Voices advanced students book key

The idea is that … 2 a good: struck up a conversation also unexpected, conversation flowed, approachable, took me under their wing, come across as depends on the adjective that follows;

UNIT 1

OPENER

1

Sample answers

1 The great-grandmother might want to say:

‘I love you You are special and precious

We will protect you and keep you safe.’

2 The relationship might bring more

happiness and joy into her life

2

1 He had a negative first impression of his

PhD advisor Mike thought his advisor was

rude and that he enjoyed making students

feel stupid Then Mike realized that he

had misinterpreted his advisor’s

intentions, and that his feedback actually

came from a place of love – he wanted

Mike to succeed as a scientist

2 Mike thought the professor was magnetic,

inspiring, dedicated to his work and to

mentoring the next generation of

scientists The professor’s enthusiasm and

genuine love for the process of scientific

discovery motivated Mike to pursue a

1 shy and nervous

2 excited and happy

Anne (‘the girl – eleven-year-old Anne

Shirley – takes control of the situation’.)

2 adventurous A

Anne (‘I had made up my mind that if you didn’t come for me tonight, I’d go down the track to that big, wild cherry tree at the bend, and climb up into it to stay all night I wouldn’t be a bit afraid, and it would be lovely to sleep in a wild cherry tree all white with bloom in the

moonshine, don’t you think?’)

3 nervous M Matthew (He worries about how to introduce himself.)

4 responsible M Matthew (‘She couldn’t be left at Bright River anyhow, no matter what mistake had been made …’)

5 optimistic A Anne (‘I was quite sure you would come for me in the morning, if you didn’t tonight.’ / ‘Oh, it seems so wonderful that I’m going to live with you and belong to you.’)

6 talkative A Anne (Anne does most of the talking.)

7 quiet M Matthew (Matthew says very little.)

8 happy A Anne (‘I’m very glad to see you.’ / ‘Oh, I can carry it,’ the child responded cheerfully.)

5

1 Matthew is sixty years old He is kind and

considerate because, even though he knows a mistake has been made, he’s not willing to abandon Anne He is also courteous; he apologizes for being late

and offers to carry Anne’s bag Anne is

eleven years old She is thin: ‘grasping with one thin brown hand’, ‘Matthew had taken the scrawny little hand awkwardly

in his’ Anne is also poor; her old carpet bag is shabby and, although it contains everything she owns, it is very light

2 Marilla is probably a strong, forceful and

practical person because Matthew feels she will be better at explaining the mistake to Anne She might not react positively to Anne’s arrival because her focus is on getting help on the farm

1 It’s possible that something the younger

man was doing on his phone caught the

older man’s interest

A: Hi Sorry to bother you, that game looks

very interesting

B: Oh, yes It’s really fun Would you like

to see how it works?

A: I’d love to … but if you’re sure you don’t

mind?

B: Not at all! Here, take a look The idea is

that …

2

a) good: struck up a conversation (also

unexpected), conversation flowed,

approachable, took me under their wing,

come across as (depends on the adjective

that follows);

b) poor: didn’t think much of, distant, come

across as (depends on the adjective that

follows)

c) unexpected: bump into, It turns out,

struck up a conversation (also a good

start), get thrown together, just happened

to

3

Sample answers

Students’ own answers, but some

suggestions: Have you ever bumped into a

friend in a very unlikely place, like

somewhere far from home? / Has anything

ever turned out completely differently from

how you’d imagined it would? / Are you the

type of person who can easily strike up a

conversation with anyone?

