” (Paragraph 67, P58)
The above sentence contains two clauses, the independent clause is “Clarity of values helps”, but the second clause is a dependent clause “you encounter conflicts among values”.
The subordinator is “when” - With this complex sentence, I chose to translate this version as below.
Suggested version: Sự rõ ràng của các giá trị giúp ích khi bạn gặp xung đột giữa các giá trị
4.2.3.2 Complex sentence with adjective clause (or relative clause)
A relative clause (also called an adjective clause) that limits or provides essential information about the noun or noun phrase it modifies
Example 16: “A manager in an energy company was a valued troubleshooter who reported directly to the president” (Paragraph 50, P50)
The relative clause in this sentence is “who reported directly to the president” with the relative pronoun is “who”, replacing for the preceding noun phrase
“troubleshooter” This relative clause can be translated as follows.
= Suggested version: Một người quản lý trong một công ty năng lượng là một chuyên gia khắc phục sự cố có giá trị, người đã báo cáo trực tiếp với tổng thống
4.2.3.3 Complex sentence with noun clause
Example 17: “In this case, we believe that the manager acted consistently with his values.” (Paragraph 51, P49)
In this sentence, “that the manager acted consistently with his values.” is a noun clause functioning as an object of the verb “believe”
Suggested version: Trong trường hợp này, chúng tôi tin rằng người quản lý đã hành động nhất quán với các giá trị của mình
A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Example 18: “Clarity helps you choose with conviction, and when this choice yields good results, the value is reinforced” (Paragraph 65, P57)
There are two independent clauses: “Clarity helps you choose with conviction”, and “the value is reinforced” in this sentence One dependent clause is “when this choice yields good results” This is a compound complex sentence with dependent clause, so after analyzing it, I decided to translate this sentence as follows.
Suggested version: Sự rõ ràng giúp bạn lựa chọn với niềm tin và khi lựa chọn này mang lại kết quả tốt, giá trị sẽ được củng cố.
For many sentences in passive voice, their passive form in the source language is transferred into active structures in the target language to help the sentences smoother and closer to get the natural voice as well as the complement of word types However, in some situations, the English passive form is kept when transferred into Vietnamese, because when the writer wants to emphasize what was done or through the Vietnamese translated version, we can see specific characteristics of Vietnamese style in passive form.
Example 19: “Sometime in the next 2–10 years you’ll reach the summit of your current climb-you might be there now The next valley and peak will likely be different I don’t think it will be characterized by wealth or prestige-maybe service but there’s probably more” (Paragraph 27, P30)
The structure of this passive voice sentence is: SUBJECT+TOBE+ PAST
Suggested version: Vào một thời điểm nào đó trong 2–10 năm tới, bạn sẽ đạt đến đỉnh của hành trình leo núi hiện tại - bạn có thể đang ở đó ngay bây giờ Thung lũng và đỉnh tiếp theo có thể sẽ khác Tôi không nghĩ nó sẽ được đặc trưng bởi sự giàu có hay uy tín - có thể là dịch vụ nhưng có lẽ còn hơn thế nữa.
English clauses that are not imperatives must have a subject Sometimes we need to use a “dummy” or “empty” or “artificial” subject when there is no subject attached to the verb, and where the real subject is somewhere else in the clause.
“IT” and “THERE” are two dummy subjects used in English.
Example 20: “There is a strong connection between what motivates you and what you value” (Paragraph 25, P30)
- Form empty subject: There + be … + evidence (to someone) + that clause
- This structure means to show the clarity and obviousness of a thing to a certain object
Suggested version: Có một mối liên hệ chặt chẽ giữa những gì thúc đẩy bạn và những gì bạn coi trọng
DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS
Difficulties
During my time studying at Duy Tan University, I received a lot of training in my translation knowledge and skills through theoretical and practical lessons in class However, while working on this graduation paper, I am unable to avoid making some errors in translation and analysis.
Here are some of the issues I ran into during the translation process:
To begin, in terms of polysemantic words, English is similar to Vietnamese in that it has polysemy; therefore, in order to translate correctly, I must first determine its context; sometimes, it does not fit all, and I must be careful to guess correctly The second concern is sentence structure; due to the linguistic differences between English and Vietnamese, the order of structure in sentences in these two languages differs This is causing me a lot of trouble when translating.
Furthermore, because our native language is so rich, it is difficult to find an expression that corresponds to the source language.
In short, successfully translating a text is difficult; it necessitates the translator having solid background knowledge in that field, as well as knowledge of the vocabulary and structure of both languages.
Solutions
I solved these difficult problems by applying what I had previously learned. First, I skimmed the book to get a quick sense of what it was trying to convey and to determine the document's style for a more accurate translation Throughout this process, I've made bookmarks to help me remember difficult words, phrases, or structures.
Second, I look for documents in related fields and read them to gain a better understanding of the problem I'm translating, particularly the places I've highlighted.
Third, I carefully read the text and began translating.
In short, I am aware that there are many gaps in my translation, which I am unable to avoid However, I intend to work hard to improve my knowledge translation skills by translating and studying more documents.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
In my personal opinion, the graduation thesis helped me understand the challenges of translators, consolidate what I had learned, and gain valuable experience Because my understanding of society is limited, the translation is choppy
Furthermore, because my understanding of grammatical structure is shaky, I am frequently perplexed and spend a significant amount of time attempting to understand and analyze sentence structure.
I've learned a lot of valuable lessons and become more aware of my translation flaws while writing this graduation thesis I am aware of my translation weaknesses and am working hard to improve my existing knowledge while also learning new things As a result, I need to learn more to improve my knowledge and skills by constantly improving and learning new information, as well as learning from other translators.
Suggestions: 77 REFERENCES
I have some suggestions for the Faculty of English in particular, and for Duy Tan University in general, and I hope that my suggestions are implemented.
First and foremost, I hope to reduce the number of theoretical lessons and increase the number of practical lessons by incorporating extra-curricular and exchange sessions into the classes.
Finally, I'd like to send my comments to the Faculty and the school so that we can discuss them and collaborate in the future to create a good learning environment for students.
I'd like to thank all of the teachers who helped and encouraged me during my time at Duy Tan University once more.
[1] Catford, J.C (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxfor Retrieved from the database of electronic library.
[2] Peter Newmark (n.d), A textbook of translation Retrieved from the database of electronic library.
[3] Lan Tudor (n.d), Learner-centredness as Language Education Cambridge Language Teaching Library
[4] Basil Hatim and Iam Mason, (1997), The Translator as Comunicator, London: Routledge.
[5] (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/) Oxford Dictionary
[6] English Grammar Retrieved from https://www.englishgrammar.org/
[7].Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (n.d) retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/