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The idea is that … 2 a good: struck up a conversation also unexpected, conversation flowed, approachable, took me under their wing, come across as depends on the adjective that follows;
Anne (‘I had made up my mind that if you didn’t come for me tonight, I’d go down the track to that big, wild cherry tree at the bend, and climb up into it to stay all night I wouldn’t be a bit afraid, and it would be lovely to sleep in a wild cherry tree all white with bloom in the moonshine, don’t you think?’) UNIT OPENER Sample answers The great-grandmother might want to say: ‘I love you You are special and precious We will protect you and keep you safe.’ nervous M Matthew (He worries about how to introduce himself.) The relationship might bring more happiness and joy into her life responsible M Matthew (‘She couldn’t be left at Bright River anyhow, no matter what mistake had been made …’) He had a negative first impression of his PhD advisor Mike thought his advisor was rude and that he enjoyed making students feel stupid Then Mike realized that he had misinterpreted his advisor’s intentions, and that his feedback actually came from a place of love – he wanted Mike to succeed as a scientist optimistic A Anne (‘I was quite sure you would come for me in the morning, if you didn’t tonight.’ / ‘Oh, it seems so wonderful that I’m going to live with you and belong to you.’) Mike thought the professor was magnetic, inspiring, dedicated to his work and to mentoring the next generation of scientists The professor’s enthusiasm and genuine love for the process of scientific discovery motivated Mike to pursue a similar career talkative A Anne (Anne does most of the talking.) quiet M Matthew (Matthew says very little.) happy A Anne (‘I’m very glad to see you.’ / ‘Oh, I can carry it,’ the child responded cheerfully.) Students' own answers 1A Students' own answers shy and nervous excited and happy Anne b iii f e a ii d c ii confident A Anne (‘the girl – eleven-year-old Anne Shirley – takes control of the situation’.) adventurous A Matthew is sixty years old He is kind and considerate because, even though he knows a mistake has been made, he’s not willing to abandon Anne He is also courteous; he apologizes for being late and offers to carry Anne’s bag Anne is eleven years old She is thin: ‘grasping with one thin brown hand’, ‘Matthew had taken the scrawny little hand awkwardly in his’ Anne is also poor; her old carpet bag is shabby and, although it contains everything she owns, it is very light Marilla is probably a strong, forceful and practical person because Matthew feels she will be better at explaining the mistake to Anne She might not react positively to Anne’s arrival because her focus is on getting help on the farm a infinitive (Citra: must have); b infinitive (Károly: happened to have; Travis: to get home); c gerund (Travis: after having said) Students' own answers 1B a you; b someone; c we Sample answers 'd never said It’s possible that something the younger man was doing on his phone caught the older man’s interest to have met having insisted have you been talking A: Hi Sorry to bother you, that game looks very interesting B: Oh, yes It’s really fun Would you like to see how it works? having woken up won't have arrived A: I’d love to … but if you’re sure you don’t mind? I decided | I might as well go to the supermarket | having woken up at four B: Not at all! Here, take a look The idea is that … I’d been in Ohio | and was struggling to get home, | it having snowed so much| the previous few days a) good: struck up a conversation (also unexpected), conversation flowed, approachable, took me under their wing, come across as (depends on the adjective that follows); b) poor: didn’t think much of, distant, come across as (depends on the adjective that follows) c) unexpected: bump into, It turns out, struck up a conversation (also a good start), get thrown together, just happened to They are getting married| after having insisted they would wait five years 8–9 Students' own answers 1C 1–2 Students' own answers Feelings it evokes: gratitude, tranquility How he got the object: He and his wife found in on the California coastline Sample answers Students’ own answers, but some suggestions: Have you ever bumped into a friend in a very unlikely place, like somewhere far from home? / Has anything ever turned out completely differently from how you’d imagined it would? / Are you the type of person who can easily strike up a conversation with anyone? a Károly b Citra c Travis They’re all looking back from a point in time, either present, future or past Physical description: unique, a mix of iridescent emerald and silver These objects can serve as powerful symbols that evoke strong emotions in people They can also support us as we go through life, creating a link with some of the positive emotions