4

a Károly b Citra c Travis

5

1 They’re all looking back from a point in

time, either present, future or past

2 a infinitive (Citra: must have); b infinitive (Károly: happened to have; Travis: to get home); c gerund (Travis: after having said)

3 They are getting married| after having insisted they would wait five years

4

1 These objects can serve as powerful symbols that evoke strong emotions in people They can also support us as we go through life, creating a link with some of the positive emotions that we like to feel For Mike, certain objects also inspire him

to think about the future

2 It’s important to him because it’s associated with memories of that time and place, and the people from there It’s beautiful and unique, and it taught him about the animal whose home it was This

object also makes him feel calm and

2 sentimental value for

3 all shapes and sizes

Students’ own answers but some possibilities

include: attached (to): fond of, devoted to;

come across: seem, appear; emotional:

touched, moved; evoke: bring about, call to

mind; vague: faint, slight

As students’ answers will vary, the specific

differences in meaning and use will also vary

10

1a vague, 1b ambiguous (vague collocates

with memory to mean not very strong or

clear; ambiguous collocates with attitude to

mean not well-defined)

2a awoke, 2b evokes (awake often collocates

with feelings that are older and ‘asleep’, so

they need to be ‘woken up’; evoke means to

trigger or cause to remember something)

3a sentimental, 3b emotional (if you are

sentimental you focus on feelings rather than

facts; emotional support is a frequent

collocation that means giving someone help

to deal with their feelings)

S, on the other hand, feature calm and cautious personalities that prioritize reflection and reliability

2 Quadrants i and S are both focused They feature personalities that like collaborating with people, are generally agreeable and are empathetic about how others feel They don’t want to offend anyone and want others to like them In contrast, quadrants D and C are more task-focused They are happy to work independently They prefer an objective point of view and prioritize organization and logic

people-3 Answers will vary Here are some suggestions

Dominance: good = clarity and strength,

bad = possibly too forceful, overbearing;

influence: good = overall positivity and

kindness, bad = perhaps tries too hard to

be a people-pleaser;

Steadiness: good = calm and laid-back,

bad = could be slightly dull due to not being quirky (out of the ordinary) in any

way; Conscientiousness: good = solid and

consistent, bad = lacking in empathy, possibly difficult to connect with

5

1 She says some of us might be more of a

‘D’ at work – results and task-oriented But when we are with our friends, we might take on a more ‘i’ personality type and be the life of the party Or perhaps when we are with our children, we might take on a more ‘S’ personality type and become more accommodating and more patient

2 She suggests we switch our focus a little depending on who we are talking to, and communicate in a way that will help the other person to be more open to us

6

Sample answers

Dominance types tend to value success,

achievement, results and challenges They

tend to fear failure, being unproductive or

being vulnerable

Influence types tend to value personal

interaction, relationships, being influential, as

well as praise and appreciation from others

They tend to fear disapproval, rejection and

being ignored

Steadiness types tend to value maintaining

harmony and peace, stability, security, loyalty

and kindness They tend to fear change,

offending or disappointing others, and loss of

security and stability

Conscientiousness types tend to value

accuracy, quality, well-organized systems and

objectivity They tend to fear criticism

because they have exacting standards of

themselves and they try hard not to be

wrong, and they might avoid conflict for fear

of overly emotional scenes

7

Min-woo seems to be a type S; Cara a type D;

Soha a type i; and Lev a type C

8

Sample answers

1 Min-woo could try to get to the point

more quickly Cara could try to empathize

with Min-woo, to respect him, listen to

him, and be more patient with him

2 Soha should be more professional and

respectful However, she means well, so

Min-woo might try to appreciate her

friendliness and perhaps share some

personal stories too Together, they could

strike the right balance

3 Lev shouldn’t challenge everything Soha

says He might try showing some interest

in her point of view And when Soha

shares an opinion with Lev, she should be

prepared to back up her ideas She could

also listen to what he has to say without

feeling attacked

9

Students' own answers

10

Min-woo adapts by being more direct, which

is Cara’s style of communicating He is clear

and assertive in what he says He’s also

results-oriented, which will appeal to Cara

(he suggests a solution for any similar situation in the future)

B: I really enjoyed meeting you at the conference last week

C: Great talking to you at the climbing gym last Monday

2 A: I’d love to hear more about some of the discoveries you mentioned

B: I’d be keen to take this discussion further,

if you agree

C: You said you’d like to have a go at outdoor climbing some time

3 A: Let me know if you’d like to get together B: Would you be interested in having a video call to discuss some ideas?

C: Want to come along?

etc.)

C is the least formal Abbreviated sentences indicate an informal style, for

example, Great talking to you … and Want

to come along? Other informal

expressions include have a go, and the use

of an exclamation point in Let me know!

also points to informality

2 All three use language that is appropriate

to the context, and they are all equally

1 The photo shows how new/innovative

methods are being used in a traditional

area such as agriculture

2 projections on buildings, light shows with

music, light displays in ‘light festivals’, light

in photography

2

1 People reused and repaired things He

admires this because it’s not wasteful and

is good for the planet

2 They were very careful with water

3 Francisco: eating very spicy food; Andrej:

eating while seated on the floor

3

Sample answers

1 Some ideas: reusable cups; avoid items

wrapped in plastic; turn off the tap while

brushing teeth

2 Students’ own answers but some

possibilities: some restaurants are now

supplying ‘make at home’ meal kits; more

people are becoming vegetarian and

vegan these days; ‘zero waste’ restaurants

are on the rise

1 In education, we still go to class or to

lectures, which is a traditional way of teaching and learning, but now we do this

in tandem with modern technologies such

as online learning portals or interactive whiteboards

In farming and food growing, we still use

the same process that has been followed for thousands of years: sowing, tending, reaping/harvesting, but today we have equipment that makes the process less labour intensive, for example, tractors, combine harvesters, refrigeration for freezing fresh vegetables, and so on

For making music, people continue to

compose and play music on instruments that have existed for centuries, such as the piano or the violin But nowadays we also have electronic instruments and recording equipment and computer programs to compose music with different instruments

Students’ own ideas might include

cooking, washing clothes, reading, writing, travelling, etc

2B

1

Students' own answers

2

1 market 2 infrastructure 3 emerging

4 affordable 5 adaptation 6 reverse

7 luxuries 8 cutting-edge 9 corporations

3

Students' own answers

4

1 come up against

Incorrect phrases: 1 her chair on; 2 it without;

5 most shops with; 6 picks up it

7

1 The engineers want to do away with

expensive features

2 I’m looking forward to trying it

3 People with disabilities come up against

1 probability 2 collaboration 3 partnership

4 involvement 5 likelihood 6 awareness

7 commitment 8 boredom 9 freedom

1 another tried and tested activity

2 it works for me to be driving

3 when I try to solve problems or develop

complex ideas

4 when I’m not actively thinking

5 over time, I’ve learned

6 while I am solving completely different issues

4 F – Most of his ideas come at night when

he isn’t actively thinking

1 tried and tested

2 peace and quiet

3 day in, day out

4 back and forth

2 This puzzle tells us that when we try to solve problems, we sometimes can only

see only what we are used to seeing But

in order to solve problems, sometimes we

need to go beyond what we are used to

seeing/doing We need to ‘think outside

the box’

3 The clue encourages us to think outside

the box by first showing us that we are

thinking inside the box And then it gets us

to go beyond that ‘box’

4

Sample answers

1 No, not very Yury had already tried some

of the things Marcia suggested And

another suggestion wasn’t relevant to his

situation because his flat doesn’t have a

bath

2 Advantages: You might provide the person

with a helpful suggestion or idea that they

hadn’t thought of before You might offer

them a different and useful perspective on

their problem

Disadvantages: The person might already

have tried the things you suggest You

don’t know their circumstances as well as

they do, so your advice might not be

appropriate They might feel like you’re

intruding You’re not helping them to

think for themselves

5

1 We try to solve different problems in the

same way because our brain tends to see

things in the same way We often

attribute the same causes to those issues,

and then try to apply familiar solutions to

them

2 It’s not always a good idea because we

may not fully understand the complexities

of the situation, so our advice might not

help and might even leave the other

person feeling more frustrated Our advice

might also disrupt the other person’s

creative thinking and prevent them from

solving the problem in their own way

3 Mediators don’t give suggestions or

advice Instead, they encourage others to

think outside the box They help to shine a

light on different ways the situation could

be viewed

4 Yury might find other causes for his

lateness and try to find explanations for

those other causes instead By reframing the problem, Yury might even realize that

it isn’t his inability to sleep that is causing his lateness, but his lateness that is causing his inability to sleep