that we like to feel For Mike, certain objects also inspire him to think about the future It’s important to him because it’s associated with memories of that time and place, and the people from there It’s beautiful and unique, and it taught him about the animal whose home it was This object also makes him feel calm and grateful Quadrants D and i both feature active and dynamic personalities; people who move fast and are outspoken Quadrants C and S, on the other hand, feature calm and cautious personalities that prioritize reflection and reliability Students' own answers have a vivid memory/a vivid recollection/vivid memories Quadrants i and S are both peoplefocused They feature personalities that like collaborating with people, are generally agreeable and are empathetic about how others feel They don’t want to offend anyone and want others to like them In contrast, quadrants D and C are more task-focused They are happy to work independently They prefer an objective point of view and prioritize organization and logic sentimental value for all shapes and sizes evoke memories of deeply/strongly/very attached to 7–8 Students' own answers Answers will vary Here are some suggestions Sample answers Students’ own answers but some possibilities include: attached (to): fond of, devoted to; come across: seem, appear; emotional: touched, moved; evoke: bring about, call to mind; vague: faint, slight Dominance: good = clarity and strength, bad = possibly too forceful, overbearing; influence: good = overall positivity and kindness, bad = perhaps tries too hard to be a people-pleaser; As students’ answers will vary, the specific differences in meaning and use will also vary Steadiness: good = calm and laid-back, bad = could be slightly dull due to not being quirky (out of the ordinary) in any way; Conscientiousness: good = solid and consistent, bad = lacking in empathy, possibly difficult to connect with 10 1a vague, 1b ambiguous (vague collocates with memory to mean not very strong or clear; ambiguous collocates with attitude to mean not well-defined) 2a awoke, 2b evokes (awake often collocates with feelings that are older and ‘asleep’, so they need to be ‘woken up’; evoke means to trigger or cause to remember something) She says some of us might be more of a ‘D’ at work – results and task-oriented But when we are with our friends, we might take on a more ‘i’ personality type and be the life of the party Or perhaps when we are with our children, we might take on a more ‘S’ personality type and become more accommodating and more patient 3a sentimental, 3b emotional (if you are sentimental you focus on feelings rather than facts; emotional support is a frequent collocation that means giving someone help to deal with their feelings) She suggests we switch our focus a little depending on who we are talking to, and communicate in a way that will help the other person to be more open to us 11 Students' own answers 1D 1–3 Students' own answers Sample answers Dominance types tend to value success, achievement, results and challenges They tend to fear failure, being unproductive or being vulnerable (he suggests a solution for any similar situation in the future) Influence types tend to value personal interaction, relationships, being influential, as well as praise and appreciation from others They tend to fear disapproval, rejection and being ignored 11–12 Steadiness types tend to value maintaining harmony and peace, stability, security, loyalty and kindness They tend to fear change, offending or disappointing others, and loss of security and stability Conscientiousness types tend to value accuracy, quality, well-organized systems and objectivity They tend to fear criticism because they have exacting standards of themselves and they try hard not to be wrong, and they might avoid conflict for fear of overly emotional scenes Students' own answers 1E Students' own answers and A: It was lovely meeting you at Hana’s party last weekend B: I really enjoyed meeting you at the conference last week C: Great talking to you at the climbing gym last Monday Min-woo seems to be a type S; Cara a type D; Soha a type i; and Lev a type C A: I’d love to hear more about some of the discoveries you mentioned Sample answers Min-woo could try to get to the point more quickly Cara could try to empathize with Min-woo, to respect him, listen to him, and be more patient with him B: I’d be keen to take this discussion further, if you agree C: You said you’d like to have a go at outdoor climbing some time Soha should be more professional and respectful However, she means well, so Min-woo might try to appreciate her friendliness and perhaps share some personal stories too Together, they could strike the right balance Lev shouldn’t challenge everything Soha says He might try showing some interest in her point of view And when Soha shares an opinion with Lev, she should