5 What if? questions have the potential to

free Yury’s mind of its usual constraints They can help him to see things from different perspectives and allow him to explore different alternatives

6

Sample answers Student A:

1 focus, distractions, phone, break, deadlines

2 alone, cooking, takeaways, health, expensive

3 Tuan’s friends, outsider, bored, exclusion, arguments

4 want/need, responsibility, overspending, cashflow, payday

is responsible for travel delays; angry residents; pollution; a higher likelihood of accidents For solutions, they might suggest that the local authorities provide alternative routes; improve public transport options; pedestrianize some areas

2

a 2 b 4 c 1 d – e 5 3 f

3

Underlined sentences: As a result, there are

frequent traffic jams.; The congestion has led

to increased noise and air pollution in the

area and also to slow bus journeys

Consequently, the area has become

unpleasant for drivers, pedestrians, cyclists

and public transport users alike.; This would

make cycling safer and more enjoyable and

would therefore encourage people to cycle

rather than drive into town.; This would

provide an incentive for people not to drive

into the town centre and instead to walk,

cycle or take the bus, thus reducing the

number cars coming into and out of the

area.; The reduction in car traffic would in

turn lower the amount of noise and air

pollution, resulting in a better experience for

all users of the town centre

1 Strong legs, balance, coordination,

stamina; courage, confidence

2

1 Anusha loves dancing and Rebecca finds

rock climbing makes her happy Anusha

started dancing when she was 23 For her

it’s about creating something beautiful

and connecting with strangers in new

places Rebecca has been climbing for two

years She says it is ‘empowering’ and she

likes the accomplishment of getting to the

top She also wants to encourage more

women to take up climbing Climbing is

also important to her as it challenges her

to overcome fear

2 Anusha wishes she could ice skate and ski

(but it’s risky for her knees) Rebecca

wishes she was more flexible and could touch her toes

‘gender neutral’ issue

‘led to’ and ‘had a negative impact on’

introduce effects; ‘stems from’ and 'owing to'

be in no rush, take your time, trek through

the mountains, walk at an unhurried pace

a the route is 21,000 miles, seven years long

(but now expected to be eleven years in

total), following the route of the first

humans who migrated out of Africa, all

the way to Patagonia

b the reasons for doing it are to experiment

in ‘slow journalism’ which means he can

get to know places and people more

closely and listen to their stories People

like ‘villagers, traders, farmers and soldiers

rarely make the news’, but are involved in

the ‘major stories such as climate change,

technological innovation, mass migration,

cultural survival’

c Paul has learned about people’s

‘goodness’ – ‘strangers … have been

prepared to help over and over again.’

5

The meaning changes because the sentences

on the page express factual information, but

the original audio expresses attitudes about

the information as follows:

1 would have taken – attitude of (certain)

speculation about the past

2 couldn’t have made … could – attitude

that a past event was impossible

3 been able to listen – ability, opportunity

4 might have had – past possibility

5 might be – speculation about the present

6 ought to – future speculation, less certain

6

1 permission = not supposed to

2 possibility or ability = been able to (note that this is also the present perfect)

3 speculation about the past = couldn’t have made

4 suggestions or advice = had better

a at a crossroads, bright future

b embark on, stumble into, get away, further

c settle down, stay put

d feel stuck, a backward step, an uphill struggle, fall through

e follow the crowd

f do your own thing, stand out

4

Sample answers Don’t follow the crowd by posting on social media; stand out by NOT doing the same as everyone else It’s OK to stumble into a career as long as you enjoy it and can see a bright future there for yourself When life’s

an uphill struggle, stop to look at the view

and remind yourself how high you’ve

climbed

5

Both speakers seem more like ‘anywhere’

people than ‘somewhere’ people They have

both moved a lot, and lived in different

countries

Anusha says she ‘adapts to new places easily’

and says that moving is ‘exciting’ Having said

that, she ‘feels the pull’ of India, where she

feels the most comfortable

Rebecca says she has ‘never felt attached to

any particular place’ and that home is where

her family is

4 F (it’s a place she had never heard of)

5 F (‘Is home Canada, England or America? It

took me time to realize, but for me, home

is where my family is’)

7

a rarely live, except maybe

b I don't know if I can say, both

1 The mice expected the change to happen

and so when it did happen, they

immediately started looking for cheese

elsewhere Hem and Haw reacted with

disbelief and shock and came back the

next day hoping that the cheese would

reappear When it didn’t, they got angry

Haw eventually left to find new cheese,

but Hem stayed in Station C still angry at the person who moved the cheese

2 Haw motivated himself by imagining himself finding and enjoying new cheese

3 By celebrating people’s response to change in stage 4, we can encourage them

to be flexible and embrace change in the future

(overwhelmed) or stage 2 (annoyed)

send the terms and conditions and to ask

him to sign them

2 c (Note that ‘a’ is incorrect because

Lukács, not Deepa, is making the travel

arrangements; ‘b’ is incorrect because the

email is about a six month work contract,

not a visit)

3

Thank Deepa for the job offer and accept;

confirm whether he can start on Monday

12th September; introduce himself to

Gurpreet and accept his help with

accommodation (or politely decline) and

state any special requirements; accept offer

of pick up at station (or politely decline);

attach and return signed terms and

conditions

4

He’ll need to ask if he can finish a week early

to attend the wedding

He can tell them the arrival time of his train

for the pick up

5

Sample answers

Vocabulary: inform, commencing, arrange,

draw up, forthcoming; Expressions: Further to

our phone conversation, Can I suggest, Please

find attached, Should you have, please do not

hesitate, I wish you all the best; Punctuation: I

am writing, we would, you would, He is, You

will; Grammar: You will need to return it to us

digitally signed, after which we can draw up

your contract

6

1 Further to our phone conversation;

2 I am writing to inform you that we would

like to offer you a front-desk position; 3 I

wonder whether you might be able to

start work the following Monday; 4 We

would be willing to arrange suitable

accommodation; 5 He is copied in to this

email; 6 Can I suggest that you arrive a day

or two earlier; 7 We can arrange a car to

collect you; 8 Please find attached the

terms and conditions; 9 Should you have

any other questions regarding the

company; 10 Please do not hesitate to get

in touch; 11 I look forward to meeting you

of art could be a unique, creative expression of a message

2

1 Films give Alyea images which help her paint pictures with words, music evokes feelings and helps her express them, and reading novels helps improve her

storytelling techniques

2 Imogen tries to learn how to play the songs she likes on the guitar; she also renovates old items in her new house and

is making furniture

3 Neither of them could live without art; for Alyea art is present in everything she does and she needs it to breathe; for Imogen art is very important because it helps express feelings and thoughts through other, often non-verbal means

3

Students' own answers 4A

1

1 Students' own answers

2 2 a) The Old Pond (written by Basho,

famous Japanese haiku writer), b) Sun Rays

ana234: doesn’t use only personal examples

(e.g quotes from a literary critic); the

arguments are one-sided as they all support

the writer’s position metacritic: the

arguments are very subjective and one-sided

(This is utter nonsense); the writer makes

very broad generalizations (Soon anyone will

be able to call anything literature.)