be prepared to back up her ideas She could also listen to what he has to say without feeling attacked Students' own answers 10 Min-woo adapts by being more direct, which is Cara’s style of communicating He is clear and assertive in what he says He’s also results-oriented, which will appeal to Cara A: Let me know if you’d like to get together B: Would you be interested in having a video call to discuss some ideas? C: Want to come along? B is the most formal Dear Mr Ong and Best regards are both used in formal writing Longer sentences and use of business-like expressions throughout the message also make it more formal (could beneficially collaborate / could be usefully applied / to take this discussion further, etc.) C is the least formal Abbreviated sentences indicate an informal style, for example, Great talking to you … and Want to come along? Other informal expressions include have a go, and the use of an exclamation point in Let me know! also points to informality Some possibilities: the spice turmeric for inflammation or pain; ginger for an upset stomach; cucumber for tired eyes; gargling salt water for a sore throat; aloe for burns; etc All three use language that is appropriate to the context, and they are all equally polite Most formal: I’d be really grateful if you could … 2,3 and Least formal: How about (-ing)? 6–8 1d 2c 3a 4f 5b 6e 7g Students' own answers In education, we still go to class or to lectures, which is a traditional way of teaching and learning, but now we this in tandem with modern technologies such as online learning portals or interactive whiteboards UNIT OPENER In farming and food growing, we still use the same process that has been followed for thousands of years: sowing, tending, reaping/harvesting, but today we have equipment that makes the process less labour intensive, for example, tractors, combine harvesters, refrigeration for freezing fresh vegetables, and so on Sample answers The photo shows how new/innovative methods are being used in a traditional area such as agriculture projections on buildings, light shows with music, light displays in ‘light festivals’, light in photography For making music, people continue to compose and play music on instruments that have existed for centuries, such as the piano or the violin But nowadays we also have electronic instruments and recording equipment and computer programs to compose music with different instruments People reused and repaired things He admires this because it’s not wasteful and is good for the planet They were very careful with water Francisco: eating very spicy food; Andrej: eating while seated on the floor Students’ own ideas might include cooking, washing clothes, reading, writing, travelling, etc Sample answers Some ideas: reusable cups; avoid items wrapped in plastic; turn off the tap while brushing teeth Students’ own answers but some possibilities: some restaurants are now supplying ‘make at home’ meal kits; more people are becoming vegetarian and vegan these days; ‘zero waste’ restaurants are on the rise 2B Students' own answers market infrastructure emerging affordable adaptation reverse luxuries cutting-edge corporations 2A Students' own answers Sample answers come up against getting out while I am solving completely different issues Getting around; coping with wears out F – He does it every day morning and evening wears out T come up against, coping with, wears out F – He has no time to be bored as he always has a lot of things to or take care of Incorrect phrases: her chair on; it without; most shops with; picks up it F – Most of his ideas come at night when he isn’t actively thinking T The engineers want to away with expensive features I’m looking forward to trying it People with disabilities come up against regular challenges T Students' own answers They have to put up with a lot of inconvenience tried and tested peace and quiet This material cuts down on extra weight day in, day out 8–11 back and forth Students' own answers rain or shine 2C first and foremost 9–11 Students' own answers probability collaboration partnership involvement likelihood awareness commitment boredom freedom Students' own answers 2D 1–2 Students' own answers Students' own answers awareness of when ideas come; collaboration; partnership another tried and tested activity it works for me to be driving when I try to solve problems or develop complex ideas when I’m not actively thinking over time, I’ve learned This puzzle is tricky because we normally tend to look at the page the right way up We assume that there is only one thing we can – move the matchsticks It is therefore difficult to think of a solution that involves turning the page upside down Another reason why some people might find this puzzle tricky is because we are presented with a three-digit number, and assume the solution is to create a bigger three digit number, rather than actually increase the number of digits to make the number bigger This puzzle tells us that when we try to solve problems, we sometimes can only see only what we are used to seeing But in order to solve problems, sometimes we need to go beyond what we are used to seeing/doing We need to ‘think outside the box’ those other causes instead By reframing the problem, Yury might even realize that it isn’t his inability to sleep that is causing his lateness, but his lateness that is causing his inability to sleep The clue encourages us to think outside the box by first showing us that we are thinking inside the box And then it gets us to go beyond that ‘box’ What if? questions have the potential to free Yury’s mind of its usual constraints They can help him to see things from different perspectives and allow him to explore different alternatives Sample answers Sample answers No, not very Yury had already tried some of the things Marcia suggested And another suggestion wasn’t relevant to his situation because his flat doesn’t have a bath Student A: focus, distractions, phone, break, deadlines alone, cooking, takeaways, health, expensive Advantages: You might provide the person with a helpful suggestion or idea that they hadn’t thought of before You might offer them a different and useful perspective on their problem Tuan’s friends, outsider, bored, exclusion, arguments want/need, responsibility, overspending, cashflow, payday Disadvantages: The person might already have tried the things you suggest You don’t know their circumstances as well as they do, so your advice might not be appropriate They might feel like you’re intruding You’re not helping them to think for themselves Student B: How can I stay focused so that I can meet my deadlines? How can I avoid ordering takeaways every day? We try to solve different problems in the same way because our brain tends to see things in the same way We often attribute the same causes to those issues, and then try to apply familiar solutions to them It’s not always a good idea because we may not fully understand the complexities of the situation, so our advice might not help and might even leave the other person feeling more frustrated Our advice might also disrupt the other person’s creative thinking and prevent them from solving the problem in their own way Mediators don’t give suggestions or advice Instead, they encourage others to think outside the box They help to shine a light on different ways the situation could be viewed Yury might find other causes for his lateness and try to find explanations for What can I to avoid feeling unhappy when I’m out with Tuan and his friends? How can I manage my money better so I don’t run out of money before the end of the month? 7–9 Students' own answers 2E Sample answers Students might say that this type of situation is responsible for travel delays; angry residents; pollution; a higher likelihood of accidents For solutions, they might suggest that the local authorities provide alternative routes; improve public transport options; pedestrianize some areas wishes she was more flexible and could touch her toes a2 b4 c1 d– e5 3f 3 Underlined sentences: As a result, there are frequent traffic jams.; The congestion has led to increased noise and air pollution in the area and also to slow bus journeys Consequently, the area has become unpleasant for drivers, pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users alike.; This would make cycling safer and more enjoyable and would therefore encourage people to cycle rather than drive into town.; This would provide an incentive for people not to drive into the town centre and instead to walk, cycle or take the bus, thus reducing the number cars coming into and out of the area.; The reduction in car traffic would in turn lower the amount of noise and air pollution, resulting in a better experience for all users of the town centre Students' own answers 3A Students' own answers The problem is that many things are designed and decided without taking women into consideration Snow clearing is related to the theme because, surprisingly, even this is not a ‘gender neutral’ issue a data b disparity c commutes d genderneutral e councillors f re-evaluate 4 Students' own answers 1c 2a 3e 4b 5d 5–10 ‘led to’ and ‘had a negative impact on’ introduce effects; ‘stems from’ and 'owing to' introduce a cause Students' own answers UNIT OPENER this was affecting men and women differently Sample answers this affects their travel needs – ‘tripchaining’ Strong legs, balance, coordination, stamina; courage, confidence what these differences meant was that the snow clearing wasn’t gender neutral it would actually end up saving them money Anusha loves dancing and Rebecca finds rock climbing makes her happy Anusha started dancing when she was 23 For her it’s about creating something beautiful and connecting with strangers in