Almaniac: the arguments are balanced; the

writer tries to avoid broad generalizations (I

think we have to take a step back); the

arguments are supported (training with

datasets of tens of thousands of actual

poems)

5

1 not important

2 what is not literature

3 cannot yet be creative

6

Ad hominem: You’re not thinking straight (in

metacritic)

Appeal to ignorance: After all, there are no

objective criteria for evaluating

literatureness, if I can coin a new word (in

ana234)

Slippery slope: Soon anyone will be able to

call anything literature (in metacritic)

Music plays a huge role in her life

She did a Beatles holiday in Liverpool and

went to lots of the different locations where

their songs were based

Her mood defines what she listens to

Her house is always filled with upbeat music

Music transports her to another place

They educate the young of the community

4 T (Not all of these stories are historically

accurate or even based on facts / true

events Truth is less important than

providing cultural cohesion.)

5

Alyea used: based on facts / true events;

historically accurate; records of the distant

past; share stories; storytelling traditions;

The story is mainly told using the present

tense It gives the events more impact and

makes the listener feel more involved

2 Not always Behaving in a silly manner might make some people relax, but it might create confusion in others because some might think that only comedians or entertainers should use this sort of humour

3 Self-deprecating humour, especially if used a lot, can come across as a lack of confidence and cause confusion Irony, especially when delivered with a dead-pan face, might lead some people to think that the speaker is being serious Some people might interpret it as sarcasm and that they are being mocked

4 ‘Taking the mickey’ and ‘winding someone up’

5 Some people might not have the cultural knowledge or the language ability to understand the cultural references or wordplay that is used And they might end

up feeling insecure and excluded if they fail to understand the joke

5

Students' own answers

6

Ada: Tip number 5; Kit: Tip number 2;

Matteo: Tip number 4; Rosa: Tip number 2 Tips number 1 and 6 can apply to all four of them

to And I think of you as a close friend

Matteo: Where I come from, we use humour when (we feel nervous)

Rose: I only tease people I'm close to

8–9

Students' own answers

4E

1–3

Students' own answers

4

protagonist's, compelling, action-packed

Hollywood blockbusters, the edge of your

seat, shots, gripping

Other phrases that could be useful include:

slow-moving, debut, portrayal,

well-supported, members of the cast, emotionally

The title: strong adjectives (strange, surreal,

suspenseful); noun phrases (Strange, surreal

and suspenseful story of childhood trauma)

Opening lines: a compelling opinion

(breath-taking landscapes, superior acting)

Rhetorical devices: words starting with the

same letter (strange, surreal, suspenseful)

repeating structures (seemingly dull character

/ a vividly real person)

2 F (She wanted to be a sculptor ‘I was attracted to making sculptures of the human form right from the start.’)

3 T (‘as a sculptor I love to see a face full of character’)

4 T (‘Just as drawing is about “seeing” more than about execution, so surgery is as much about “listening” as carrying out a

Both: skill, experimentation, creativity, practice, description

Science: discovery of facts, generally objective

2

1 h 2 e 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 b 7 g 8 f

3–4

1 system 2 infectious 3 insomnia 4 happy

5 mood 6 feelings 7 open-minded

1 omitted: what, is; no change of order

2 omitted: It’s, that; no change of order: His

enjoyment gets everyone else laughing

3 omitted: the reason, is; changed order:

usually is now before main verb not

changes place and so the main verb uses

the present simple negative form don’t

laugh We don’t usually laugh because

someone’s made a joke

1 What happened was I slipped and fell and

then started to laugh

2 It’s my friend’s social media posts that

make me laugh

3 The thing that makes a party fun is

laughter

4 What’s important in humour is timing

5 It’s the eyes that show when laughter is

What I like about chocolate is it improves my

mood The reason it’s good for me is that it

gives me energy The time I tend to eat

chocolate is after lunch with coffee It’s the

combination of eating chocolate and drinking coffee that I enjoy the most

6

1 humanity 2 personal 3 persuasive

4 statistical 5 analytical 6 availability

facts she provides, the less Eng believes

her

3

1 Confirmation bias is our tendency to

search for information that confirms and

justifies what we already believe in

2 They might sometimes react defensively

and this can lead them to more extreme

beliefs

3 Because our beliefs are tied to our identity

and our sense of belonging

1 Taiba believes that branded clothes and

branded products are better and are of a

higher quality Her identity seems very

tied to branded clothes and products and

she doesn’t want to be seen wearing or

associating with non-branded items and

she therefore finds evidence to prove that

her decision is the right one

2 Siong believes that women are born

preferring talking and men are born

preferring thinking This is probably based

on a wider belief that men and women

have different brains and different ways of

thinking and behaving These beliefs might

be tied to the way Siong sees himself and

they might be common beliefs he shares

with his friends and the community

around him

3 Marcin believes that climate change is a

hoax and only chooses to believe evidence

that he thinks supports his belief, while

dismissing all other evidence as fake In

this scenario, we see that Marcin is

unwilling to change his behaviour and

habits as the freedom to carry on with

these habits may be important to him

There is a possibility that Marcin’s beliefs

about climate change are tied in with his

other beliefs about modern society and

the environment and these might be

common beliefs that he shares with his

1 Students' own answers

2 the greenhouse effect

3 Students' own answers

1 Rebecca used to use pillows to make forts

to play in when she was a child

2 Rebecca uses socks to make ropes longer when she’s camping

3 Alec uses a fisherman’s bag to carry his camera equipment in when he’s working

4 Alec uses scraps of paper to write things down when he’s working and doesn’t have

a notebook with him

2

The following aspects are discussed: 4 (the

origins of maps) – briefly in para 1; 3 (the

future of maps) – in the final para; 6 (the

purposes of maps): e.g navigation, view the

world from new perspectives; 7 (types of

map) – many types, e.g street maps, sound

maps, smell maps, etc.; 8 (what maps can

teach us) – e.g smell maps can tell us which

routes are more enjoyable, cartograms can

show us interesting things about the world

3–4

Students' own answers

5

Maps in general – line 21 The limits of form

are also being explored in exciting and playful

ways = positive adjectives used to describe

maps in general suggest that the writer thinks

maps are interesting

Google maps – line 13 The word ‘dominance’

suggests the writer is not happy with Google

maps’ presence in people’s lives

Toby Lester’s maps – The writer describes

Lester’s maps as maps being ‘explored in

exciting and playful ways’, which suggests a

positive attitude towards them

Likewise, Daniele Quercia’s research – is

described as light-hearted (line 34) and an

example of how maps explore the world

around us in more creative ways (line 38)

creative maps – The writer states that the

freedom of maps to be whatever they want

quite strongly: maps need not be limited to

the geographical sphere (line 39), so he’s in

favour of these maps

cartograms – the writer uses them as an

example of maps that show things we can’t

normally see: is not normally visible (line 50),

suggesting they are useful

the future – Line 53 says that maps have

helped us in the past and asks if they could

help us in the future, so sees a positive role

for maps with creativity and imagination

Any other aspect of maps – lines 45–50, the

writer considers that maps can be tools to

raise awareness of different world issues

6–7

Students' own answers

6B

1 Sample answers

1 A Women Seen in print media B Wheelchair users Seen in car parks, toilet doors, etc because it is the international symbol of accessibility for people with a disability C Elderly people Seen near to care homes, etc for the elderly, because it

is a warning to drivers to drive more carefully D babies The baby emoji is a symbol used in messaging on

smartphones, etc

2 A The advert is offensive to women as it suggests lack of physical strength B The wheelchair fails to represent the fact that 93% of people who have a disability are not wheelchair users C The elderly people sign stereotypes older people as fragile and dependent It also shows the man leading the way with the woman behind