new places Rebecca has been climbing for two years She says it is ‘empowering’ and she likes the accomplishment of getting to the top She also wants to encourage more women to take up climbing Climbing is also important to her as it challenges her to overcome fear Anusha wishes she could ice skate and ski (but it’s risky for her knees) Rebecca The environmental perspective (climate and the planet) is not discussed Pedestrians, public transport users, women; healthcare costs from accidents are mentioned Students' own answers 3B been able to listen – ability, opportunity might have had – past possibility A journey on foot might be – speculation about the present from Africa to South America ought to – future speculation, less certain be in no rush, take your time, trek through the mountains, walk at an unhurried pace permission = not supposed to wandering around, stroll speculation about the past = couldn’t have made possibility or ability = been able to (note that this is also the present perfect) unhurried creep take your time trekked rush suggestions or advice = had better 7–8 Students' own answers is may/might be; helps can help; reduces flying visit may/might reduce; must should/ought against the clock dashing around a the route is 21,000 miles, seven years long (but now expected to be eleven years in total), following the route of the first humans who migrated out of Africa, all the way to Patagonia b the reasons for doing it are to experiment in ‘slow journalism’ which means he can get to know places and people more closely and listen to their stories People like ‘villagers, traders, farmers and soldiers rarely make the news’, but are involved in the ‘major stories such as climate change, technological innovation, mass migration, cultural survival’ to; will should/ought to; will may/might 10 Students own answers 3C 1–2 Students' own answers a at a crossroads, bright future b embark on, stumble into, get away, further c settle down, stay put d feel stuck, a backward step, an uphill struggle, fall through c Paul has learned about people’s ‘goodness’ – ‘strangers … have been prepared to help over and over again.’ e follow the crowd f your own thing, stand out The meaning changes because the sentences on the page express factual information, but the original audio expresses attitudes about the information as follows: would have taken – attitude of (certain) speculation about the past couldn’t have made … could – attitude that a past event was impossible Sample answers Don’t follow the crowd by posting on social media; stand out by NOT doing the same as everyone else It’s OK to stumble into a career as long as you enjoy it and can see a bright future there for yourself When life’s an uphill struggle, stop to look at the view and remind yourself how high you’ve climbed but Hem stayed in Station C still angry at the person who moved the cheese Both speakers seem more like ‘anywhere’ people than ‘somewhere’ people They have both moved a lot, and lived in different countries Anusha says she ‘adapts to new places easily’ and says that moving is ‘exciting’ Having said that, she ‘feels the pull’ of India, where she feels the most comfortable Haw motivated himself by imagining himself finding and enjoying new cheese Students' own answers Stage 1: shock; Stage 2: anger, fear; Stage 3: experiment; Stage 4: committment Change can be difficult because it can threaten our feelings of security Rebecca says she has ‘never felt attached to any particular place’ and that home is where her family is If we don’t handle stage well, there might be risk of damaged relationships and chaos T (father’s job) By celebrating people’s response to change in stage 4, we can encourage them to be flexible and embrace change in the future F (she settles quickly into new jobs socially) F (‘among my cousins, we’ve almost all travelled abroad’) Stage 4 F (it’s a place she had never heard of) Stage F (‘Is home Canada, England or America? It took me time to realize, but for me, home is where my family is’) Stage Stage a rarely live, except maybe Samira sounds like she’s in stage (upset), Dwayne is probably still in stage (denial), and Winek might still be in stage (overwhelmed) or stage (annoyed) b I don't know if I can say, both c super d to me Students' own answers Students' own answers 3D Would you Could I How 9–10 Students' own answers Students' own answers 3E The mice expected the change to happen and so when it did happen, they immediately started looking for cheese elsewhere Hem and Haw reacted with disbelief and shock and came back the next day hoping that the cheese would reappear When it didn’t, they got angry Haw eventually left to find new cheese, gaining life experience, appreciating other cultures, making new friends to offer Lukács the job, to confirm start date, to offer to sort out accommodation and to pick him up from the station, to