D The baby is blond so could be seen to exclude non-white babies if it is the only one available, or used in a way that is meant to represent all babies

3 Advert: use a non-sexist example;

wheelchair and elderly people sign: make the people more active/dynamic; baby sign: use a range of skin tones and hair colour for the baby

2–3

Students' own answers

4

1 inclusive 2 unrepresentative 3 highlighted

4 prominent 5 makeover 6 emphasize

2 2 (all times) and 4 (imaginary past)

3 provided (1c), supposing (2b), as long as (3a), unless (4d)

4 a 3a, b 2b, c 4d, d 1c

7

Students' own answers

8

1 Zero conditional but using the past tense

instead of the present, i.e the condition

and result are both true

2 First conditional but includes the present

perfect and an imperative, i.e the

condition and result still refer to present

and future possibilities

3 Second conditional but would is replaced

by might, i.e the condition and result still

refer to the present/future, but the result

is less certain

4 Starts as third conditional but ends as

second, i.e the condition is still a

hypothetical past event, but the result is

Stress on the third syllable from the end:

complexity, disparity, diversity, grammatical,

impossible, inclusivity, invisible, professional,

simplicity, technological, uncomfortable

Stress on the second syllable from the end:

independence, performance, population,

1 pockets 2 bike bag 3 camera 4 chips

5 espresso machine 6 plates

4

Students' own answers

5

Sample answers It’s a terrible design flaw

products that are designed, you know, poorly They don’t last

it’s not sustainable, but it’s also bad design something that will last forever

It just works in any condition

The camera is a very practical design

The bike bag is impractical and doesn’t work and is very flawed

It’s made to trick you

It’s not particularly user friendly

It’s stylish, it’s practical

It does three things in one

If you drop them, that’s it

find the point where form meets function

It can pass the break test

Use of jargon or local idiomatic expressions

or slang; discussions about topics that we

know little about; use of unfamiliar

1 Jameela seems to understand and is

interested in what Stefan is saying

Lorenzo, however, says a lot less and

seems to feel lost, confused, bored or

even annoyed For most of the

conversation, he tries to be polite and let

it pass when he doesn’t understand

something but when he says ‘MDF?’, it

was clear that he was trying to signal that

he didn’t understand, but neither Stefan

nor Jameela seemed to have noticed this

2 Stefan and Jameela could have noticed

that Lorenzo didn’t understand most of

what they were saying and they could

have tried to include him in the

conversation more For example, instead

of assuming that everyone knows the

difficult terms and unfamiliar concepts,

Stefan could have asked Lorenzo and

Jameela questions to check if they were

following the conversation or if they knew

anything about the topic And where necessary, he could explain the terms and concepts he was using Lorenzo could have asked for clarification

4

1 People might not follow a conversation because they don’t know much about the subject, because they are unfamiliar with the jargon or the words used, because they’re unfamiliar with the variety of English they’re hearing or because their level of English is much lower

2 By accommodating others, we can make ourselves understood, but we can also build rapport with our conversation partners

3 Stefan might have remembered that Lorenzo has never talked about doing DIY and doesn’t own a home He might also have noticed that Lorenzo doesn’t appear

to be particularly interested in home improvement

4 a) We should avoid talking too much, jumping from topic to topic, and using complex words, acronyms or jargon b)

We should not assume that they understand everything we say and can read our minds

5

Sample answers Avoid using jargon, slang or specialist terms; watch the other person to monitor their understanding; say the same idea in more than one way

6

1 He explains unfamiliar words, for example his use of the word ‘chippie’ He says a lot less and is clearly thinking about what message he wants to convey to Lorenzo and Jameela He is also aware of the complex language or jargon he uses and either chooses not to use them or to explain them, for example when he explains ‘prepping the walls’ He also uses fewer technical terms, explains them where necessary, and tries to engage Lorenzo and Jameela more He doesn’t assume his listeners know everything he’s saying and he asks questions to check